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Spatial distributions of 24-h average concentrations of benzene (µg/m 3 ) using different grids resolutions: (a) 0.75 km; (b) 1 km; (c) 2 km; and (d) 3 km.
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Influences of different computational grid resolutions on modeled ambient benzene concentrations from open burning were assessed in this study. The CALPUFF (California Puff Mesoscale Dispersion Model) was applied to simulate maximum ground level concentration over the modeling domain of 100 × 100 km². Meteorological data of the year 2014 was simula...
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Citations
... The analyzed urban area is represented as a two-dimensional matrix, the elements of which correspond to a local area of the territory. The size of the area corresponding to one element of 500 by 500 m was chosen on the basis of a study carried out in [89]. This size is the most optimal for modeling, as it reduces the number of areas with very close values and leaves the possibility of physical access of the laboratory to this area for detailed study. ...
The article considers the actual problem of the ecology of urban areas associated with air pollution by industrial and energy enterprises. The study is aimed at substantiating the method of forming a plan for atmospheric air pollution observation using mobile laboratories. The quantitative characteristic of sites for different urban development zones is determined as a set of estimates. The air pollution index was chosen as a total sanitary and hygienic criterion for assessing pollution. The implementation of the decision-making problem using the analytic network process method is considered. Parameters of the city and environment that affect the assessment of atmospheric air quality were selected in the course of the study. A network structure of mutual influence of the studied parameters is formed. The architecture of the decision support system based on the proposed method is given. The created software makes it possible to automate the modeling of the distribution of pollutants in the atmosphere. The computational experiment is presented on the example of the Volgograd agglomeration, Russia. The proposed approach can significantly improve the organization of monitoring by mobile laboratories and reduce the cost of obtaining data on urban air pollution without increasing the number of existing observation laboratories, both stationary and mobile.
... In this study, a statistical performance measurement to compare the experimental observation and the numerical prediction was implemented. The normalized mean square error (NMSE) was adopted to evaluate the model efficiencies by measuring the mean relative scatter and reflecting the systematic and unsystematic errors (Asadollahfardi et al., 2019;Haryanto et al., 2021bHaryanto et al., , 2021cHaryanto et al., , 2021dPatryla and Galeriua, 2011;Sirithian and Thepanondh, 2016). The NMSE calculated from the maximum value for the acceleration and displacement response is, respectively, 0.066 and 0.041. ...
The old existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures in Taiwan are susceptible to severe damage under earthquakes because of the soft-story mechanism. Moreover, the effects of near-fault ground motions often contain a long period of velocity pulse and permanent ground displacement. This study is based on the tri-axial shaking table test conducted at the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering in Taiwan and a series of seismic performance evaluations of a non-ductile RC structure in Taiwan. Finite element analysis (FEA) will be conducted to simulate the linear and nonlinear behavior of the seven-story building. This accommodates the damage plasticity model for concrete and the elastic-perfectly plastic model for reinforcement. Comparison of the results between the experimental test and numerical model showed that the similarity of the vibration period has a great influence on the simulation results. The findings showed that the data of acceleration and displacement behavior corresponded with the experimental results in a satisfactory margin. Also, the damage mode is very similar to the shaking table test results. The study found that using FEA can satisfactorily simulate the seismic performance of mid-rise buildings under a near-fault earthquake.
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The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) is home to 9 % of the global population and is responsible for a large fraction of agricultural crop production in Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. Levels of fine particulate matter (mean diameter <2.5 µm, PM2.5) across the IGP often exceed human health recommendations, making cities across the IGP among the most polluted in the world. Seasonal changes in the physical environment over the IGP are dominated by the large-scale south Asian monsoon system that dictates the timing of agricultural planting and harvesting. We use the WRF-Chem model to study the seasonal anthropogenic, pyrogenic, and biogenic influences on fine particulate matter and its constituent organic aerosol (OA) over the IGP that straddles Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh during 2017–2018. We find that surface air quality during pre-monsoon (March–May) and monsoon (June–September) seasons is better than during post-monsoon (October–December) and winter (January–February) seasons, but all seasonal mean values of PM2.5 still exceed the recommended levels, so that air pollution is a year-round problem. Anthropogenic emissions influence the magnitude and distribution of PM2.5 and OA throughout the year, especially over urban sites, while pyrogenic emissions result in localised contributions over the central and upper parts of IGP in all non-monsoonal seasons, with the highest impact during post-monsoon seasons that correspond to the post-harvest season in the agricultural calendar. Biogenic emissions play an important role in the magnitude and distribution of PM2.5 and OA during the monsoon season, and they show a substantial contribution to secondary OA (SOA), particularly over the lower IGP. We find that the OA contribution to PM2.5 is significant in all four seasons (17 %–30 %), with primary OA generally representing the larger fractional contribution. We find that the volatility distribution of SOA is driven mainly by the mean total OA loading and the washout of aerosols and gas-phase aerosol precursors that result in SOA being less volatile during the pre-monsoon and monsoon season than during the post-monsoon and winter seasons.
... In the case of the mesoscale calculations, a resolution of several or even a dozen or so kilometers is used [16][17][18][19]; for the needs of air quality assessment in urban areas, a grid with the resolution of ca. 1 km is used [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]; and an analysis of the impact of single emission sources on air quality is usually conducted using finer computational grids with a spacing within the range of 100-500 m [4,[29][30][31][32][33][34]. Sirithian and Thepanondh [35] tested four grid resolutions (0.75, 1, 2 and 3 km) in the modeling domain of 100 km × 100 km for open burning sources. In this case, it was concluded that the grid resolution of 1 km was the most appropriate resolution with regard to both accuracy of predicted data and acceptable computational time for the model simulation. ...
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Yielded research results indicate that the problems of the computational grid resolution in the CALMET/CALPUFF modeling system cannot be neglected during air quality impact assessment at a local scale for regulatory purposes. Decrease in grid resolution results in the underestimation of the highest maximum concentrations, which may lead to inadequate administrative decisions.
Abstract
Increase in grid resolution in atmospheric non-steady-state dispersion models induces a more faithful reflection of the area surface, and thus contributes to more detailed and diversified calculation results but also significantly prolongs the calculation time. This paper presents the influence of horizontal grid resolution in the CALMET/CALPUFF modeling system on the results of air quality impact assessment in a local scale carried out for the Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) Plant in Krakow using the maximum permissible emission of NOx. Subject to comparative analysis were four grids of the following resolutions: 100, 250, 500 and 1000 m. A direct intercomparison of air concentrations was made for 676 discrete receptors with the use of statistical indicators. On the basis of the calculations and analyses, it has been stated that, depending on the regular grid spacing, some differences in calculated concentrations can occur affecting the results of the air quality impact assessment. The highest concentrations in all computational receptors present in the given case were obtained for 100 m grid spacing. When compared to a grid of 100 m, the relatively smallest discrepancies were obtained for a grid of 250 m, with an already significantly shortened calculation time.
... The computational grid resolution was set to 1 km × 1 km which is the most appropriate resolution regarding both accuracy of predicted data and acceptable computational time for the model simulation of the open burning source (Sirithian and Thepanondh 2016). CALMET was run over the simulation period to produce hourly wind and temperature fields at the 1-km grid resolution with 10 vertical layers with cell face heights in meteorological grid of 0, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320, 640, 1200, 2000, 3000, and 4000 m. ...
California Puff Mesoscale Dispersion Model (CALPUFF) was applied to simulate concentrations and the spatial distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted from open burning of maize residues in Chiang Rai, Thailand. The model was simulated during the burning season between January 1 and April 30, 2014. The 95th percentile values of 24-h average concentration of total PAHs at 117 specified ground level receptors were calculated. The spatial distribution of predicted concentration is also illustrated. The modeled results indicated that the open burning of maize residues contributed to high PAH concentration in particularly at the receptors located near the burned areas. The cancer risk of carcinogenic PAHs was evaluated using the calculation of benzo(a)pyrene equivalent (BaPeq). The results show that the calculated BaPeq values on daily basis ranged from 0.1 to 18.6 ng m⁻³. These concentrations exceeded the Chinese’s standard of 2.5 ng m⁻³ at 26 among 117 receptors. It was estimated that about 20% of the population living in Chiang Rai was exposed to PAHs at this level. This finding suggests that the open burning of maize residues could significantly contribute to high cancer risk to local population. It is expected that the outcome of this study can support the setting up an appropriate mitigation strategy for reducing their emissions and health impacts on population in the affected areas.
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that a third of all global deaths from stroke, lung cancer and respiratory diseases can be linked to air pollution. In some cities, breathing polluted air is as dangerous as smoking 25 cigarettes a day. This is a literature review that focusses on the problem of the annual haze in Northern Thailand, in order to ascertain workable policies to help alleviate this annual smog or haze. The review was conducted from over 1000 peer reviewed papers from both Scopus and the ISI databases with preference given to papers published within the past 5 years. This paper is divided into five sections. The first section deals with the cause of the haze, the technologies and models that are being developed and used to monitor and predict pollution and the meteorological conditions specific to the North of Thailand. The second section concerns the effect from air pollution on the health of the general public both from Thailand and other countries. The third section looks at policies from around the world that have been used to successfully reduce haze and smog. These include conservation agriculture, low emission zones and education methods. The fourth section suggests policies that should be implemented in the North of Thailand to help alleviate this annual problem. The overall conclusion is that the annual pollution is a complex multi-faceted problem requiring coherent policies across multiple departments, provinces and countries.
