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South China Sea Oil, LNG trade routes Source: Quoted from "The South China Sea is an important world energy trade route" (2013).
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... major ports along the straits namely Singapore Port, Penang Port, Port Klang, PTP, and Belawan port continued to play a vital role in international trade and shipping in the region. Figure 3 shows the crude oil trade flows from major ports in East Asia including China, Hong Kong, Korea, and Japan to selected ports located in the Southeast Asian region namely Singapore and Malaysia, by pass Indonesia and the Philippines. ...
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... λ ij represents the correction factor of the newly introduced ship's route pheromone update. Formula (15) is the calculation formula of the ship's route pheromone correction factor. Among them, α ij is the angle between the current position of the ship's route and the alternative position and the starting and ending position, which eliminates the positive and negative infuence of the angle. ...
... When using the ant colony algorithm to optimize ship route planning, 10 ants will search the optimal path in each iteration. In order to efectively observe the convergence process of the ant colony algorithm in searching the optimal ship route, as shown in Figure 4. Te following Figure 4 shows the convergence process of the initial solution of the optimization of the ship route planning model by the ant colony algorithm [15,16]. ...
In order to solve the problem of ship route planning at sea, we reduce the economic cost of ship navigation planning and improve the efficiency of ship navigation. As a result, the goal of this work is to delve into the mathematical modeling and the best algorithm for marine ship route planning. To begin, a mathematical model of ship route planning is created, taking into account the impact of nonuniformity in the offshore wind field on ship route planning, with the shortest ship sailing time as the goal. Based on the mathematical model, the ant colony algorithm is used to optimize the initial route of the ship. Finally, through the optimization of the ant colony algorithm, the optimal route with the shortest total length and the smaller steering angle is obtained, and the optimal ship navigation planning scheme is obtained. The simulation results show that, when compared to artificial intelligence and genetic algorithms, the optimization algorithm suggested in this research produces the best ship route planning outcomes and has the lowest economic cost, which may effectively increase the efficiency of ship route work.
... In terms of the research methodology adopted in the articles, 68.1% are based on qualitative methodologies, which of which 25% (8 articles) use a case study approach and the remaining 75% (24 articles) apply other qualitative approaches, e.g. report analysis [37], small-scale mapping [38], and business analytics [39]. 31.9% of articles (15 articles) use quantitative approaches, of which 33.3% (5 articles) adopt quantitative simulation, 6.7% (1 article) use quantitative regression, and the rest 60% (9 articles) use other quantitative approaches, e.g. ...
Previous research on the viability and challenges of commercial shipping along the Northern Sea Route (NSR) has thus far neglected to fully explain the connections between operational models for viable year-round commercial shipping along the NSR and port infrastructure services. In particular, little attention has been paid to the function of ports as transshipment hubs for emerging polar routes. The purpose of this paper is to synthetize the extant knowledge on the topic of Arctic ports and their function as transshipment hubs for polar routes. Following a systematic literature review methodology and using a configurative synthesis, This article analyzes a sample of 47 peer-reviewed articles indexed in high-quality academic databases to examine the extant research on transshipment hubs from a multi-dimensional perspective. The article proposes policy recommendations to address the identified gaps in the literature of transshipment hub functions for the NSR around the following axes: the operational and design features of transshipment terminals; the geopolitical and governance requirements of developing deep-water transshipment terminals; funding possibilities for the operation of transshipment terminals; and the development of a port system that is useful for the whole Arctic.
... In such a significant route, autonomous vessel implementation ensuring safe navigation can be challenging. The geographical location of the Southeast Asia region is strategically situated at the passage of the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea (Idris and Ramli 2018), where oceans and straits constructed one of the most influential global maritime routess (IMO takes first steps to address autonomous ships [Internet]. 2021).In the early fifth century, foreign traders established the international maritime route through the Malacca straight (Hall 2019). ...
The development of autonomous vessel has achieved tremendous interest across
the world for the safe navigation and economic benefits. Numerous alternatives are
constructed in the autonomous vessel development projects, the alternatives of
MUNIN and NYK project are combined for this study; these are - Manned autonomous
vessel, Remotely controlled vessel, Autonomous and Partially remote-controlled vessel,
and Full autonomous vessel. As the statistics of UNCTAD shows that South-East Asia
is a highly dense region and has the busiest international maritime connectivity, this
research tried to select the appropriate autonomous vessels from the four alternatives
to ensure safe navigation in this traffic congested maritime route. For this study,
311 accident reports are investigated to find out the most frequent casualty and its
cause. The data are collected from the global integrated shipping information system
of the international maritime organization’s website. The decision tree of R-studio
demonstrates that the most frequent accidents are- Collision, Grounding, Fire, and
listing. Afterwards a survey was made on 65 experienced seafarers to determine which
autonomous vessel criteria would be compatible to avoid the casualty. This research
adopts AHP (analytical hierarchy process) to conduct the analysis. AHP is a multi-criteria
decision analysis method for solving any decision problem. The research shows that
‘Manned autonomous vessel’ and ‘Autonomous and Partially remote-controlled vessel’
are the appropriate alternatives for safe navigation in the South-East Asian region. This
study will help the researcher who is working in autonomous vessel development,
mainly working for Asian water.
Keywords: Autonomous vessel, South-East Asia, Accident, AHP, MCDA
... The geographical location of the Southeast Asia region is strategically situated at the passage of the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, where oceans and straits constructed one of the most influential global maritime routes (24).In the early fifth century, foreign traders established the international maritime route through the Malacca straight (25). Generally, in the past, two factors acted behind the external trade exchange: a riverine political system and the supply of surplus products from the Southeast Asian mainland and Java for the foreign trader (26). ...
The development of autonomous maritime ships achieved tremendous interest worldwide. Norway, Finland, the UK, the USA, China, Japan, and other countries are engaged in autonomous development in a merchant vessel. Numerous alternatives are constructed in the autonomous vessel projects, and for this study, the alternatives of MUNIN and NYK project are combined; these are-Manned Autonomous, Remote Control, Autonomous, and Partially Remote Control, and Full autonomous. As SouthEast Asia is the most influential region in the maritime logistics sectors, this research tried to select the appropriate autonomous vessel from the four alternatives to ensure safe navigation in this maritime route. For this study, 311 accidents report is investigated to find out the most frequent casualty and its cause. The data are collected from the Global Integrated Shipping Information System (GISIS) of the International Maritime Organization's website. The decision tree of R-studio demonstrates that the most frequent accidents are-Collision, Grounding, Fire, and listing. Afterwards a survey was made on 65 experienced seafarers to determine which autonomous vessel criteria would be compatible to avoid the causalities. Using python3 scikit library, Analytical Hiercial Process and Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) analyzed that 'Manned autonomous' and 'Autonomous and Partially Remote Control' are the appropriate alternative for safe navigation in SouthEast Asian region. This study will help the researcher who is working in autonomous vessel development, mainly working for Asian Water,
In the Malacca Strait, Malaysia has faced both "traditional" and "non-tradi-tional" security threats throughout its modern history. The territorial dispute between Malaysia and Indonesia is a long-term issue that involves a lengthy process, whereas non-traditional threats from non-state actors are urgent and short-term issues that are not yet properly addressed due to the lack of clear jurisdiction. The research findings emphasize that both countries should strengthen bilateral cooperation, including coordinated maritime patrols, joint maritime exercises, and most importantly, intelligence sharing, such as the establishment of an Intelligence Fusion Center (IFC). By utilizing this strategy, both countries not only enhance maritime security but also build trust, making progress toward resolving the territorial dispute.
The Southeast Asian (SEA) region represents a complex coastal geographical location. Most countries in SEA are encircled by the ocean, with lowlands coastal areas. The advantages of long-term satellite altimetry and tide gauge measurements have enabled climate-related research, particularly sea level rise, to be examined extensively in spatial and temporal scales. In this study, sea level anomaly (SLA) derived from 26 years of multi-mission satellite altimeter data plus approximately 28 years of tidal data have been utilized. Then, the projection for every 10 years starting from 2030 until 2100 has been analysed using machine learning regression. The projections are then evaluated based on the global model of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The findings presented that sea level rise trends around SEA with overall means of 4.70 ± 0.37 mm yr−1 for the satellite altimeter and 3.41 ± 0.24 mm yr−1 for the coastal tide gauge. Sea level projection from coastal tide gauge and satellite altimeter are expected to rise up to 34.87 and 33.71 cm, respectively, in 2100. These outcomes prove that the altimetry data from Radar Altimeter Database System (RADS) and the redundant tidal data are capable in measuring the sea level in SEA. These results are also expected to be valuable for multidisciplinary environmental studies in SEA, such as coastal flooding, coastal erosion, and other effect of global warming. Thus, it would make a meaningful contribution towards Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13, climate action, by providing the sea level rate and prediction information.
The complex geostrategic dynamics of the Indo-Pacific region are shaping an increasingly volatile international order and the quest for maintaining regional peace and security has led to the re-emergence of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad). Given the strategic significance of Indo-Pacific region and the potential of Quad grouping, this paper aims to explore the geostrategic construct of the Indo- Pacific region and further analyse the role that Quad can play in the regional dynamics. The paper uses the concept of Security Dilemma to understand the dynamics of Indo-Pacific region and theory of Neoclassical Realism to examine the perspectives of stakeholders. This paper has three objectives to understand the factors shaping the Indo-Pacific concept, to examine the factors shaping the perspectives of Quad members and to analyse the role that Quad can play in the economic, diplomatic and military dimensions of Indo-Pacific region. To tackle the research questions, qualitative analysis has been used as the research method and secondary data has been collected from books, published articles and reports. The findings of this paper highlight the historical centrality of Indian subcontinent, geoeconomics, security, diplomacy and strategic narratives as factors shaping the Indo-Pacific concept. The growing Chinese aggression is highlighted as primary structural pressure, that, combined with a web of domestic variables, is shaping the perspectives of the four nations and prompting Quad to adopt a balancing role in economic, diplomatic and military domain to achieve regional peace and stability. The paper concludes that despite certain challenges, Quad has the potential to play a prominent role in the regional dynamics of Indo-Pacific.
The Malacca Strait is the importance waters for international shipping routes and more 200 cases of ship collisions in the period 1970-2015 in this strait. That is related to some a shallow depth waters with many small islands and strong current which is making this strait have a highest risk in certain seasons. The CMEMS data used to understanding of mechanism of current, illustrate the pattern and tranport volume. The research uses descriptive and the statistical methods to understanding of mechanism and variability of current. The analysis of current patterns and water level shows that during the monsoon winds active, the current always moves to the Andaman Sea, we called the southeast current system. The Northeast (NE) and Southwest (SW) monsoon wind is strongly influence to the mechanism of formation southeast current system, which causes the varition in sea level hight in eastern and western of Malacca Strait. During the NE monsoon season, the water masses of the South China Sea are push away into the Karimata Strait, causing the sea level in the eastern part to be higher than the western part and will increase the current speed. On the other hand, during the SW monsoon season, the water masses from the Karimata Strait is pushed away from the eastern part of the Malacca Strait which causes the sea level decrease and causes the current speed to weaken. Numbers eddies phenomenon were found at the Malacca Strait each season. The anticyclonic eddies occurred almost every season centered at 3° - 5° N, 97° - 100° E. Meanwhile anticyclonic eddies appear around the northern part of Sumatra centered at 4° - 5°N, 99° - 101°E during SW Monsoon season and the eddies formation also existed during the second transition monsoon season.
