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Stocking density, growth, survival and production details of Panulirus homarus recorded in the cage and FRP tanks
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The potential for using floating sea cage for the aquaculture of spiny lobster, Panulirus homarus was assessed by rearing them in two different holding systems such as land-based FRP tanks and a large floating cage moored at Vizhinjam Bay along the south-west coast of India. Lobsters were reared for a period of 120 and 135 days in the tanks and cag...
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This project investigated the patterns of settlement of postlarval spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) using the modified GUSI collector. Growth rates of lobsters in captivity were also investigated using food comprising green mussel, Perna viridis, and squid, in a series of mariculture experiments. In the settlement study, a total of 449 postlarvae an...
Although the aquaculture of spiny lobsters has been expanding since the 1970s, very little is known about the potential environmental impacts on water quality of this activity. This study quantified the production of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) from Australasian red spiny lobsters, Jasus edwardsii, in the laboratory, and these data were then...
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... However, these essential dietary sources are under considerable pressure as a result of climate change. In India, significant techno-scientific endeavors spanning more than a decade have given rise to the establishment of sea cage culture enterprises (Vijayakumaran et al., 2009;Mohamed et al., 2010;Rao et al., 2010Rao et al., , 2013Mojjada et al., 2012a,b;Philipose, 2013). The stakeholders optimize the available marine resources because of the exceptional durability and resilience of sea cages, and the technology has been adopted with relative ease because of the higher economic returns (Swathilekshmi et al., 2018;Vipinkumar et al., 2021;Divu et al., 2023b;Divu et al., 2023a). ...
... economic information and subsequently spatio-temporally reassessed the economic performance of the seabass cage operation and feasibility over the course of a decade, comparing our results with legitimately published data from the Indian subcontinent (Vijayakumaran et al., 2009;Mohamed et al., 2010;Rao et al., 2010Rao et al., , 2013Mojjada et al., 2012a,b;Philipose et al., 2013). The insights derived from our study are transferrable and applicable to regions where seabass culture has been implemented. ...
Mariculture, a sustainable and rapidly growing aquaculture sub-sector, meets global seafood demand while reducing strain on wild fish stocks and continues to expand worldwide. However, rising feed and seed costs pose significant challenges, overshadowing other farming expenses. Climate change exacerbates the profitability of sea cage farming, increasing volatility. The surge in fishmeal costs has a detrimental impact on operational expenditure (Opex) and continues to be a threat. Consequently, sea cage farming in India is at a critical juncture, needing a balance between technological advancements and stakeholders’ fiscal needs. In this context, this study examines peer-reviewed synthesized data by employing metrics to evaluate the implications of feed and seed costs in Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer) sea cage farming over a 10-year horizon. The total sales revenue over the 10-year period was US 55,198.89. A 30% increase in feed and seed prices significantly altered the economic dynamics of the enterprise, leading to an 8.8 and 9.2% rise in the respective break-even points. There was also a significant effect on the Benefit–Cost Ratio (BCR), with a 30% increase in each factor resulting in a 10 and 18% change in the projected BCR, respectively. Therefore, the significance of feed and seed cost has been established, necessitating an inevitable shift from low-value fish to formulated feed adaption for sustainable mariculture development. The study suggests improvements to existing practices to maximize efficiency and minimize production costs.
... Sea cage farming has been practised in several coastal regions in India such as Kerala (Imelda et al., 2010;Rao et al., 2010Rao et al., , 2013; Karnataka ; Gujarat (Mojjada et al., 2012a;Divu et al., 2018); Odisha (Mojjada et al., 2012b) and Andhra Pradesh (Ranjan et al., 2014). As of now, more than 3900 cage farming units have been functioning under the technical guidance of ICAR-CMFRI in different locations along the Indian coast. ...
... The study identified various locations suitable for sea cage farming based on suitability criteria related to physico-chemical and topographic parameters based on peer-reviewed scientific reports (Imelda et al., 2010;Mohamed et al., 2010;Rao et al., 2010;Mojjada et al., 2012aMojjada et al., , b, 2013Mojjada et al., , 2015Ranjan et al., 2014;Divu et al., 2018). The water quality criteria were finalised (Table 1) considering the biological tolerance limits of the candidate marine finfish and shellfish species that are being cultured presently in India. ...
Sea cage farming in marine open waters is considered as the most viable technique in Indianmariculture to enhance production. Owing to the support of the government in researchand development, and policy initiatives, marine cage farming is progressing steadily in thecountry. Technological guidance from research institutions and financing under the ambitious“Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY)” and blue growth mission objectives haveinspired stakeholders and fisheries administrators in maritime states to explore open seacage culture. Site selection is a key parameter affecting the success of cage culture systemsand, technically analysed geo-referenced demarcation of spatial information is necessaryfor minimising the risks. Thus, in the light of rising demand for spatial allocation of coastalareas, the present study identifies and aggregates locations within 3 km of the coastline,that have the potential for sea cage farming operations in the country. The site suitabilitywas examined based on optimal standards required for the prospective candidate speciesselected for mariculture in India. The locations were vectorised in a GIS platform, and thepotential areas available for sea cage installations were demarcated. An optimised sitesuitability schema was developed for the spatial demarcation of potential site selection.The preliminary results identified 134 sites covering a total area of 46,823.2 ha suitablefor marine cage culture along Indian territorial waters. Among the coastal states, the topthree states holding the maximum area suitable for sea cage farming are Andhra Pradesh(11,792 ha), Gujarat (11,572.2 ha) and Tamil Nadu (7,673 ha). It is envisaged that spatialsuitability demarcation even on this pilot scale will accelerate the expansion of sea cagefarming in the country. Keywords:GIS Mapping, Mariculture, PMMSY, Sea cage farming, Site suitability, Spatial planning
... The SGR value and lobster survival were not significant between the two cultivation systems. The SGR and survival values are relatively the same compared to the SGR values for lobsters reared in floating net cages in India with SGR values ranging from 0.48 -0.82 % day -1 and survival of 75 % [29]. However, it is lower than the SGR value for lobster, Panulirus ornatus, which ranges from 0.94 -1.18 % day -1 and survival is 81% [30]. ...
The cultivation of multilevel floating net cages (MFNC) systems is believed to be able to increase production capacity without increasing the horizontal area of the cultivation area. Research on the effect of using MFNC on the growth and health performance of Spiny lobsters and Snubnose pompano has never existed, so a study was conducted with the aim of comparing the growth and health performance of spiny lobsters and Snubnose pompano in floating net cage (FNC) and MFNC cultivation systems. The research method used was a field experiment with a comparative analysis of spiny lobsters and Snubnose pompano cultivation with different cultivation systems, namely the MFNC and FNC systems with 3 replications. The rearing lasted for 2 months and was fed trash fish as much as 5% of the biomass every day. Parameters of spiny lobsters and Snubnose pompano growth performance observed included weight growth, carapace length growth, total length growth, and specific growth rate. The health status of spiny lobsters observed quantitatively was the total hemocytes counts and hemolymph glucose levels, and Snubnose pompano by counting erythrocytes and blood leukocytes. The results showed that there was no difference in growth performance, survival and health status of spiny lobsters and Snubnose pompano reared using MFNC and FNC systems based on paired two sample for means, because p value > 0.05 for all growth parameters survival and health status. Thus, the use of a multilevel floating net cage system in lobster cultivation can increase FNC productivity and be efficient in optimal space utilization and does not affect water quality, especially the parameters of temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and salinity. There were no significant differences in the growth performance, survival, and health status of lobsters and Snubnose pompano when reared using the MFNC and FNC cultivation systems.
... In general, the production of sea lobster, especially Panulirus sp. from cultivation still rely on the use of floating net cages such as in India, Indonesia, and Vietnam [1,2,3,4]. However, based on SNI 8116 of 2015 concerning the production of sand lobster (Panulirus homarus, Linn 1758) in KJA, one of the conditions for placing the KJA must be in a location protected from storms and large waves, for example in a bay that has calm water characteristics. ...
Floating Net Cages are a medium for lobsters rearing and at certain times, red tide caused mortality for lobsters. One solution is to shift the floating net cages in marine waters to safe waters which are controlled using a microcontroller. Water quality monitoring will be input for the microcontroller to give orders to the mooring line extension station and to command the foot station to perform tasks according to the function of each station. Field observations of the use of water quality monitoring to indicate the threat of red tide to the floating net cage location, as an order for the microcontroller to carry out; literature study includes water quality monitoring and sensor systems; the command flow in the form of a chart in the form of step by step logic from input in the form of results from monitoring water quality to avoid the threat of red tide automatically; design the hardware and create the software in the form of a command flow chart. The result of automation design is presented in the chart form which is a flow of commands from input in the form of water quality monitoring results to the process of shifting the floating net cage to avoid the threat of red tide. Information about red tide in the floating net cage environment used as input for the microcontroller commanding an automatic mooring rope length increaser and automatic floating net cage legs. Two things that used designing of the automation of shifting floating net cages for lobster rearing from red tide in marine waters: identify the presence of red tide in seawater currents leading to floating net cages for lobster rearing and action process in shifting floating net cages by two tools.
... Lobster culture is commonly conducted in a floating-net cage, pen cage, sub-mersive net cage, or tank as performed in several countries (Rao et al. 2010, Daniels et al., 2015, while Indonesia commonly uses floating-net cage system (Priyambodo & Sarifin, 2009). Currently, the lobster culture in Indonesia has been conducted using a sub-mersive net cage system, following Vietnam with various frame materials, such as iron, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) (Effendi et al., 2022). ...
Cultivation of Panulirus homarus lobster is now carried out with sub-mersible net cage system at a certain depth in order to obtain optimal temperature, light and water pressure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the health status of the sand lobster P. homarus which was kept in sub-mersible net cage system measuring 250 cm × 272 cm × 135 cm with a depth of 6 m and 8 m in the waters of Semak Daun Island, Seribu Islands, DKI Jakarta. The average size of lobster seeds used was 93.23 ± 0.99 g/head with a density of 4 lobsters/m2. Lobsters were fed trash fish, molluscs and crustaceans, with a frequency of twice a day at 07.00 WIB 30% and 17.00 WIB 70% of the lobster biomass weight. This study used a completely randomized design with the two depth treatments mentioned above and three replications. Observations of total haemocyte count, differential haemocyte count, phenoloxidase activity, respiratory burst phagocytic activity and histology of lobster hepatopancreas were performed twice every 14 days. Based on the above observations, the depth does not affect the immune response, there is no visible damage to the cells and tissues of the lobster hepatopancreas.
Keywords: haemolymph, histology, lobster cultivation, sea, sub-mersible net cage system
... They are tolerant of varying environmental conditions, adaptable to captive circumstances, and readily available in close shore waters. Owing to the declining seafood resource status, increasing demand, and high prices in both the domestic and international markets, cage aquaculture of spiny lobsters in India is a relatively new development that began in 2007 [2]. As a result, cage farming of lobster is a comparably better alternative source of income for marine fishermen families to supplement their income. ...
Cage culture guarantees the multiplication of seafood output and revenue generation from a small unit area when compared to significant capital investment oriented onshore farming technologies. The Mandapam Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture (MCeSA) of Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU) through the cage culture demonstration as part of the NFDB-funded project 'Open Sea Cage Culture of Marine Finfishes along the Coast of Ramanathapuram District in Tamil Nadu' is continuously involved in disseminating this valuable technology which provides higher yield and income to meet the alternative livelihood needs and to uplift the socioeconomic conditions of the coastal fisherfolk in Ramanathapuram District, Tamil Nadu. Case studies were undertaken in the region to assess the impact of MCeSA and a success story of Mr. V. Nagadas, one of the NFDB scheme beneficiaries is shared here who has implemented the cage culture of lobster and earned a total profit of 280000 INR. The farmer's success and the MCeSA's technical guidance and support are now inspiring other fishermen to adopt the farming.
... The spiny lobster juveniles fed seafood in sea cage farming could reach an average harvest size of 300 g in total body weight, a survival of 70-80% and productivity of 3-4 kg m -2 within a year [1]. However, survival of the juveniles in tank condition was quite low: 75% after 135 days [22], 56.32% after 30 days [10], and 86.11% after 30 days [11]. The good growth and survival in the present study confirm optimal water quality and shows the suitability of husbandry and formulated diet to lobsters. ...
Lobster aquaculture industry in sea cage farming has used seafood as its food leading to challenges such as disease risk, environmental degradation and disaster. This paper presents growth, survival, sexual maturity and flesh quality of scalloped spiny lobsters from a two period culture in recirculating system. In the first period, a number of 2655 healthy juveniles acclimated with formulated diet at average body weight of 11.4-14.0 g were stocked at 36.88 individuals m-2 in three months. In the second period, a number of 2334 selected healthy juveniles at average body weight of 52.18-69.97 g were restocked at 13.5-14.1 individuals m-2. The lobsters were fed formulated diet twice a day at a feeding rate of 2.2-1.6% of the body weight. The quality of biofilter based reused water was 28.4-29.8°C, pH: 7.6-8.0, salinity: 26.8-36.4 ppt, dissolved oxygen ≥ 5.2 mg L-1 , total ammonia nitrogen ≤ 0.82 mg L-1 , NO 2-N ≤ 0.5 mg L-1 , NO 3-N ≤ 4.3 mg L-1 , alkalinity: 96.4-132.4 mg L-1. The body weight of lobsters increased following a polynomial (r 2 = 99.9%) and reached harvest size of 300 g after nine months and final size of 349.5 ± 9.9 g, survival of 81.5% and productivity of 4.51 ± 0.28 kg m-2 after thirteen months. The lobster performance was similar to those fed seafood in sea cage farming. The berried females were observed at a minimum carapace length of 3.5 cm from July to September. The cooked lobster flesh and its content of fat and highly unsaturated fatty acids were less reddish and half of the lobsters fed seafood in sea cage farming, respectively. The differences are likely due to a deficiency of astaxanthin content in the formulated feed and possibly a poor assimilation of lipid by the lobsters. The results are interesting in development of a land based farming of spiny lobsters.
... High mortality during nursery of post puerulus is also a problem of spiny lobster aquaculture in Indonesia [11]. Scalloped spiny lobster culture (P. homarus) in India starting from 70-100 g body weight with high survival rate is about 70-75% [12]. ...
Scalloped spiny lobster ( Panulirus homarus ) is an export commodity with high economic value in Asian-Pacific markets. Addition of artificial shelter for spiny lobster grow out reduces cannibalism while addition of net in spiny lobster rearing tank can increase mobility space. This study aimed to determine the optimum of shelter net size on growth, survival rate and health of spiny lobster grow out. This study used completely randomized design with three treatments and three replications; analyzed by ANOVA. The rearing was conducted using 9 fiberglass tank 1000 liter in volume. This research used scalloped spiny lobster, with average body weight (BW) 8.56±1.23 g and total length (TL) 7.39±0.114 cm, in stocking density 50 lobster/tank. Three shelter net sizes as treatments, i.e.: A: shelter net size of 4 time of bottom area (4 m ² ), B: size of 2 time of bottom area (2 m ² ) and C: without net addition. Feeding were twice a day, with dry pellet 1% biomass/day and trash fish and mussel meat (2:1) 10% biomass/day. The sampling of survival rate, total length and body weight were conducted every 15 days; while total haemocyte (THC) and BRIX index on the end of experiment. For supporting data was observed of water quality parameters: salinity, temperature, pH, DO, nitrite and ammonia. The result show that the survival rate on experiment during 75 days rearing, was significant different (P<0.05) among treatments. The best survival rate was on treatment A (4 time of bottom area) with survival rate (93.94±2.62%), followed by treatment B (2 time of bottom area) (80.56±2.88%: and treatment C (without net addition) (68.78±4.67 %). The grow of body weight and total length show that highest on treatment B with body weight and total length in the end of experiment was 37.77±1.896 g and 10.30 ±0.361 a cm; followed by treatment A (35.58±0.405 g and 10.15 ±0.146 cm) and lowest in C (35.34±2.061 g and 10.04 ±0.265 cm); but from statistic analyze not significant different among treatment (p>0.05). Addition for shelter net size of 4 time of bottom area net more suitable for scallop spiny lobster reared in fiberglass tank; because can increased the survival rate and reduced the cannibalism.
... Biologically, lobsters need protein to grow even since being at the larval stage and through the life cycle including metamorphosis and becomes an adult (Francis et al. 2013;Jensen, et al. 2013;Simhachalam et al. 2015;Supriyantini et al. 2007). Survivorship of larval stage of marine organisms can also be improved by good quality of feed Rao et al. (2010). It has been reported that lobster had better growth if the protein content in food greater than 50% of the diet and lower fat levels AOAC (2005). ...
Background: Lobsters are highly expensive and demanded sea food due to their taste and nutritional value. Especially people around the world prefer more and pay huge for live lobsters. They are being exportedin different forms like frozen, whole cooked, whole chilled frozen tails and as lobster meat. As there is an extreme targeted catch these lobster resources are being exploited. The spiny lobsters, P. homarus and P. ornatus are one among the major distributed lobster species along the Gulf of Mannar, South east coast of India. The two lobster species are flavored seafood in many countries because of their more nutrient content are fine flavor. Methods: The experiment was conducted for a period of one year (2018-2019). The spiny lobsters P. homarus and P. ornatus werecultured under captivity in FRP tanks for a period of one year. After the study period the animal muscle was taken lyophilized and stored at 20o C and used for further analysis. Result: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the crude protein, carbohydrates, crude lipids, moisture ash, amino acids and fatty acids from harvested spiny lobster, P. homarus and P. ornatus. The maximum protein content carbohydrate, lipid, Moisture, Ash and amino acids, fatty acids was noted in P. ornatus. The biochemical compositions amino acids and fatty acids were observed moderate and lowest in P. homarus.
... Panulirus homarus is an important tropical lobster of food value and efforts to standardize the culture technology of this species are underway (Rao et al. 2010). The main aim of this study was to compare the biochemical changes and digestive enzyme activities of P. homarus under different feeding regimes of starvation, natural food and formulated feed. ...
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the biochemical changes and digestive enzyme activities of juvenile Panulirus homarus lobsters kept under three different feeding regimes, namely starvation, feeding with live clam and feeding with formulated feeds. A marked reduction in the hepatosomatic index (HSI) and a decrease in levels of both protein and lipid in the hepatopancreas of starved animals were observed at the end of the trial. Results indicate that hepatopancreas forms the primary organ for mobilization of energy reserves and that both proteins and lipids are mobilized as energy sources during starvation. Starvation induced a significant increase in proteolytic digestive enzymes of the hepatopancreas. In the group fed on formulated diet, amylase activity was found to be high, probably in response to the high carbohydrate content of the feed used in the present study. These animals also had a significantly lower free amino acid content in the hepatopancreas Histological studies showed that feeding with formulated diet-induced vacuolation in the hepatopancreas caused by hypertrophy of B cells, and a distinct thickening of the lumen walls. These results suggest difficulty in metabolism and mobilization of nutrients absorbed from formulated feeds in tropical spiny lobsters.
