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Striastigmus bicoloratus holotype, female A habitus, lateral view B mesosoma, dorsal view C head and mesosoma, lateral view D head, frontal view E antenna, lateral view F venation G propodeum, dorsal view. Scale bars: 200 µm except for habitus (1 mm).
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Two new genera, Striastigmus, gen. nov., and Vitreostigmus, gen. nov., as well as three new species, S. bicoloratus, sp. nov., V. maculatus, sp. nov., and V. kangarooislandi, sp. nov., are described from Aus-tralia. A key to species of Vitreostigmus is provided as well as new information on the biology of genus Bortesia. Potential hosts of the newl...
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... Recognized from other Megastigmidae by having circular head shape with concentric striated sculpture on most of face (Fig. 1D). Toruli situated low on head with lower margin slightly above lower margin of eyes (Fig. 1D). Scrobes shallow, smooth and narrowly triangular, not reaching median ocellus (Fig. 1D). Most setation on upper face long and black, shorter and white on lower face. Gena smooth and shiny (Fig. 1C). Occipital carina raised, sharp, its dorsal ...
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... Recognized from other Megastigmidae by having circular head shape with concentric striated sculpture on most of face (Fig. 1D). Toruli situated low on head with lower margin slightly above lower margin of eyes (Fig. 1D). Scrobes shallow, smooth and narrowly triangular, not reaching median ocellus (Fig. 1D). Most setation on upper face long and black, shorter and white on lower face. Gena smooth and shiny (Fig. 1C). Occipital carina raised, sharp, its dorsal part reaching vertex (Fig. 1A). Antenna slightly clavate with a conspicuous micropilosity area ...
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... Recognized from other Megastigmidae by having circular head shape with concentric striated sculpture on most of face (Fig. 1D). Toruli situated low on head with lower margin slightly above lower margin of eyes (Fig. 1D). Scrobes shallow, smooth and narrowly triangular, not reaching median ocellus (Fig. 1D). Most setation on upper face long and black, shorter and white on lower face. Gena smooth and shiny (Fig. 1C). Occipital carina raised, sharp, its dorsal part reaching vertex (Fig. 1A). Antenna slightly clavate with a conspicuous micropilosity area on last clavomere (Fig. 1E). Pronotum elongated, collar margined and more than half as ...
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... shape with concentric striated sculpture on most of face (Fig. 1D). Toruli situated low on head with lower margin slightly above lower margin of eyes (Fig. 1D). Scrobes shallow, smooth and narrowly triangular, not reaching median ocellus (Fig. 1D). Most setation on upper face long and black, shorter and white on lower face. Gena smooth and shiny (Fig. 1C). Occipital carina raised, sharp, its dorsal part reaching vertex (Fig. 1A). Antenna slightly clavate with a conspicuous micropilosity area on last clavomere (Fig. 1E). Pronotum elongated, collar margined and more than half as long as mesoscutum (Fig. 1B). Anterior half of collar with ten transverse carinae (Fig. 1B). Mesoscutum ...
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... situated low on head with lower margin slightly above lower margin of eyes (Fig. 1D). Scrobes shallow, smooth and narrowly triangular, not reaching median ocellus (Fig. 1D). Most setation on upper face long and black, shorter and white on lower face. Gena smooth and shiny (Fig. 1C). Occipital carina raised, sharp, its dorsal part reaching vertex (Fig. 1A). Antenna slightly clavate with a conspicuous micropilosity area on last clavomere (Fig. 1E). Pronotum elongated, collar margined and more than half as long as mesoscutum (Fig. 1B). Anterior half of collar with ten transverse carinae (Fig. 1B). Mesoscutum coarsely cross striated (Fig. 1B). Mesoscutellum delimited anterolaterally from ...
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... shallow, smooth and narrowly triangular, not reaching median ocellus (Fig. 1D). Most setation on upper face long and black, shorter and white on lower face. Gena smooth and shiny (Fig. 1C). Occipital carina raised, sharp, its dorsal part reaching vertex (Fig. 1A). Antenna slightly clavate with a conspicuous micropilosity area on last clavomere (Fig. 1E). Pronotum elongated, collar margined and more than half as long as mesoscutum (Fig. 1B). Anterior half of collar with ten transverse carinae (Fig. 1B). Mesoscutum coarsely cross striated (Fig. 1B). Mesoscutellum delimited anterolaterally from mesoscutum and axillae by broad foveate-septated scutoscutellar sulcus separating axillae ...
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... setation on upper face long and black, shorter and white on lower face. Gena smooth and shiny (Fig. 1C). Occipital carina raised, sharp, its dorsal part reaching vertex (Fig. 1A). Antenna slightly clavate with a conspicuous micropilosity area on last clavomere (Fig. 1E). Pronotum elongated, collar margined and more than half as long as mesoscutum (Fig. 1B). Anterior half of collar with ten transverse carinae (Fig. 1B). Mesoscutum coarsely cross striated (Fig. 1B). Mesoscutellum delimited anterolaterally from mesoscutum and axillae by broad foveate-septated scutoscutellar sulcus separating axillae (Fig. 1B). Frenum coarsely reticulated, extending on about half length of mesoscutellum ...
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... face. Gena smooth and shiny (Fig. 1C). Occipital carina raised, sharp, its dorsal part reaching vertex (Fig. 1A). Antenna slightly clavate with a conspicuous micropilosity area on last clavomere (Fig. 1E). Pronotum elongated, collar margined and more than half as long as mesoscutum (Fig. 1B). Anterior half of collar with ten transverse carinae (Fig. 1B). Mesoscutum coarsely cross striated (Fig. 1B). Mesoscutellum delimited anterolaterally from mesoscutum and axillae by broad foveate-septated scutoscutellar sulcus separating axillae (Fig. 1B). Frenum coarsely reticulated, extending on about half length of mesoscutellum (Fig. 1B). Propodeum relatively long, area between spiracles ...
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... carina raised, sharp, its dorsal part reaching vertex (Fig. 1A). Antenna slightly clavate with a conspicuous micropilosity area on last clavomere (Fig. 1E). Pronotum elongated, collar margined and more than half as long as mesoscutum (Fig. 1B). Anterior half of collar with ten transverse carinae (Fig. 1B). Mesoscutum coarsely cross striated (Fig. 1B). Mesoscutellum delimited anterolaterally from mesoscutum and axillae by broad foveate-septated scutoscutellar sulcus separating axillae (Fig. 1B). Frenum coarsely reticulated, extending on about half length of mesoscutellum (Fig. 1B). Propodeum relatively long, area between spiracles coarsely cross striated in proximal part, striate in ...
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... (Fig. 1E). Pronotum elongated, collar margined and more than half as long as mesoscutum (Fig. 1B). Anterior half of collar with ten transverse carinae (Fig. 1B). Mesoscutum coarsely cross striated (Fig. 1B). Mesoscutellum delimited anterolaterally from mesoscutum and axillae by broad foveate-septated scutoscutellar sulcus separating axillae (Fig. 1B). Frenum coarsely reticulated, extending on about half length of mesoscutellum (Fig. 1B). Propodeum relatively long, area between spiracles coarsely cross striated in proximal part, striate in distal part of propodeum medially turning backwards to propodeal foramen (Fig. 1G). Mesosoma dorsally with scarce long black setae, three long ...
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... (Fig. 1B). Anterior half of collar with ten transverse carinae (Fig. 1B). Mesoscutum coarsely cross striated (Fig. 1B). Mesoscutellum delimited anterolaterally from mesoscutum and axillae by broad foveate-septated scutoscutellar sulcus separating axillae (Fig. 1B). Frenum coarsely reticulated, extending on about half length of mesoscutellum (Fig. 1B). Propodeum relatively long, area between spiracles coarsely cross striated in proximal part, striate in distal part of propodeum medially turning backwards to propodeal foramen (Fig. 1G). Mesosoma dorsally with scarce long black setae, three long white setae laterally on pronotal collar, one on mesoscutal lateral lobe and three smaller ...
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... by broad foveate-septated scutoscutellar sulcus separating axillae (Fig. 1B). Frenum coarsely reticulated, extending on about half length of mesoscutellum (Fig. 1B). Propodeum relatively long, area between spiracles coarsely cross striated in proximal part, striate in distal part of propodeum medially turning backwards to propodeal foramen (Fig. 1G). Mesosoma dorsally with scarce long black setae, three long white setae laterally on pronotal collar, one on mesoscutal lateral lobe and three smaller ones on axilla along scutoscutellar suture (Fig. 1B). Hind coxa bare dorsally. Fore wing with marginal vein about as long as postmarginal vein, stigma enlarged, ovoid, basal vein ...
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... between spiracles coarsely cross striated in proximal part, striate in distal part of propodeum medially turning backwards to propodeal foramen (Fig. 1G). Mesosoma dorsally with scarce long black setae, three long white setae laterally on pronotal collar, one on mesoscutal lateral lobe and three smaller ones on axilla along scutoscutellar suture (Fig. 1B). Hind coxa bare dorsally. Fore wing with marginal vein about as long as postmarginal vein, stigma enlarged, ovoid, basal vein present (Fig. 1F). Petiole elongated, about 0.8× as long as propodeum (Fig. 1G). Metasoma, not including petiole, shorter than mesosoma, smooth or with traces of coriaceous sculpture laterally (Fig. 1A), Gt1-2 ...
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... (Fig. 1G). Mesosoma dorsally with scarce long black setae, three long white setae laterally on pronotal collar, one on mesoscutal lateral lobe and three smaller ones on axilla along scutoscutellar suture (Fig. 1B). Hind coxa bare dorsally. Fore wing with marginal vein about as long as postmarginal vein, stigma enlarged, ovoid, basal vein present (Fig. 1F). Petiole elongated, about 0.8× as long as propodeum (Fig. 1G). Metasoma, not including petiole, shorter than mesosoma, smooth or with traces of coriaceous sculpture laterally (Fig. 1A), Gt1-2 medially slightly emarginated. Ovipositor upturned and slightly longer than the entire metasoma (Fig. ...
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... long white setae laterally on pronotal collar, one on mesoscutal lateral lobe and three smaller ones on axilla along scutoscutellar suture (Fig. 1B). Hind coxa bare dorsally. Fore wing with marginal vein about as long as postmarginal vein, stigma enlarged, ovoid, basal vein present (Fig. 1F). Petiole elongated, about 0.8× as long as propodeum (Fig. 1G). Metasoma, not including petiole, shorter than mesosoma, smooth or with traces of coriaceous sculpture laterally (Fig. 1A), Gt1-2 medially slightly emarginated. Ovipositor upturned and slightly longer than the entire metasoma (Fig. ...
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... suture (Fig. 1B). Hind coxa bare dorsally. Fore wing with marginal vein about as long as postmarginal vein, stigma enlarged, ovoid, basal vein present (Fig. 1F). Petiole elongated, about 0.8× as long as propodeum (Fig. 1G). Metasoma, not including petiole, shorter than mesosoma, smooth or with traces of coriaceous sculpture laterally (Fig. 1A), Gt1-2 medially slightly emarginated. Ovipositor upturned and slightly longer than the entire metasoma (Fig. ...
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... vein, stigma enlarged, ovoid, basal vein present (Fig. 1F). Petiole elongated, about 0.8× as long as propodeum (Fig. 1G). Metasoma, not including petiole, shorter than mesosoma, smooth or with traces of coriaceous sculpture laterally (Fig. 1A), Gt1-2 medially slightly emarginated. Ovipositor upturned and slightly longer than the entire metasoma (Fig. ...
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... Vertex and entire face with concentric striated sculpture except almost smooth scrobes and clypeus coriaceous medially; genae and temples smooth. Head circular frontally, 1.00× as broad as high; 1.44× as broad as long; 1.21× as broad as mesonotum at its widest part in dorsal view (Fig. 1C, D). Temples relatively long, 0.31× as long as eye (Fig. 1C). Eyes separated by 0.61× their own height; eye 1.60× as high as long. Scrobes shallow, in shape of elongated narrow triangle, its dorsal edge not reaching median ocellus; interantennal process inconspicuous, not reaching above dorsal edge of toruli. Vertex and upper face with ...
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... Vertex and entire face with concentric striated sculpture except almost smooth scrobes and clypeus coriaceous medially; genae and temples smooth. Head circular frontally, 1.00× as broad as high; 1.44× as broad as long; 1.21× as broad as mesonotum at its widest part in dorsal view (Fig. 1C, D). Temples relatively long, 0.31× as long as eye (Fig. 1C). Eyes separated by 0.61× their own height; eye 1.60× as high as long. Scrobes shallow, in shape of elongated narrow triangle, its dorsal edge not reaching median ocellus; interantennal process inconspicuous, not reaching above dorsal edge of toruli. Vertex and upper face with sparse long black setation except a row of shorter bright ...
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... dorsal edge of toruli. Vertex and upper face with sparse long black setation except a row of shorter bright brown to white setae along each side of scrobal cavity. Lower face striated, with short white setae except two setae on clypeus and two on lower face lateral to clypeus being about 2.00× longer than white ones, longer setae bright brown (Fig. 1D). Clypeus bilobed ventrally. Malar space 0.45× as long as breadth of oral fossa and 0.42× as long as eye height. Ocelli with POL 1.50× as long as OOL, OOL 1.25× as long as POD. Occipital carina distinct, with its dorsal margin on top of head; setation on occiput short and bright. Both mandibles with three teeth. Antenna (Fig. 1F) ...
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... bright brown (Fig. 1D). Clypeus bilobed ventrally. Malar space 0.45× as long as breadth of oral fossa and 0.42× as long as eye height. Ocelli with POL 1.50× as long as OOL, OOL 1.25× as long as POD. Occipital carina distinct, with its dorsal margin on top of head; setation on occiput short and bright. Both mandibles with three teeth. Antenna (Fig. 1F) inserted very low on face, lower margin of toruli at level of lower eye margin. Scape short, reaching at most dorsal margin of scrobes, 5.00× as long as broad. Pedicel 2.20× as long as broad. Combined length of pedicel and flagellum 1.37× as long as breadth of head. Anellus slightly transverse to quadrate, its breadth slightly ...
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... Notauli well developed, foveate-septate, with row of setae along them. Mesoscutellum circular in dorsal view, 1.14× as long as broad; frenum densely reticulate and occupying half the length of mesoscutellum; frenum finely reticulate almost smooth; mesoscutellum with two pairs of setae, the first pair in anterior half and second pair on frenum (Fig. 1B). Propodeum ( Fig. 1G) 1.72× as broad as long, area between spiracles coarsely cross striated in proximal part, striae in distal part of propodeum turning backwards medially to propodeal foramen; callus with long white setae; postspiracular furrow present. Supracoxal flange weakly developed. Metapleuron with no setae. Hind coxa rounded ...
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... foveate-septate, with row of setae along them. Mesoscutellum circular in dorsal view, 1.14× as long as broad; frenum densely reticulate and occupying half the length of mesoscutellum; frenum finely reticulate almost smooth; mesoscutellum with two pairs of setae, the first pair in anterior half and second pair on frenum (Fig. 1B). Propodeum ( Fig. 1G) 1.72× as broad as long, area between spiracles coarsely cross striated in proximal part, striae in distal part of propodeum turning backwards medially to propodeal foramen; callus with long white setae; postspiracular furrow present. Supracoxal flange weakly developed. Metapleuron with no setae. Hind coxa rounded and bare dorsally, ...
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... postspiracular furrow present. Supracoxal flange weakly developed. Metapleuron with no setae. Hind coxa rounded and bare dorsally, with transverse carinae dorsally, reticulated laterally. Metatibia with two spurs, shorter spur minute, about 0.2× as long as longer spur; longer spur shorter than basimetatarsus. Fore wing 2.60× as long as broad (Fig. 1A); clear with bright brown venation. Setae on disc dense and brown. Basal cell bare with basal setal line complete, basal vein weakly sclerotized but still visible. Marginal vein 1.14× as long as postmarginal vein and 3.23× as long as stigmal vein; stigma enlarged, ovoid, 1.46× as long as broad; uncus with 3 uncal ...
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... Metasoma without ovipositor almost as long as mesosoma (Fig. 1A). Petiole about 0.80× as long as propodeum. Gastral tergites with shallow alutaceous sculpture; Gt1-Gt4 incised medially. Tip of hypopygium reaching to about 0.70× of length of gaster. Ovipositor upturned, about 1.25× as long as metasoma; OI ...
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Two new genera, Striastigmus , gen. nov. , and Vitreostigmus , gen. nov. , as well as three new species, S. bicoloratus , sp. nov. , V. maculatus , sp. nov. , and V. kangarooislandi , sp. nov. , are described from Australia. A key to species of Vitreostigmus is provided as well as new information on the biology of genus Bortesia . Potential hosts o...
Citations
... Megastigmidae Thomson, 1876 is a worldwide distributed family (Böhmová et al. 2022) comprising 214 described species classified in 12 genera (Zerova et al. 2021d). Megastigmidae are parasitoids of various gall-inducing Diptera (mainly Cecidomyiidae) and of gall-making Hymenoptera (mainly Cynipidae and Chalcidoidea) or are phytophagous (Böhmová et al. 2022). ...
... Megastigmidae Thomson, 1876 is a worldwide distributed family (Böhmová et al. 2022) comprising 214 described species classified in 12 genera (Zerova et al. 2021d). Megastigmidae are parasitoids of various gall-inducing Diptera (mainly Cecidomyiidae) and of gall-making Hymenoptera (mainly Cynipidae and Chalcidoidea) or are phytophagous (Böhmová et al. 2022). ...
... Megastigmidae Thomson, 1876 is a worldwide distributed family (Böhmová et al. 2022) comprising 214 described species classified in 12 genera (Zerova et al. 2021d). Megastigmidae are parasitoids of various gall-inducing Diptera (mainly Cecidomyiidae) and of gall-making Hymenoptera (mainly Cynipidae and Chalcidoidea) or are phytophagous (Böhmová et al. 2022). ...
... Megastigmidae Thomson, 1876 is a worldwide distributed family (Böhmová et al. 2022) comprising 214 described species classified in 12 genera (Zerova et al. 2021d). Megastigmidae are parasitoids of various gall-inducing Diptera (mainly Cecidomyiidae) and of gall-making Hymenoptera (mainly Cynipidae and Chalcidoidea) or are phytophagous (Böhmová et al. 2022). ...
The published data on Eulophidae, Eupelmidae, Eurytomidae, Megastigmidae, Ormyridae, Pteromalidae and Torymidae families from territory of Sarnena Sredna Gora Mts were summarized. New records are also presented. A total of 15 eulophids (of them nine are new records to the region and one species – Neotrichoporoides biogradensis Graham, 1987 is new to the Bulgarian fauna), 11 eupelmids (six are new records to the region), seven eurytomids (five are new records to the region), two megastigmids (new records to the region), three ormyrids (one is new record to the region), nine pteromalids (of them eight are new to the region and one species – Miscogaster hortensis Walker, 1833 is new to the Bulgarian fauna) and four torymids (new records to the region) are reported.
Chalcidoidea is one of the most biologically diverse groups among Hymenoptera. Members are characterized by extraordinary parasitic lifestyles and extensive host ranges, among which several species attack plants or serve as pollinators. However, higher-level chalcidoid relationships remain controversial. Here, we performed mitochondrial phylogenomic analyses for major clades (18 out of 25 families) of Chalcidoidea based on 139 mitochondrial genomes. The compositional heterogeneity and conflicting backbone relationships in Chalcidoidea were assessed using various datasets and tree inferences. Our phylogenetic results supported the monophyly of 16 families and polyphyly of Aphelinidae and Pteromalidae. Our preferred topology recovered the relationship (Mymaridae+(Signiphoridae+Leucospidae)+(Chalcididae+((Perilampidae+Eucharitidae)+ remaining Chalcidoidea)))). The monophyly of Agaonidae and Sycophaginae was rejected, while the gall-associated ((Megastigmidae+Ormyridae)+(Ormocerinae+Eurytomidae)) relationship was supported in most results. A six-gene inversion may be a synapomorphy for most families, whereas other derived gene orders may introduce confusion in phylogenetic signals at deeper nodes. Dating estimates suggested that Chalcidoidea arose near the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary and that two dynamic shifts in diversification occurred during the evolution of Chalcidoidea. We hypothesized that the potential codiversification between chalcidoids and their hosts may be crucial for accelerating the diversification of Chalcidoidea. Ancestral state reconstruction analyses supported the hypothesis that gall-inducers were mainly derived from parasitoids of gall-inducers, while other gall-inducers were derived from phytophagous groups. Taken together, these findings advance our understanding of mitochondrial genome evolution in the major interfamilial phylogeny of Chalcidoidea.