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Stomatal morphology in transgenic chrysanthemum leaves (A) Images of stomata on the abaxial side of leaves from CmNF‐YB8 transgenic lines and wild type (WT) plants. Scale bar, 200 μm. (B) Scanning electron microscopy images of stomatal aperture in the leaves of CmNF‐YB8 transgenic lines and WT plants. Scale bar, 20 μm. (C) Images of the adaxial cuticle in transgenic chrysanthemum leaves. Red arrows point to the cuticle. Scale bar, 50 μm. (D) Representative images of three states of stomatal aperture. Scale bar, 20 μm. (E) Percentage of stomatal aperture states in CmNF‐YB8 transgenic lines and WT plants (n > 100). (F) Adaxial cuticle thickness in WT, CmNF‐YB8‐RNAi, and CmNF‐YB8‐OX plants. Data are shown as means ± standard deviation (n = 10).
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Drought is a major abiotic stress that limits plant growth and development. Adaptive mechanisms have evolved to mitigate drought stress, including the capacity to adjust water loss rate and to modify the morphology and structure of the epidermis. Here, we show that the expression of CmNF‐YB8, encoding a nuclear factor Y (NF‐Y) B‐type subunit, is lo...
Citations
... Partial closure of the stomata could have been responsible for reducing stomatal conductance and transpiration rate. Thus, it was possible to maintain high rates of photosynthesis without compromising the internal concentration of CO 2 since the greater difference in CO 2 concentration between the atmosphere and the interior of the leaf compensates for the increase in stomatal resistance [70]. ...
The present work aimed to investigate the effect of increasing CO2 concentration on the growth, productivity, grain quality, and biochemical changes in quinoa and amaranth plants. An experiment was conducted in open chambers (OTCs) to evaluate the responses of these species to different levels of CO2 {a[CO2] = 400 ± 50 μmol mol⁻¹ CO2 for ambient CO2 concentration, e[CO2] = 700 ± 50 μmol mol⁻¹ CO2 for the elevated CO2 concentration}. Growth parameters and photosynthetic pigments reflected changes in gas exchange, saccharolytic enzymes, and carbohydrate metabolism when plants were grown under e[CO2]. Furthermore, both species maintained most of the parameters related to gas exchange, demonstrating that the antioxidant system was efficient in supporting the primary metabolism of plants under e[CO2] conditions. Both species were taller and had longer roots and a greater dry weight of roots and shoots when under e[CO2]. On the other hand, the panicle was shorter under the same situation, indicating that the plants invested energy, nutrients, and all mechanisms in their growth to mitigate stress in expense of yield. This led to a reduction on panicle size and, ultimately, reducing quinoa grain yield. Although e[CO2] altered the plant’s metabolic parameters for amaranth, the plants managed to maintain their development without affecting grain yield. Protein levels in grains were reduced in both species under e[CO2] in the average of two harvests. Therefore, for amaranth, the increase in CO2 mainly contributes to lowering the protein content of the grains. As for quinoa, its yield performance is also affected, in addition to its protein content. These findings provide new insights into how plants C3 (amaranth) and C4 (quinoa) respond to e[CO2], significantly increasing photosynthesis and its growth but ultimately reducing yield for quinoa and protein content in both species. This result ultimately underscore the critical need to breed plants that can adapt to e[CO2] as means to mitigate its negative effects and to ensure sustainable and nutritious crop production in future environmental conditions.
... The detail of related studies is summarized in Table 2. (Cao et al., 2022;Iwata et al., 2012;Ji et al., 2023;Lyu et al., 2022;Song et al., 2021;Sumitomo et al., 2023;Sun et al., 2017;Wang et al., 2020) 2 Flower architecture (Flower anatomy) Flower size/ petal shape MADS BOX, AP1, AP2, AP3, DEF-like PISTILLATA (PI), AGAMOUS SEPALLATA, TCP CYCLOIDEA-like genes, CpCYC, MvPRE1 Liu et al., 2021;Ren et al., 2023;Sasaki and Ohtsubo, 2020;Shulga et al., 2011;Thiruvengadam and Yang, 2009;Yang et al., 2023;Zhang et al., 2020Zhang et al., , 2021aZhao et al., 2020) 3 Flower colour F3 0 5 0 H, F3 0 H, and UGT's, R2R3-MYB TF, DFR, CCD, CHS, chi, CmDFR, PSY (Fang et al., 2023;Lim et al., 2022;Liu et al., , 2022Liu et al., , 2015Liu et al., , 2019Sakai et al., 2019) 4 Flower fragrance BEAT, linalool synthase, TPS, bHLH, PbABCG (Chang et al., 2023;Feng et al., 2023;Hirata et al., 2016;Raymond et al., 2018;Yoshida et al., 2018;Zhang et al., 2022) 5 Stress resistance Biotic tolerance Chitinase, PGIP, MLO, Defensins, Methyl transferases BSR2, WRKY MYB TF NPR1 (Bhattarai et al., 2020;Gautam et al., 2022;Maeda et al., 2022;Miao et al., 2022;Pourhosseini et al., 2013;Xin et al., 2021) Abiotic tolerance DREB1A, CBF, DREB1C, HSF, WRKY TF, bZIP2 HSP, ABF2 TF, NAC TF BZR1 family TF, CiHY5, miRNAs, miR172a-TOE3 Hong et al., 2006;Jiang et al., 2020;Y. Sun et al., 2022;Wang et al., 2022; 6 ...
Wild ornamental plants offer a rich reservoir of genetic resources, essential for developing new, improved cultivars. Domestication of wild ornamental plant species transforms them into distinct cultivars with enhanced attributes, imperative for enhancing the diversity, adaptability of cultivated plants and addressing the evolving demands of the floriculture industry. This review offers a novel perspective on the domestica-tion of wild ornamentals by highlighting advancements in breeding methods, genomics, genetic engineering, and cutting-edge technologies like CRISPR-Cas9. The review underscores the importance of breeding techniques such as selection, hybridization, and QTL mapping in developing ornamental plants with desirable traits, providing a strong foundation for successful domestication. Also, it emphasizes the role of tissue culture techniques in accelerating the breeding process under controlled conditions, ensuring rapid propagation and consistency in plant quality. A significant focus is placed on the use of advanced genomic approaches, including de novo assembly and annotation, comparative genomics and transcriptomics, pangenomics, and epigenomics, in identifying and characterizing domestication related genes. The review also discusses the transformative potential of genetic engineering in developing superior ornamental cultivars with enhanced traits. Furthermore, the application of CRISPR-Cas9 is highlighted as a powerful tool for de novo domestica-tion, enabling precise gene modifications that can accelerate the development of ornamental plants with improved aesthetics, stress resistance, and other desirable attributes. Taken together, integrating these innovative tools represent a significant leap forward, offering new possibilities for domestication of wild orna-mentals.
... The detail of related studies is summarized in Table 2. (Cao et al., 2022;Iwata et al., 2012;Ji et al., 2023;Lyu et al., 2022;Song et al., 2021;Sumitomo et al., 2023;Sun et al., 2017;Wang et al., 2020) 2 Flower architecture (Flower anatomy) Flower size/ petal shape MADS BOX, AP1, AP2, AP3, DEF-like PISTILLATA (PI), AGAMOUS SEPALLATA, TCP CYCLOIDEA-like genes, CpCYC, MvPRE1 Liu et al., 2021;Ren et al., 2023;Sasaki and Ohtsubo, 2020;Shulga et al., 2011;Thiruvengadam and Yang, 2009;Yang et al., 2023;Zhang et al., 2020Zhang et al., , 2021aZhao et al., 2020) 3 Flower colour F3 0 5 0 H, F3 0 H, and UGT's, R2R3-MYB TF, DFR, CCD, CHS, chi, CmDFR, PSY (Fang et al., 2023;Lim et al., 2022;Liu et al., , 2022Liu et al., , 2015Liu et al., , 2019Sakai et al., 2019) 4 Flower fragrance BEAT, linalool synthase, TPS, bHLH, PbABCG (Chang et al., 2023;Feng et al., 2023;Hirata et al., 2016;Raymond et al., 2018;Yoshida et al., 2018;Zhang et al., 2022) 5 Stress resistance Biotic tolerance Chitinase, PGIP, MLO, Defensins, Methyl transferases BSR2, WRKY MYB TF NPR1 (Bhattarai et al., 2020;Gautam et al., 2022;Maeda et al., 2022;Miao et al., 2022;Pourhosseini et al., 2013;Xin et al., 2021) Abiotic tolerance DREB1A, CBF, DREB1C, HSF, WRKY TF, bZIP2 HSP, ABF2 TF, NAC TF BZR1 family TF, CiHY5, miRNAs, miR172a-TOE3 Hong et al., 2006;Jiang et al., 2020;Y. Sun et al., 2022;Wang et al., 2022; 6 ...
Wild ornamental plants offer a rich reservoir of genetic resources, essential for developing new, improved cultivars. Domestication of wild ornamental plant species transforms them into distinct cultivars with enhanced attributes, imperative for enhancing the diversity, adaptability of cultivated plants and addressing the evolving demands of the floriculture industry. This review offers a novel perspective on the domestica-tion of wild ornamentals by highlighting advancements in breeding methods, genomics, genetic engineering, and cutting-edge technologies like CRISPR-Cas9. The review underscores the importance of breeding techniques such as selection, hybridization, and QTL mapping in developing ornamental plants with desirable traits, providing a strong foundation for successful domestication. Also, it emphasizes the role of tissue culture techniques in accelerating the breeding process under controlled conditions, ensuring rapid propagation and consistency in plant quality. A significant focus is placed on the use of advanced genomic approaches, including de novo assembly and annotation, comparative genomics and transcriptomics, pangenomics, and epigenomics, in identifying and characterizing domestication related genes. The review also discusses the transformative potential of genetic engineering in developing superior ornamental cultivars with enhanced traits. Furthermore, the application of CRISPR-Cas9 is highlighted as a powerful tool for de novo domestica-tion, enabling precise gene modifications that can accelerate the development of ornamental plants with improved aesthetics, stress resistance, and other desirable attributes. Taken together, integrating these innovative tools represent a significant leap forward, offering new possibilities for domestication of wild orna-mentals.
... bZIP TFs have been shown to play important roles in plant development and the responses to various biotic and abiotic stress [15,19,20]. The bZIP domain is crucial to the functioning of the bZIP TF family members [21]. ...
bZIP transcription factors play important roles in regulating plant development and stress responses. Although bZIPs have been identified in many plant species, there is little information on the bZIPs in Chrysanthemum. In this study, bZIP TFs were identified from the leaf transcriptome of C. mongolicum, a plant naturally tolerant to drought. A total of 28 full-length bZIP family members were identified from the leaf transcriptome of C. mongolicum and were divided into five subfamilies based on their phylogenetic relationships with the bZIPs from Arabidopsis. Ten conserved motifs were detected among the bZIP proteins of C. mongolicum. Subcellular localization assays revealed that most of the CmbZIPs were predicted to be localized in the nucleus. A novel bZIP gene, designated as CmbZIP9, was cloned based on a sequence of the data of the C. mongolicum transcriptome and was overexpressed in tobacco. The results indicated that the overexpression of CmbZIP9 reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) content and increased the peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities as well as the expression levels of stress-related genes under drought stress, thus enhancing the drought tolerance of transgenic tobacco lines. These results provide a theoretical basis for further exploring the functions of the bZIP family genes and lay a foundation for stress resistance improvement in chrysanthemums in the future.
... Previous research has shown that the NF-Y TF family also has a crucial and indispensable function in diverse stress conditions (Dai et al. 2021;Panzade et al. 2022; Wang et al. 2022). In Arabidopsis, AtNF-YA5 plays a key role in drought resistance. ...
Nuclear factor Y transcription factors (TFs) play a crucial role in the response of plants to abiotic stresses. However, there is a lack of research on the comparative analysis of evolutionary relationship, real-time quantitative fluorescence PCR (RT-qPCR), and TFs functions of NF-Y TFs between Vitis vinifera ( V. vinifera ) and Vitis amurensis ( V. amurensis ). In this study, a total of 27 and 26 NF-Y TFs were identified in V. vinifera and V. amurensis , respectively, and were divided into 3 subgroups. Subcellular localization prediction revealed that the NF-Ys TFs were mainly located in the nucleus. Interestingly, the conserved five motif analysis showed that the NF-YB protein sequences were more conserved, whereas the amino acid sequences of NF-YA and NF-YC showed varying degrees of loss and gain in both species. Thus, these sequences may be closely related to the functions performed by grapevine. RT-qPCR analysis of ‘Pinot Noir’ and ‘Zuoyouhong’ plantlets demonstrated that the expression levels of VaNF-YA6 , VaNF-YB5 , VvNF-YA3 , VvNF-YA5 , and VvNF-YC2 were significantly upregulated under 400 mmol·L ⁻¹ NaCl and 10% PEG treatments. Consistently, subcellular localization showed that the VaNF-YA6-GFP fusion protein was functioned primarily in the nucleus. Overexpression of VaNF-YA6 in Arabidopsis thaliana ( Arabidopsis ) can significantly enhance the tolerance to salt and drought stresses by activating antioxidant enzyme activities in Arabidopsis .
... There are a total of 960 seedlings in 5 varieties. The suitable water treatment (CK) refers to the soil having a relative moisture content of approximately 70%, under which plants can grow normally (Tianle et al. 2021). After 20 days under drought stress treatment, the relative soil moisture content reaches 45.75-48.25% ...
Key message
This study not only provide a theoretical basis for screening drought-resistant yellowhorn rootstocks but also lay the foundation for the research on the drought resistance mechanism of yellowhorn.
Abstract
Drought is a major limiting factor in the production and cultivation of yellowhorn, an important woody oil species in China. It is important to select excellent drought-resistant rootstocks, and the current reproduction of rootstocks of yellowhorn is mainly through seed propagation. In this study, we analyzed the phenotypes, physiology and anatomy of the F1 generation of five yellowhorn varieties (‘Zhongshi 1’, ‘Zhongshi 4’, ‘Zhongshi 7’, ‘Zhongshi 9’ and ‘Yuanda’) which are currently the main promoted varieties of yellowhorn. The changes in physiological traits were used to comprehensively rank drought resistance by the membership function method. The results showed that the drought resistance of different varieties was in the order ‘Zhongshi 9’ > ‘Zhongshi 4’ > ‘Yuanda’ > ‘Zhongshi 7’ > ‘Zhongshi 1’. In addition, we investigated the molecular signature of two yellowhorn varieties exhibiting a large difference in levels of drought resistance using transcriptome data. A total of 119 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found between the 2 yellowhorn varieties under drought stress. Based on KEGG analysis, DEGs were mostly enriched in three pathways. According to the correlation analysis between weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and physiological traits, a total of four co-expression networks with high correlation were constructed, and some hub genes of yellowhorn in response to drought stress were found. We carried out a comprehensive evaluation of yellowhorn drought tolerance based on parental lines. It solves the current problems faced in the breeding of yellowhorn and lays the foundation for studying the molecular mechanism of drought resistance in yellowhorn.
... Chrysanthemums began in 1961 when Chen Junyu cross-pollinated cultivated chrysanthemums with several wild and semi-wild chrysanthemums to select and breed a new group of varieties [7]. As an important worldwide horticultural crop, the chrysanthemum is strongly restricted by drought stress, which limits its ornamental quality and landscape applications [8]. Therefore, the development of chrysanthemum varieties with drought resistance is a current breeding goal [9]. ...
... The heterologous overexpression of CmBBX22 can delay leaf senescence and improve drought resistance in Arabidopsis [15]. The nuclear transcription factor CmNF-YB8 is inhibited in chrysanthemum under drought stress conditions, and the tolerance of CmNF-YB8-silenced lines to drought stress was significantly enhanced, whereas the tolerance of overexpression lines to drought stress was significantly decreased [8]. Although we have identified some drought-resistance genes, there is little reference information available on the pathways of drought stress and the response of chrysanthemum to drought stress. ...
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl.) is an important species in China’s flower industry, and drought stress seriously affects the growth, quality, yield, and geographical distribution of this species. Melatonin (MT) plays a key role in regulating plant abiotic stress responses and stress resistance, but the mechanism through which exogenous MT regulates drought resistance in chrysanthemum remains unclear. This study explored the protective effect of MT on chrysanthemum drought tolerance and its key regulatory pathways. Exogenous MT application increased the photosynthetic capacity (Tr increased by 18.07%; Pn increased by 38.46%; and Gs increased by 26.52%) of chrysanthemum and attenuated decreases in its chlorophyll (19.89%) and relative water contents (26.94%). Moreover, MT increased the levels of osmolarity-related compounds such as soluble sugars (43.60%) and soluble protein (9.86%) under drought stress and increased antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD increased by 20.98%; POD increased by 35.04%; and CAT increased by 26.21%). Additionally, MT increased the endogenous MT (597.96%), growth hormone (45.31% and 92.09%), gibberellic acid (75.92% and 3.79%), salicylic acid (33.02%), and cytokinin contents (1400.00%) under drought stress while decreasing the abscisic acid (50.69% and 56.79%), jasmonate contents (62.57% and 28.31%), and ethylene contents (9.28%). RNA-seq analysis revealed 17,389, 1466, and 9359 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under three treatments (PEG, MT, and MT _ PEG, respectively) compared with the control. Enrichment analyses of the DEGs identified more than 10 GO terms and 34 KEGG pathways. Nitrogen metabolism, sulfur metabolism, and alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism were significantly increased under all three treatments. The DEGs included many transcription factors, such as MYB, WRKY, and NAC proteins. Our results preliminarily classify candidate genes and metabolic pathways with active roles in the interaction between MT and drought stress and advance the understanding of the molecular mechanism of the response to drought stress under MT conditions, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the breeding of drought-resistant chrysanthemum.
... Many studies have shown that NF-Ys are involved in drought regulation and the regulation of plant flowering under drought conditions [23,26,37,[41][42][43][44][45][46]60]. Moreover, the ...
... Many studies have shown that NF-Ys are involved in drought regulation and the regulation of plant flowering under drought conditions [23,26,37,[41][42][43][44][45][46]60]. Moreover, the results of the promoter analysis based on CsNF-Ys showed that CsNF-Ys play an important role in drought regulation. ...
... However, there are few reports on NF-Y family genes in chrysanthemum, a highly ornamental horticultural crop. Wang et al. [45] investigated CmNF-YB8 in polyploid chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) with respect to drought tolerance and revealed that CmNF-YB8 mainly altered stomatal movement and cuticle thickness in the leaf epidermis, thereby affecting drought resistance. The function of other NF-Y genes in chrysanthemum, particularly the role of NF-Y in stress resistance, deserves further attention. ...
Nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) is a class of transcription factors (TFs) with various biological functions that exist in almost all eukaryotes. In plants, heterotrimers composed of different NF-Y subunits are numerous and have different functions that can participate in the regulation of plant growth at various stages. However, NF-Y genes have not been systematically analyzed in chrysanthemum, only involving several NF-Y members. In this study, forty-six NF-Y members were identified from the diploid species Chrysanthemum seticuspe, including eight NF-YA members, twenty-one NF-YB members, and seventeen NF-YC members. These NF-Y genes were analyzed for their physicochemical characteristics, multiple alignments, conserved motifs, gene structure, promoter elements, and chromosomal location. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that only two gene pairs in C. seticuspe underwent gene duplication events. The Ka/Ks ratios were both less than one, indicating that the two pairs underwent purifying selection. Promoter element analysis showed that multiple abiotic stress and hormone response elements were present in the CsNF-Y genes, suggesting that these genes play an important role in the response to stress, growth, and development in plants. Further validation of candidate genes in response to drought regulation using RT-qPCR demonstrated that CsNF-Y genes in C. seticuspe play an important role in drought regulation.
... The overexpression of apple MdCIPK6L gene in tomato improved the drought resistance of tomato plants . Recently, CmNF-YB8, a nuclear factor in chrysanthemum, was found to be able to change stomatal status and cuticle thickness of chrysanthemum leaf epidermis by regulating the expression of CmCIPK6, thereby affecting drought resistance of chrysanthemum (Wang et al., 2022). ...
The CBL-interacting protein kinase (CIPK) protein plays a vital role in response to abotic stresses. Dendrobium catenatum has been listed as a rare and endangered plant in China because it is difficult for it to adapt suboptimal environmental stress. However, studies on its responses to abiotic stresses are rare. Herein, the CIPK24 gene was cloned from D. catenatum. Expression pattern analysis showed that it displayed a tissue-specificity with a relatively high expression level in sepal and petal, while its expression was up-regulated by polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment in stems and leaves, and also by salt stress in roots. Localization analysis indicated that DcCIPK24 is located to the nucleus, plasma membrane and cytoplasm. DcCIPK24 overexpression increased the tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis to drought and salt stresses when compare with wild-type (WT) plants. Transgenic plants had lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content, while had a higher proline content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity than WT plants under drought or salinity stress. Furthermore, drought treatment induced faster influxes of Ca²⁺ and H⁺ in transgenic roots compared with those in WT roots. Upon treatment with NaCl, Na⁺ efflux of the transgenic roots was faster, but K⁺ efflux rate was lower compared with those of WT roots, resulting in less Na⁺ accumulation in transgenic plants. RNA-seq analysis showed that 114 and 497 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in DcCIPK24 transgenic plants under drought and salt stress, respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses found that DEGs enriched in starch and sucrose metabolism, cutin and wax biosynthesis, and peroxisome pathway under drought stress, and enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway under salt stress. These findings indicate that DcCIPK24 is a positive regulator of D. catenatum’s response to drought and salt stresses, suggesting it has potential application in genetic modification of D. catenatum to enhance drought and salt tolerance.
... CmMYB9a triggered anthocyanin pigmentation in chrysanthemum flowers by positively regulating CmCHS, CmDFR, and CmFNS [70]. Wang et al. (2022) recently reported a novel MYB transcription factor, CmMYB21, which regulated color fading in chrysanthemum by repressing anthocyanin biosynthesis [71]. ...
... CmBBX19 regulated drought tolerance by interacting with the ABA signaling component, ABF3, in an ABA-dependent manner [190]. A nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) TF from chrysanthemum CmNF-YB8 negatively influenced drought tolerance by regulating the immediate downstream regulator genes, CmSHN3 and CmCIPK6, thus, altering the leaf stomatal opening and cuticle wax accumulation respectively, ultimately affecting drought tolerance [191]. Constitutive expression of phospholipase Dα (CmPLDα) improved the alleviation of drought stress in transgenic chrysanthemum by maintaining membrane integrity and water balance [192]. ...
... CmNF-YB8 Chrysanthemum negative influence of drought stress [191] 75 ...
Incessant development and introduction of novel cultivars with improved floral attributes are vital in the dynamic ornamental industry. Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) is a highly favored ornamental plant, ranking second globally in the cut flower trade, after rose. Development of new chrysanthemum cultivars with improved and innovative modifications in ornamental attributes, including floral color, shape, plant architecture, flowering time, enhanced shelf life, and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, is a major goal in chrysanthemum breeding. Despite being an economically important ornamental plant, the application of conventional and molecular breeding approaches to various key traits of chrysanthemum is hindered owing to its genomic complexity, heterozygosity, and limited gene pool availability. Although classical breeding of chrysanthemum has resulted in the development of several hundreds of cultivars with various morphological variations, the genetic and transcriptional control of various important ornamental traits remains unclear. The coveted blue colored flowers of chrysanthemums cannot be achieved through conventional breeding and mutation breeding due to technical limitations. However, blue-hued flower has been developed by genetic engineering, and transgenic molecular breeding has been successfully employed, leading to substantial progress in improving various traits. The recent availability of whole-genome sequences of chrysanthemum offers a platform to extensively employ MAS to identify a large number of markers for QTL mapping, and GWAS to dissect the genetic control of complex traits. The combination of NGS, multi-omic platforms, and genome editing technologies has provided a tremendous scope to decipher the molecular and regulatory mechanisms. However, the application and integration of these technologies remain inadequate for chrysanthemum. This review, therefore, details the significance of floral attributes, describes the efforts of recent advancements, and highlights the possibilities for future application towards the improvement of crucial ornamental traits in the globally popular chrysanthemum plant.
