Table 3 - uploaded by Khaled Kasim
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
This book presented the basic concepts of the essential epidemiologic topics needed to be known not only for epidemiologists but also for every one interested in medical researches. Of course, this book is in no way a substitute for the standard textbooks but my attempt is to help medical researchers understanding the new concepts of epidemiology a...
Similar publications
In July 1914 Dr John Brownlee was appointed head of the Statistical Department of the newly established Medical Research
Committee. He had qualified in mathematics, natural philosophy and medicine at the University of Glasgow, and by 1914 had
established a reputation as a public health officer, an expert in infectious diseases, and as a proponent o...
Citations
... The crude rate is a confounded by the "age" variable. Thus, the "age" structure of the population is associated with an error in suicide rates [7]. ...
... The most important is the attributable fraction in the population (quantifies the anticipated decline in new cases in the population that would happen if the risk factor was eliminated), and the attributable fraction in the exposed (the probability that an exposed case developed the disease as a result of the risk factor in question) [5,37,47,49]. ...
... On the other hand, the prevalence is the number of persons with a disease at a specified point in time. It may be point prevalence or period prevalence[5,37,[47][48][49].Mortality rates such as proportional mortality rate (the proportion of deaths in a certain population over some time attributable to different reasons); case-fatality ratio (the number of deaths caused by disease during a certain time divided by the number of new cases of that disease identified during the same time); and cause-specific mortality rate (the number of deaths due to a specific cause divided by the total population at the midpoint of the time)[5,37,47]. ...
Many underdeveloped countries still struggle with the public health issue of acute illnesses, especially with the emergence of injuries as a major category of acute diseases. Control of the acute disease is challenging particularly when it occurs as an outbreak, either in isolation or as part of a wider epidemic. This narrative review summarizes the definition, epidemiologic transition, pattern and modes of spread, classification, epidemiologic measures, community burden, prevention, control, and future challenges of acute disease. This review is to provide a reference for epidemiologists, clinicians, researchers, and policymakers.
... Direct age adjustment methods apply age-specific rates from the study population to an age distribution from a reference population. [16] In this study, age-and sex-specific prevalence rate of incidental pancreatic cystic neoplasms was calculated for the expected nationwide prevalence rate by applying the direct method. For example, the expected nationwide number of men in their 30 seconds (E30) with pancreatic cystic neoplasms was calculated from the age-specific prevalence rate of pancreatic cystic neoplasms in men in their 30 seconds (C30). ...
Although incidental pancreatic cystic neoplasms are being diagnosed with increasing frequency, little is known about the accurate prevalence of pancreatic cysts in the general population. The aims of this study were to evaluate the crude prevalence rate of pancreatic cystic neoplasms in asymptomatic healthy adults, and calculate the age- and sex-adjusted nationwide prevalence rate.
A total of 21,745 asymptomatic individuals who underwent abdominal computed tomography (CT) as a health screening examination were enrolled between 2003 and 2013 at the Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center. Nationwide population data of 2010 were collected from the National Statistical Office, Korea.
Incidental pancreatic cystic neoplasms were found in 457 individuals whose mean age was 58.7 years. The types of neoplasms were reviewed by 2 separate designated radiologists and the final diagnosis was made as follows: intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm: 376 (82%), serous cystic neoplasm: 19 (4%), mucinous cystic neoplasm: 7 (2%), and indeterminate cysts: 55 (12%). Eight cases underwent operation. The crude prevalence rate was 2.1% and the age- and sex-adjusted expected nationwide prevalence was 2.2%. The prevalence increased with age.
Here, we reported the first large-scale study among the healthy population to find out the prevalence rate of pancreatic cystic neoplasms; the age- and sex-adjusted prevalence was 2.2%, and increased with age. Further investigations regarding the clinical implications of incidental pancreatic neoplasms are necessary.
Correlation is not causation. Spurious association between X and Y may be due to a confounding variable W. Statisticians may adjust for W using a variety of techniques. This paper presents the results of simulations conducted to assess the performance of these techniques under various, elementary, data-generating processes. The results indicate that no technique is best overall and that specific techniques should be selected based on the particulars of the data-generating process. Here we show how causal graphs can guide the selection or design of techniques for statistical adjustment. R programs are provided for researchers interested in generalization.
