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Even though the monophyly of the Ornithocephalus clade (Oncidiinae) is currently well defined, the systematic positioning of Centroglossa and Dunstervillea remains obscure in the clade due to the absence in previous phylogenetic studies. Centroglossa has a very similar habit and is indistinguishable from Zygostates , whereas Dunstervillea has as it...
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Pollination effectiveness in Cycnoches is directly dependent on osmophores. Euglossine-bee pollinated orchids produce a bucket of fragrances acting as attractant and reward for pollinators, which collect these fragrances and use them during courtship. Despite the importance of scent glands in orchids, few studies on their anatomy and morphology have been published. They conclude that osmophores are diverse among orchid taxa at various taxonomic levels, yet provide stable characters within species. Phylogenetic relationships of Cycnoches (Catasetinae) were investigated using DNA sequences, and three statistically strongly supported clades were recovered, but no morphological/anatomical traits supported the internal relationships. To achieve a better understanding of the morphological-anatomical relationships within Cycnoches, we investigated osmophores by means of location and presence staining, as well as using light and scanning electron microscopy. Our results indicated that within Clade B, C. chlorochilon, C. ventricosum and C. warszewiczii were more similar to each other regarding the smoothness of the osmophore surface and the presence of a thick cuticle, characters that distinguish them from C. lehmannii. Additionally, we demonstrated close similarities between C. egertonianum and C. rossianum (Clade C) uniquely showing convex osmophores with deeply wrinkled surfaces and a thick cuticle as well. In contrast, C. peruvianum displays rippled folded osmophores with smooth surface. Furthermore, C. dianae and C. guttulatum (also Clade C) exhibited convex osmophores with cells of different sizes (one big cell surrounded by smaller ones) indicating their close relationship. These results provide an additional but independent support of the internal phylogenetic relationships within Cycnoches.
