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Photovoltaic (PV) systems are widely adopted for renewable energy generation, but their performance is influenced by complex interactions between longer-term trends and seasonal variations. This study aims to remove these factors and provide valuable insights for optimising PV system operation. We employ comprehensive datasets of measured PV system...
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... is because, in 2021, the average cell temperatures across the three locations (Harlequins, Newry, and Warrenpoint) studied were significantly increased compared to the years 2017 through 2020. Table 1 shows the specifications and locations of the three monitored arrays. This temperature increase was attributed to an intense heatwave during that year, as demonstrated in Table 2. Therefore, the novelty of this study is based on the following [34]: (i) The degradation rates observed in the three arrays, namely Harlequins, Newry, and Warrenpoint, are linear. ...Context 2
... arrays are designated (after their locations) "Harlequins", "Newry", and "Warrenpoint". The specifications and locations of the three arrays are provided in Table 1. In-plane irradiance (G POA ), AC output power (P AC ), and cell temperature (T cell ) were measured at fifteen-minute intervals using pyranometers, AC power meters, and thermocouples. ...Context 3
... disaggregate longer-term trends from seasonal variations in measured PV system performance located in Harlequins, Newry, and Warrenpoint, the weather-uncorrected performance ratios as seen in Equation (1) of Section 4 were converted to temperature-corrected performance ratios (i.e., weather-corrected performance ratios) using the average annual cell temperatures (T cell_avg ) shown in Table 2 and Equation (3). The azimuth and tilt angles of the PV arrays are shown in the first row of Table 1. ...Citations
... The efficiency of carbon capture and hydrogen production processes significantly influences these benefits, as noted by Nnabuife et al., [24] but the impact of seasonal energy variations remains poorly understood. Similarly, while Okorieimoh et al. [25] highlighted potential increases in water consumption and mineral resource use in photovoltaic-dependent systems, their analysis did not address the implications of seasonal variations in solar availability. ...
This study evaluates the environmental implications of green methanol production under seasonal energy variability through a dual-comparative analytical framework. The research employs ReCiPe 2016 Endpoint (H) methodology to assess four seasonal renewable energy configurations (with varying solar–wind ratios across seasons) against conventional grid-based production, utilizing a hybrid battery storage system combining lithium-ion and vanadium redox flow technologies. The findings reveal significant environmental benefits, with seasonal renewable configurations achieving 24.38% to 28.26% reductions in global warming potential compared to conventional methods. Monte Carlo simulation (n = 20,000) confirms these improvements across all impact categories. Our process analysis identifies hydrogen production as the primary environmental impact contributor (74–94%), followed by carbon capture (5–13%) and methanol synthesis (0.5–4.5%). Water consumption impacts show seasonal variation, ranging from 16.55% in summer to 11.62% in winter. There is a strong positive correlation between hydrogen production efficiency and solar energy availability, suggesting that higher solar energy input contributes to improved production outcomes. This research provides a framework for optimizing sustainable methanol production through seasonal renewable energy integration, offering practical insights for industrial implementation while maintaining production stability through effective energy storage solutions.
