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Specimen of Dracontia ramonensis, A.M. Brenes 88 (1295) kept at AMES, not part of the type material.-Reproduced under the kind permission of the Director, Harvard University Herbaria.
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![Fig. 7: Flower comparisons. (A) Dracontia ramonensis [Brenes 88 (1295)]...](profile/A-Karremans/publication/236969264/figure/fig3/AS:393308095434755@1470783365489/Flower-comparisons-A-Dracontia-ramonensis-Brenes-88-1295-B-Dracontia_Q320.jpg)
The Costa Rican Dracontia ramonensis is discussed and illustrated. It had been already illustrated as early as 1867 by A.R. Endrés, but only described in 1923 by Rudolf Schlechter. Costa Rican specimens of that species have been misidentified as Dracontia pachyglossa, a species known only from Mexico and Guate-mala. Additionally the name Dracontia...
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Citations
... We compared our data of species richness with the results obtained in similar works carried out in different regions of Mexico (Aguirre-León 1992, Wolf & Flamenco-S. 2005, Ceja-Romero et al. 2010, 2012, Mendoza-Ruiz et al. 2016, Miguel Vázquez et al. 2020, Krömer et al. 2020 (Table 6); the specific richness by state was calculated by dividing the number of species recorded by the surface of the studied area multiplied by 100. Moreover, information of the representation at family and generic level of the vascular epiphytes in the Neotropics was included and compared with the data obtained by us for Mexico (Table 7). ...
The first complete checklist of the Mexican vascular epiphytes is presented, accompanied by data relating to its geographical
distribution by state, elevational range, endemism, life form and type of vegetation in which each species can be found.
Based on the review of herbarium specimens and specialized literature, as well as in the collection of botanical material
in several regions of the country, we determined that the vascular epiphytes of Mexico are integrated by 24 orders, 37
families, 253 genera, and 1,813 species, of which 583 are endemic to the country. The families with the highest specific
richness are Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae, Polypodiaceae, and Piperaceae, while the genera with the highest number of taxa
are Tillandsia, Epidendrum, and Peperomia. Only one gymnosperm, Ceratozamia tenuis, was registered as epiphyte. The
types of vegetation that harbor the greatest richness are the cloud forest with 1,079 species and the Quercus forest with 837.
One hundred eighty-six species are found in some category of the NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010
Resumen
Se presenta el primer catálogo completo de las epífitas vasculares de México, acompañado de datos relativos a su distribución
geográfica por estado, intervalo altitudinal, endemismo, forma de vida y tipo de vegetación en el que prospera cada una de
las especies. Con base en la revisión de ejemplares de herbario y de la literatura especializada, así como en la recolección
de material botánico en diversas regiones del país, determinamos que las epífitas vasculares de México están representadas
por 24 órdenes, 37 familias, 253 géneros y 1,813 especies, de las cuales 583 son endémicas al país. Las familias con mayor
riqueza específica son Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae, Polypodiaceae y Piperaceae, en tanto que los géneros con mayor número
de taxa son Tillandsia, Epidendrum y Peperomia. Solamente una gimnosperma, Ceratozamia tenuis, se registró como epífita.
Los tipos de vegetación que albergan la mayor riqueza son el bosque mesófilo de montaña con 1,079 especies y el bosque de
Quercus con 837. Ciento ochenta y seis especies se encuentran en alguna categoría de la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010.
Palabras clave: Angiospermas, Angiospermas basales, bosque mesófilo de montaña, endemismo, Eudicotiledóneas,
Gimnospermas, Helechos, Licofitas, Monocotiledóneas.
... The highest species diversity is found in Costa Rica and Panama. Taking the two described here into consideration, there are 25 species that can currently be ascribed to this group, twenty of them are known to grow in Costa Rica (Luer 1986, Karremans 2011, 2012, Karremans & Smith 2012, a key for all species was provided by Karremans & Bogarín (2013). Karremans Plant epiphytic, caespitose, erect, up to 26 cm tall. ...
Stelis dies-natalis y Stelis aenigma, pertenecientes a un grupo de especies en su mayoría Centroamericanas colocadas alternativamente en el género Dracontia, son descritas e ilustradas basadas en material vivo. Ambas se encontraron en robledales de altura en diferentes picos de la Cordillera de Talamanca en Costa Rica. La primera, S. dies-natalis, se encontró en los Cerros Buena Vista y Urán, es similar a S. hydra pero se puede distinguir por la inflorescencia relativamente corta, las flores morado oscuro con un labelo amarillo cubierto por verrugas morado oscuro, los pétalos apiculados y el labelo con un apículo brevemente acuminado. La segunda, S. aenigma, que se pensaba inicialmente que se trataría un segundo espécimen de S. dies-natalis cuando se colectó en el Cerro Utyum, pero se puede distinguir fácilmente por las inflorescencias con pocas flores que apenas supera el tamaño de la hoja, las flores rojizas, el labelo sigmoideo y la antera obtusa y cuculada. Stelis platystylis, una especie previamente conocida de México a Nicaragua, es ilustraba basada en material vivo de Costa Rica.
... The two contradicting taxonomic systems, i.e., the fine generic splitting proposed by Luer based mostly on morphological grounds, and the more conservative approach proposed by on the basis of molecular data, are still debated. Although the concept of Stelis in a broad sense is more commonly accepted (Govaerts et al. 2011;Hágsater and Soto 2003;Pridgeon 2005;Pupulin 2002;Solano-Gómez and Salazar 2007), the narrow circumscription has also been used (Dressler and Bogarín 2007;Duque 2008;Karremans 2011Karremans , 2012Karremans & Smith 2012;Luer 2009Luer , 2011Miller et al. 2011). ...
Stelis, one of the largest genera within Pleuro- thallidinae, was recently recircumscribed to include a few hundred more species, most of which had previously been assigned to Pleurothallis. Here, a new phylogenetic anal- ysis of Stelis and closely related genera based on DNA sequences from nuclear ITS and chloroplast matK, based on a much larger sample, is presented; it includes more than 100 species assigned to Stelis and covers all proposed groupings within the genus, many of which have not pre- viously been represented. Clades are proposed to enable easier discussion of groups of closely related species; eachclade is characterized morphologically, ecologically, and geographically to explain the evidence found in the molecular analysis. Discussion of the evolutionary trends of character states found in the genus in its broad sense is given. The current taxonomy of the group is given and the possible taxonomical implications of the findings presented here are discussed.
... Luer has been used for Costa Rican material (Luer 1998Luer , 2003 Pupulin 2002 ); however, we have never seen any material from the country that resembles the species, otherwise only known from Mexico and Guatemala. Collections by Brenes determined as D. pachyglossa at CR and AMES represent collections of D. ramonensis (Karremans 2012). Cited collections by D.E Mora at USJ represent D. montis-mortense and D. ramonensis. ...
Three new species of Dracontia are described and illustrated from Costa Rica and comparisons with close relatives are made. A short discussion for the preference of describing them in Dracontia instead of Stelis is given. The three species are afterwards described: Dracontia montis-mortense, a species with a unique whitish lip with three purple stripes, which is found along the Pan-American Highway on the Cerro de la Muerte, and has been confused with Dracontia dracontea; Dracontia pileata, recognized by its hat-like dorsal sepal, and Dracontia viridi-flava, recognized by its all green-yellow flowers and erose lip. The latter species are both native to the south-Pacific watershed of the Talamanca Cordillera and closely related to Dracontia conochila and Dracontia hydra. A key to the Costa Rican species of Dracontia is given, accompanied by a discussion of the included species.
We provide a general introduction to the prodromi to Flora Costaricensis, and an introduction to the precursors of subtribe Pleurothallidinae. We present a systematic revision of the genus Echinosepala for the flora of Costa Rica and a detailed discussion of molecular evidence with regard to most Costa Rican taxa, aimed at phylogenetically framing Echinosepala within the subtribe Pleurothallidinae, recognizing internal relationships among the species in the genus, and proposing evolutionary hypotheses. We recognize 10 species of Echinosepala in Costa Rica. Each species is described and illustrated with one or more botanical drawings and photographs, all based on Costa Rican material. Etymology, distribution, ecology, distinguishing features, and affinities with other taxa in the genus are discussed, taxonomic notes are provided, and a list of selected material examined for this study is included for each taxon. Two new species of Echinosepala, E. glenioides and E. isthmica, are described and illustrated, and their relationships are discussed. New combinations are proposed in Echinosepala for Pleurothallis alexandrae and P. pastacensis, and the former species is neotypified.
The Orchidaceae is one of the most diverse vascular plant families in the Neotropics and the most diverse in Panama. The number of species is triple that of other well-represented families of angiosperms such as Rubiaceae, Fabaceae and Poaceae. Despite its importance in terms of diversity, the latest checklist was published ten years ago and the latest in-depth taxonomic treatments were published in 1949 and 1993. The accumulation of information over the years and the need to update the nomenclature and to clarify taxonomic concepts made necessary the publication of an up-dated checklist of the Orchidaceae of Panama. This checklist was completed by studying specimens strictly collected in Panama and vouchered in herbaria. Species are presented alphabetically with their synonyms and herbarium vouchers. The data were analyzed to explain the patterns of geographic distribution, most diverse taxa, endemism, exotic species and relationships with other nearby floras. The checklist contains 1365 species (including two natural hybrids and three subspecies) in four subfamilies, 16 tribes, 27 sub tribes and 187 genera. Four exotic species were recorded. A total of 296 (21.7%) species are endemic. Epidendroideae is the most diverse group housing more than 90% of species. The most diverse subtribes are Pleurothallidinae (30 genera, 405 spp.), Laeliinae (16 genera, 292 spp.), Oncidiinae (29 genera, 157 spp.) and Maxillariinae (18 genera, 132 spp.). The most diverse genera are: Epidendrum (206 spp.), Stelis (88 spp.), Lepanthes (66 spp.) and Pleurothallis (54 spp.). Nomenclatural changes are proposed in Maxillariella, Pleurothallis, Specklinia, Stelis and Trichocentrum. Many areas remain unexplored for orchids, and we estimate that much work remains to complete a floristic treatment that reveals more realistic data on the orchid flora that Panama harbors. This checklist is an important initial step toward the development of an illustrated treatment of the Orchidaceae of Panama.
After the publication of the most recent and comprehensive treatment of the Orchidaceae in the
Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica, new species continue being discovered in the country on a regular basis.
Novelties in Acianthera, Epidendrum, Lepanthes, Masdevallia, Pleurothallis, and Specklinia are discussed.
We present eight new records including the reconsideration of Epidendrum concavilabium (as different from
E. circinatum), and the first record of the genus Epistephium (E. ellipticum) for the country. Three new taxa,
Epidendrum alieniferum, Epidendrum × sandiorum (a putative natural hybrid between E. oerstedii and E.
ciliare) and Lepanthes kabebatae are described.
