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Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) plants under different Mg treatments 37 DAT. The treatments include control (1 mM), 0.05 mM, 0.025 mM, and 0.015 mM respectively.
Source publication
Limited magnesium (Mg) supply adversely affects photosynthesis. This is particularly related to the high demand for Mg of key enzymes in the chloroplast, such as the photosystems, the ATP synthase and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). The accepted critical Mg concentrations for yield and dry matter (DM) are 1.5-3.5 mg Mg g−...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... spinach plants at the whole level under the induced Mg deficiency treatments 38 DAT is presented in Fig. 2. Determination of the shoot fresh weight (FW) indicated significant decreases in response to Mg deficiency (Fig. 3-A). Control plants, which were supplied with 1 mM Mg showed shoot FW of 148.74 ± 14.95 g pot 1 , reduction to 136.63 ± 9.57 (91.86%), 123.92 ± 22.84 (83.31%) and 71.23 ± 16.72 (47.89%) g pot 1 were found after 0.05, 0.025 ...
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Life on Earth depends on photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy into chemical energy. Plants collect photons by light harvesting complexes (LHC)—abundant membrane proteins containing chlorophyll and xanthophyll molecules. LHC-like proteins are similar in their amino acid sequence to true LHC antennae, however, they rather serve a photoprote...
Citations
... Its reduction could have compromised cellular integrity and exacerbated the hormonal imbalance, limiting the ability of pea plants to cope with the stress induced by mixed-soil conditions. Conversely, wheat maintained stable EBR levels, which might have contributed to better regulation of developmental processes under these adverse conditions.4.3 | Photosynthetic efficiency and oxidative stress parametersBoth pea and wheat experienced reduced photosynthetic efficiency in the mixed soil, as evidenced by lower Fv/Fm and ETR values.Magnesium deficiency likely contributed to reduced chlorophyll synthesis, causing chlorosis and impairing light-capture efficiency(Jamali Jaghdani et al., 2021). The decrease in carotenoid levels further compromised the photosynthetic apparatus, as carotenoids protect against oxidative damage and broaden light absorption(Dhami & Cazzonelli, 2020). ...
This study investigates the physiological and morphological responses of wheat (Triti-cum aestivum) and pea (Pisum sativum) grown in a mixture of lunar soil (LS) simulant and organic soil (OS). The experiment compared the growth of both pea and wheat in 100% organic soil (OS) and a 3:2 mixture of OS and LS (OS: LS). Wheat exhibited increased branching and root growth in OS: LS, while pea plants showed enhanced aerial elongation and altered branch morphology. Photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and pigment concentrations were significantly affected, with both pea and wheat showing reduced chlorophyll content in OS: LS. Oxidative stress indicators, such as lipid peroxidation, exhibited higher levels in pea plants than wheat plants, particularly in the OS: LS mixture. Hormonal analysis performed by LC-MS/MS indicated significant increases in abscisic acid (ABA) and its catabolites in both pea and wheat in OS: LS, suggesting an adaptive response to suboptimal conditions. The results highlight species-specific growth strategies, with wheat investing more in root development and pea plants promoting aerial growth. These findings provide important insights into how essential crops could adapt to extraterrestrial soils, contributing to the development of sustainable agricultural practices for space exploration. Future research should focus on optimising crop performance based on species-specific adaptative responses in mixed-soil environments.
... This also lowers the photosynthetic efficiency by disturbing the structure and membrane of the grana. Mg deficiency also has a detrimental effect on the allocation of carbon to sink organs and hinders the growth of plant roots, which has a negative influence on crop yield and quality [4][5][6]. A meta-analysis suggested that applying a reasonable amount of magnesium may increase the yield upto 8.5% in cereals, fruits and vegetables etc [7]. ...
... The structure and membranes of the grana are also disturbed by magnesium shortage [28]. Numerous investigations on various plant species have found that Mg shortages significantly reduce net CO 2 assimilation [5]. ...
... Chlorosis and yellowish spots on leaves are the symptoms of Mg deficiency which first occur in older leaves followed by young leaves [6]. In many studies, Mg stress affects the root development of plants [5]. Under Mg-deficient conditions, root hair becomes thin with less root hair formation and stunted root growth [23]. ...
Background
Magnesium (Mg) is essential for plant growth and development and plays critical roles in physiological and biochemical processes. Mg deficiency adversely affects growth of plants by limiting shoot and root development, disturbing the structure and membranes of the grana, reducing photosynthesis efficiency, and lowering net CO2 assimilation. The MGT (Magnesium transporter) family is responsible for the absorption and transportation of magnesium in plants. Although the MGT family has been identified in different plant species, research regarding the soybean MGT genes is limited.
Results
In the current study, a total of 39 MGT genes distributed on 17 different chromosomes were identified in soybean. Phylogenetic analysis classified GmMGTs into three subgroups, NIPA, MRS2/MGT, and CorA, which showed little homology with MGTs of Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa members and clustered tightly with GmMGTs. Gene structure and conserved motif analysis also confirmed similar grouping in GmMGTs. The expansion of the GmMGT members in NIPA and MRS2/MGT was predicted, while CorA was identified as the most conserved group in G. max. Segmental duplication under purifying selection pressure was identified as the major driving force in the expansion of MGTs in soybean. GmMGTs showed diverse tissue-specific and stress-response expression patterns due to the presence of stress-related cis-regulatory elements in their promoter regions. Under Mg-deficiency and surplus stress conditions, a decrease in root length, shoot length, and root and shoot fresh as well dry weight in susceptible genotypes showed the variegated expression of MGTs in soybean genotypes. Furthermore, the upregulation of GmMGT2 and GmMGT29 in tolerant genotypes in response to Mg-deficiency as well as surplus stress conditions in leaves suggested the essential role of GmMGT genes in the absorption and transportation of Mg in soybean leaves.
Conclusion
This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the MGT gene family in soybean, providing insights into their evolutionary relationships, gene classification, protein structures, and expression patterns under both Mg deficiency and Mg surplus conditions.
... It is widely acknowledged that Mg deficiency inhibits photosynthesis in various plant species, such as Citrus (Yang et al., 2012), watermelon , barley (Jaghdani et al., 2021a), Spinacia oleracea (Jaghdani et al., 2021b), cucumber (Meng et al., 2023), and rice (Zhou et al., 2024). Mg is essential for chlorophyll formation. ...
Introduction
Magnesium (Mg) is a crucial macronutrient for plants. Understanding the molecular responses of plants to different levels of Mg supply is important for improving cultivation practices and breeding new varieties with efficient Mg utilization.
Methods
In this study, we conducted a comprehensive transcriptome analysis on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) seedling leaves to investigate changes in gene expression in response to different levels of Mg supply, including Mg-deficient, 1/4-normal Mg, normal Mg, and 4×-normal Mg, with a particular focus on Mg deficiency at 5, 15 and 25 days after treatment (DAT), respectively.
Results
A total of 11,267 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the Mg-deficient, 1/4-normal Mg, and/or 4×-normal Mg seedlings compared to the normal Mg seedlings. The global gene expression profiles revealed potential mechanisms involved in the response to Mg deficiency in tobacco leaves, including down-regulation of genes–two DEGs encoding mitochondria-localized NtMGT7 and NtMGT9 homologs, and one DEG encoding a tonoplast-localized NtMHX1 homolog–associated with Mg trafficking from the cytosol to mitochondria and vacuoles, decreased expression of genes linked to photosynthesis and carbon fixation at later stages, and up-regulation of genes related to antioxidant defenses, such as NtPODs, NtPrxs, and NtGSTs.
Discussion
Our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying how tobacco responds to Mg deficiency.
... Such findings could be explained by the fact that a high fraction of Mg is found in chloroplasts where it ensures an optimal functioning of photosynthesis [21] and that Mg is an important component of the photosynthetic machinery as a cofactor involved in the biosynthesis of various enzymes, including those involved in respiration and photosynthesis [45] and consequently its deficiency underpins the photosynthetic performance of most crop species [20][21][22]. As shown recently by Pang et al. and Jamali et al., Mg shortage adversely impacted the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), the main enzyme involved in CO 2 fixation resulting in a decrease in photosynthetic performance [46,47]. According to Meng et al., the reduction in the photosynthetic activity observed in rice and cucumber upon Mg deprivation could be due to a restriction in mesophyll conductance, maximum rate of electron transport as well as the rate of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylation [22]. ...
Magnesium is a key element for plant growth and development. Plant responses to Mg deficiency were well investigated, especially in glycophytes. Such responses include a reduction in plant growth and biomass allocation between shoots and roots, photosynthates partitioning from source to sink organs, the accumulation of carbohydrates, and an induction of several Mg transporters. Some physiological and biochemical parameters are good markers of Mg deficiency stress even though they are not well investigated. In the present study, the halophyte Cakile maritima was subjected to Mg shortage, and several Mg stress indices were analyzed. Our data showed that Mg starvation affected shoot and plant length, leaf number, and plant organ growth. A significant decrease in chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthetic activity was also recorded. Mg deficiency triggered oxidative damage as electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation were increased by Mg deficiency while the membrane stability index decreased. For a deeper understanding of the effect of Mg starvation on C. maritima, several tolerance stress indices were evaluated, demonstrating a negative impact of Mg stress on almost all those parameters. This study provided important insights on several markers of Mg deficiency stress, which were informative by themselves as unique and early signals of Mg deficiency stress in this halophyte.
... The results of the present study showed significant differences, observing an increase in that element with doses of MgSO4 and NanoMg ( Similarly, the results follow the trend also seen in leaf Mg concentration, like that reported by Wang et al. (2020), where a significant positive linear correlation was seen between crop yield and leaf Mg concentration in vegetables, fruits and grasses. The foliar application of MgSO4 on Spinacia oleracea also increased Mg concentration in its leaves (Borowski and Michałek, 2012;Setareh et al., 2021). In addition, Cai et al. (2018) evaluated different concentrations of NanoMg fertilizer in tobacco plants and found Mg concentration increased in the lower and middle leaves. ...
Crop productivity has been compromised due to nutrient deficiencies, especially magnesium (Mg). Although conventional fertilizers with Mg can improve crop growth, they are often not considered in fertilization programs and are inefficient to meet current agricultural needs and reduce eutrophication and groundwater contamination. Considering this, nanofertilizers can enhance crop growth and lessen environmental impact due to their small size, low fertilization rates, high nutrient efficiency and high specific surface area. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate two different Mg fertilizers in green bean plants grown in vermiculite/perlite substrate. Green bean plants were grown under three distinct treatments: control (no Mg fertilization), Mg nanofertilizer (Nano Mg®) and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4). Each Mg source was applied at three different doses (50, 100 and 200 ppm). The parameters evaluated were biomass, yield and efficient use of Mg. The results obtained indicate that the Nano Mg® and MgSO4 treatments at 200 ppm increased biomass by 6.61 and 8.38 g plant-1 DW, yield by 60.7 and 49.84 plant-1 FW, respectively. Mg use efficiency parameters were also increased by both fertilizers, which were comparable with each other. Thus, the application of Mg in the form of nanofertilizer is an efficient and innovative alternative, comparable to the application of magnesium sulfate.
... Chlorophyll is a natural pigment of the porphyrin class, which has a Mg 2+ ion coordinated to the four rings [35], as shown in Figure 1. The Mg 2+ ion in the molecule plays a vital role in the light absorption phenomenon, being essential for the excited state of the molecule and affecting the efficiency of the excitation transfer between chlorophyll molecules in the chloroplast [35][36][37], giving chlorophyll a prominent position in photosynthesis and promoting solar energy conversion into chemical energy [38]. The green color of chlorophyll pigments is due to their high absorption in the red and blue regions of the light spectrum [39]. ...
Recent studies have shown that chlorophyll sensitization can improve the performance of semiconductors like TiO2 in photocatalytic reactions and light-harvesting technologies, such as solar cells. Faced with the search for renewable energy sources and sustainable technologies, the application of this natural pigment has been gaining prominence. The present work addresses some of the main possibilities of chlorophyll-TiO2 combination, presenting the most relevant aspects affecting chlorophyll extraction and TiO2 sensitization.
... This is like what was reported by Hawesford et al. (2012), where it is mentioned that the Mg concentrations in the spruce endodermis cells were higher, followed by the mesophyll cells. Likewise, Jaghdani et al. (2021), report a higher concentration of Mg in the roots compared to the leaves and shoots in the spinach (Spinacia oleracea) crop, the same case reported for Brassica rapa (Blasco et al., 2015). ...
Crop quality has been compromised due to nutrient deficiencies. The macronutrient magnesium (Mg) is essential; however, it has not been considered in agronomic fertilization programs, affecting human health. The objective of the study was to increase the Mg content in the fruits of green beans cv. ‘Strike’ by applying Mg-nanofertilizer, as well as evaluating its effect on growth, performance and nutritional quality, versus magnesium sulfate (MgSO4). The experiment was carried out under shade mesh conditions in Delicias, Chihuahua, Mexico during the period August-October 2022. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with two Mg sources: Mg nanofertilizer (NanoMg) and MgSO4 at doses of 50, 100 and 200 ppm and a control without application, forming seven treatments with six repetitions each. The results indicate that the maximum yield was provided by NanoMg and MgSO4 at 200 ppm, with values greater than 300%. The Mg distribution pattern for the NanoMg treatments presented the following concentration order: root>leaf>stem>fruit; while, for the MgSO4 treatments it was: leaf>root>stem>fruit. The most efficient treatment in increasing the Mg content in the fruit was NanoMg at 200 ppm, which achieved a biofortification of more than 120% with respect to the control. Therefore, when consuming 100 g of green beans cv. ‘Strike’ biofortified by NanoMg, the recommended daily needs of the human being could be satisfied. Finally, it is concluded that nanofertilizers are the best option for a biofortification program since they offer a sustainable alternative by increasing productivity and quality in green bean fruits.
... Exposure of Mg-deficient plants to excessive light rapidly induces photooxidative leaf damage due to imbalances between absorption and utilization of the absorbed light energy (Cakmak & Marschner, 1992;Jamali Jaghdani et al., 2021b;Marschner & Cakmak, 1989;Reinbothe et al., 1996). As the major contributors to energy utilization, photosynthesis is substantially limited in Mg-starved plants, leading to imbalance of energy homeostasis (Cakmak & Kirkby, 2008;D'Alessandro et al., 2020;Hawkesford et al., 2023;Hermans et al., 2004;Jamali Jaghdani et al., 2021a;Li et al., 2020). The excess electrons and excitation energy occurring in low Mg leaves are transferred to molecular oxygen, generating superoxide anion radical O À 2 À Á , which in turn, provokes photodamage of interveinal mesophyll tissues (Cakmak & Marschner, 1992;D'Alessandro et al., 2020;Foyer & Hanke, 2022;Peng et al., 2019;Tränkner et al., 2018). ...
... This is why the impairment of light reaction (i.e., decreased PSII photochemistry and electron transport rate) is frequently addressed to be an important factor in reducing CO 2 assimilation (Hermans et al., 2004;Laing et al., 2000;Li et al., 2020;Tian et al., 2021;Yang et al., 2012). However, recent studies reveal that the dark reaction was more sensitive to Mg deficiency and may decrease seriously before the loss of electron transport (Jamali Jaghdani et al., 2021aJaghdani et al., , 2021bLi et al., 2020;Tian et al., 2021). This may be explained by the high sensitivity of photosynthetic enzyme activities involved in carbon fixation (e.g., ribulose 1,5bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, Rubisco; Li et al., 2020;Lorimer et al., 1976). ...
Plants grown under low magnesium (Mg) soils are highly susceptible to encountering light intensities that exceed the capacity of photosynthesis (A), leading to a depression of photosynthetic efficiency and eventually to photooxidation (i.e., leaf chlorosis). Yet, it remains unclear which processes play a key role in limiting the photosynthetic energy utilization of Mg-deficient leaves, and whether the plasticity of A in acclimation to irradiance could have cross-talk with Mg, hence accelerating or mitigating the photodamage. We investigated the light acclimation responses of rapeseed (Brassica napus) grown under low- and adequate-Mg conditions. Magnesium deficiency considerably decreased rapeseed growth and leaf A, to a greater extent under high than under low light, which is associated with higher level of superoxide anion radical and more severe leaf chlorosis. This difference was mainly attributable to a greater depression in dark reaction under high light, with a higher Rubisco fallover and a more limited mesophyll conductance to CO2 (gm). Plants grown under high irradiance enhanced the content and activity of Rubisco and gm to optimally utilize more light energy absorbed. However, Mg deficiency could not fulfill the need to activate the higher level of Rubisco and Rubisco activase in leaves of high-light-grown plants, leading to lower Rubisco activation and carboxylation rate. Additionally, Mg-deficient leaves under high light invested more carbon per leaf area to construct a compact leaf structure with smaller intercellular airspaces, lower surface area of chloroplast exposed to intercellular airspaces and CO2 diffusion conductance through cytosol. These caused a more severe decrease in within-leaf CO2 diffusion rate and substrate availability. Taken together, plant plasticity helps to improve photosynthetic energy utilization under high light but aggravates the photooxidative damage once the Mg nutrition becomes insufficient.
... Plants exhibiting heightened chlorophyll synthesis and enhanced mineral absorption experience improved photosynthesis [55,68]. The augmentation of magnesium content also contributes to chlorophyll synthesis, and the decline in chlorophyll and photosynthesis induced by salinity stress can be attributed to significant reductions in magnesium, Rubisco, and chloroplast damage [69]. ...
Salinity adversely affects the plant’s morphological characteristics, but the utilization of aqueous algal extracts (AE) ameliorates this negative impact. In this study, the application of AE derived from Chlorella vulgaris and Dunaliella salina strains effectively reversed the decline in biomass allocation and water relations, both in normal and salt-stressed conditions. The simultaneous application of both extracts in salt-affected soil notably enhanced key parameters, such as chlorophyll content (15%), carotene content (1%), photosynthesis (25%), stomatal conductance (7%), and transpiration rate (23%), surpassing those observed in the application of both AE in salt-affected as compared to salinity stress control. Moreover, the AE treatments effectively mitigated lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage induced by salinity stress. The application of AE led to an increase in GB (6%) and the total concentration of free amino acids (47%) by comparing with salt-affected control. Additionally, salinity stress resulted in an elevation of antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione reductase. Notably, the AE treatments significantly boosted the activity of these antioxidant enzymes under salinity conditions. Furthermore, salinity reduced mineral contents, but the application of AE effectively counteracted this decline, leading to increased mineral levels. In conclusion, the application of aqueous algal extracts, specifically those obtained from Chlorella vulgaris and Du-naliella salina strains, demonstrated significant efficacy in alleviating salinity-induced stress in Phaseolus vulgaris plants.
... The application of nano-Mg might have significantly improved the synthesis of chlorophyll which could be associated with the proliferation of leaves primordia [21]. This could be further justified based on the necessity of Mg for the synthesis of major enzymes which present in the chloroplast including RUBISCO (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, or oxygenase), ATP synthetase, or enzymes of photosystems [22]. Equally, iron has the ability to increase photosynthetic pigments and indole acetic acid (IAA) in plants resulting in increased peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and nitrate reductase activities [23]. ...
The application of minerals as nanomaterials has greater scope to bring improvement in the growth and yield of
capsicum. The nanomaterials play a significant role in cellular metabolism and uptake of nutrients so have the
potential to improve the productivity of capsicum. The experiment was conducted in a naturally ventilated polyhouse
at a horticulture farm of the ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, during 2021–2022 with the view to find
the efficacy of mineral nutrients, namely calcium (Ca), Sulfur (S), and molybdenum (Mo) in combination with
nanomaterials, namely nano-Zinc (nano-Zn), nano-Iron (nano-Fe), and nano-magnesium (nano-Mg) on the
productivity of capsicum (cv. Rani). The combined application of calcium and nano-Zn or nano-Mg as N1M1
(nano-Zn and CaCl2 at 1000 ppm each) and N3M1 (nano-Mg and CaCl2 at 1000 ppm each) is the effective approach
for improvement in productivity of capsicum. The combined application of these nanomaterials in the presence
of calcium is mainly attributed to effective nutrient uptake and utilization due to the positive Ca-Zn or Ca-Mg
interaction.
