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This study explores the use of artificial intelligence (AI) as a complementary tool for grading essay-type questions in higher education, focusing on its consistency with human grading and potential to reduce biases. Using 70 handwritten exams from an introductory sociology course, we evaluated generative pre-trained transformers (GPT) models' perf...
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... temperatures generate more deterministic results; therefore, we may expect lower variability in the outputs produced by settings at temperature 0.2. Figure 5 displays the standard deviation across 100 runs of the same task under different settings of model and temperature for the GPT models. ...
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