Spatial patterns of climate conditions during El Niño and positive IOD+ events: composite maps of anomalies in (a) total seasonal rainfall, and (b) maximum temperature during El Niño, positive IOD, and co-occurring El Niño & positive IOD years. The inset histograms illustrate the number of districts experiencing dry or wet (panel a) and hot or cool (panel b) conditions. (c) Fraction of districts experiencing dry and hot conditions for each phase and crop.

Spatial patterns of climate conditions during El Niño and positive IOD+ events: composite maps of anomalies in (a) total seasonal rainfall, and (b) maximum temperature during El Niño, positive IOD, and co-occurring El Niño & positive IOD years. The inset histograms illustrate the number of districts experiencing dry or wet (panel a) and hot or cool (panel b) conditions. (c) Fraction of districts experiencing dry and hot conditions for each phase and crop.

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Natural climate phenomena like El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) influence the Indian monsoon and thereby the region’s agricultural systems. Understanding their influence can provide seasonal predictability of agricultural production metrics to inform decision-making and mitigate potential food security challenge...

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