Figure - available via license: CC BY
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) is an energy-dense seasonal tropical fruit grown in Southeast Asia. It is one of the most expensive fruits in the region. It has a creamy texture and a sweet-bitter taste. The unique durian flavour is attributable to the presence of fat, sugar, and volatile compounds such as esters and sulphur-containing compounds su...
Context in source publication
Similar publications
With the recent rapid development of the functional food sector, agriculture is looking for alternatives to improve the quality of food grown by limiting chemical fertilizers. This study evaluated the effects of two commercial plant probiotics, ProbioHumus and NaturGel, on the growth and quality of strawberry fruits. Strawberry plants were sprayed...
Citations
... The edible parts of these WUNEPs offer more than 100% of the RDA for vitamin C (90/75 mg/day for men/women) [34]. Other plants, such as B. androgyna [33,89], M. esculenta (leaves and tuber) [33], C. caudatus [25,33], A. bilimbi [70][71][72], E. foetidum [66, 67, 83], D. zibethinus [99][100][101][102], L. ava [33], A. galanga [33], L. siceraria [33,103,104], P. angulata [74,75], C. crepidioides [40], B. pilosa [86], A. bunius [105,106], M. odorata [33], B. hispida [107,108], A. jiringa [33], and S. cumini [33,109], have also been reported to possess a high content of vitamin C, with average values between 30.9 and 168 mg/100 g. Consuming a 100-g portion of these edible parts is su cient to provide more than 30% of the RDA of vitamin C for adults (Table 3). ...
Background
As one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots, Indonesia contains over 19,000 plant species, including wild, underutilized, and neglected edible plants (WUNEPs). These WUNEPs complement people’s diets and substitute for common vegetables, particularly in rural areas. However, in West Java, the biodiversity of WUNEPs is declining, which coincides with public health issues related to malnutrition. Because they often contain higher levels of micronutrients than domesticated crops, WUNEPs can be used as a healthy dietary alternative, especially given the growing prevalence of micronutrient deficiency and diet-related diseases among the Indonesian population. Despite the potential benefits of addressing these issues, limited research has been conducted on this topic. This study aims to document the diversity of WUNEPs in rural West Java, assess communities’ perceptions regarding their availability and importance, and determine factors influencing their consumption.
Methods
The ethnobotanical surveys involved interviewing 20 purposively selected key informants with sound traditional knowledge of useful WUNEPs. The nutritional compositions of these foods, obtained from literature and analysis, are discussed, as is their contribution to the recommended dietary allowances of certain nutrients for men and women. Information regarding the perceptions, attitudes, and correlates of WUNEP consumption was collected through a semi-structured questionnaire from 107 Sundanese women in three villages in the region.
Results
The study documented 53 species of WUNEPs from 27 families, including leafy vegetables, spices/condiments, fruits, roots/tubers, and flowers. The documented WUNEPs have superior nutritional value and provide essential nutrients compared to common vegetables. Most respondents agreed that consumption has declined due to reduced availability, a lack of knowledge regarding the identification and nutritional benefits of the species, time constraints, and a preference for improved varieties. The main motivations for using WUNEPs were their availability as free food, medicinal value, nostalgic value, and preferred taste. WUNEP consumption frequency among the studied Sundanese communities is not associated with age, body mass index, dietary diversity, occupation, or household expenditure.
Conclusions
WUNEPs can potentially improve diets and create a more sustainable food system. As natural resources decline, promoting biodiversity for improved nutrition and ensuring their sustainable use is important. This requires collaboration among communities, governments, and stakeholders.
... durian (Durio zibethinus L.) is a popular tropical fruit that contributes significantly to regional economic value (Somsri 2015;Aziz et al. 2017). Durian has a unique taste and texture as well as its high nutrient content (Aziz and Jalil 2019). According to Devalaraja et al. (2011), durian is a good source of protein (1.47%), fat (5.33%), fiber (3.1%), and carbohydrates (27%). ...
Numba S. 2023. Genetic diversity and its association with Phytophthora palmivora resistance in Durian (Durio zibethinus) using RAPD markers. Biodiversitas 24: 4542-4548. Durian (Durio zibethinus L.) is a popular tropical fruit that contributes significantly to regional economic value. Root and stem rot disease caused by Phytophthora palmivora has become a serious threat to the growth and development of durian. Indonesia has various local durian varieties that have the potential of resistant to P. palmivora. This study aims to analyze genetic diversity and its association with the resistance of durian to root and stem rot disease caused by P. palmivora using RAPD markers. Ten varieties of durian were compared with those of 2 wild species, namely D. kutejensis (Hassk.) Becc. and Boschia excelsa Korth.. The DNA profile analysis was performed by using 10 RAPD primers. Furthermore, cluster analysis was done using the NTSYS (Numerical Taxonomic and Multivariate Analysis System) ver. 2.0. Observation of the DNA profile (DNA banding pattern) showed that all the primers succeeded in producing amplified DNA fragments. Of the total 78 bands produced, 10 bands were considered monomorphic, while 68 bands (87.20%) were considered polymorphic. The high level of polymorphism causes a low level of similarity between varieties so that not all resistant varieties are grouped in the same cluster. This study found that the 1kb band produced by the OPA-2 primer was a potential gen associated with resistance to P. palmivora. It is suggested to carry out further tests on crosses of resistant and susceptible varieties.
... It is also home to a range of rather smelly volatile compounds, such as esters, sulfur, thioacetals, thioesters, thiolanes, and alcohols, some of them pictured in Figure 5b [124]. Thanks to the presence of these substances, the durian fruit is cherished in some quarters for its supposed anti-hyperglycemic, anti-atherosclerotic, probiotic and even anti-proliferative activities and its individual sulfur-containing ingredients lend themselves for further investigations [125]. AMS has been associated with several potential biological applications, especially in the treatment of lung cancer [116]. ...
... It is also home to a range of rather smelly volatile compounds, such as esters, sulfur, thioacetals, thioesters, thiolanes, and alcohols, some of them pictured in Figure 5b [124]. Thanks to the presence of these substances, the durian fruit is cherished in some quarters for its supposed anti-hyperglycemic, anti-atherosclerotic, probiotic and even anti-proliferative activities and its individual sulfur-containing ingredients lend themselves for further investigations [125]. ...
Reactive Sulfur Species (RSS), such as allicin from garlic or sulforaphane from broccoli, are fre-quently associated with biological activities and possible health benefits in animals and humans. Among these Organic Sulfur Compounds (OSCs) found in many plants and fungi, the Volatile Sulfur Compounds (VSCs) feature prominently, not only because of their often-pungent smell, but also because they are able to access places which solids and solutions cannot reach that easily. Indeed, inorganic RSS such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) can be used to lit-erally fumigate entire rooms and areas. Similarly, metabolites of garlic, such as allyl methyl sulfide (AMS), are formed metabolically in humans in lower concentrations and reach the airways from inside the body as part of one’s breath. Curiously, H2S is also formed in the gastrointestinal tract by gut bacteria, and the question of if and for which purpose this gas then crosses the barriers and enters the body is indeed a delicate matter for equally delicate studies. In any case, nature is surprisingly rich in such VSCs, as fruits (for instance, the infamous durian) demonstrate, and therefore these VSCs represent a promising group of compounds for further studies.
... Also hailed as the "king of fruits", it has started to gain popularity in the USA and other parts of the world leading to an increasing economic market value. Several studies have also proven its high nutritional and nutraceutical potential [19]. However, the primary restrictions to obtaining optimal durian production include diseases such as root rot, stem rot, and fruit rot, as well as insect pests [20]. ...
Background:
Durian (Durio zibethinus L.) is a tropical fruit crop which is popular in Southeast Asia but recently gaining popularity in other parts of the world. In this study, we analyzed the resistance gene analogs (RGAs) of durian through mining of the currently available reference genome of its 'Musang King' cultivar (PRJNA400310).
Results:
A total of 2586 RGAs were identified in the durian genome consisting of 47 nucleotide binding site proteins (NBS), 158 NBS-leucine rich repeat proteins (NL), 400 coiled-coil NBS-LRR (CNL), 72 toll/interleukin-1 receptor NBS-LRR (TNL), 54 coiled-coil NBS (CN), 10 toll/interleukin-1 receptor NBS (TN), 19 toll/interleukin-1 receptor with unknown domain (TX), 246 receptor-like proteins (RLP), 1,377 receptor-like kinases (RLK), 185 TM-CC, and 18 other NBS-containing proteins with other domains. These RGAs were functionally annotated and characterized via gene ontology (GO) analysis. Among the RGAs with the highest copies in durian genome include the putative disease resistance RPP13-like protein 1, disease resistance protein At4g27190, disease resistance protein RPS6, Probable disease resistance protein At4g27220, and putative disease resistance protein RGA3, while 35 RGAs were found to be novel. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the genome-wide RGAs were broadly clustered into four major clades based on their domain classification.
Conclusion:
To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive analysis of durian RGAs which provides a valuable resource for genetic, agronomic, and other biological research of this important tropical fruit crop.
... Tropical fruits are rich in phytonutrients with high health benefits. For examples, Psidium guajava or guava rich in ellagic acid and rutin exhibits high antioxidant activity [9,10], while Durio zibethinus or durian high in luteolin, apigenin, cinnamic acid, and gallic acid provides anti-proliferative and potent cholesterol-lowering activities [11]. Besides, pineapple (Ananas comosus) rich in bromelain possesses many potential health benefits such as antiproliferative properties against colorectal carcinoma cells, anti-inflammatory, reducing risk of diabetes and cerebro-vascular diseases [12], while Mangifera indica or mango high in mangiferin and several phenolics exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and neuroprotective effects [13]. ...
Thailand is located in the tropics and a wide variety of fruits are grown commercially. However, studies regarding the phytonutrients, anti-mutagenic and chemopreventive effects of these fruits are limited. Thus, phytochemical profiles and inhibition of key enzymes involved in obesity and diabetes, together with anti-mutagenic and chemopreventive properties of eight tropical fruit extracts cultivated in Thailand, including Psidium guajava ‘Kimju’, Psidium guajava ‘Keenok’, Ananas comosus ‘Pattavia’, Ananas comosus ‘Phulae’, Durio zibethinus ‘Chanee’, Durio zibethinus ‘Monthong’, Carica papaya ‘Khaekdum’ and Mangifera indica ‘Namdokmai’ were investigated. Different cultivars were also compared. Results showed that M. indica ‘Namdokmai’ was the most antioxidant-rich extract containing abundant 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and its derivative, gallic acid, as the main phenolics. M. indica ‘Namdokmai’ also exhibited high inhibitory capacities (>60% inhibition under studied conditions) against lipase, α-amylase and α-glucosidase, key enzymes as drug targets for controlling obesity and type 2 diabetes. Interestingly, all fruit extracts suppressed food mutagen-induced DNA mutations assayed by the Ames test, especially M. indica ‘Namdokmai’ and C. papaya ‘Khaekdum’ (>50% inhibition at 200 µg/plate). The M. indica ‘Namdokmai’ was also the most potent extract for suppression of cancer promotion (>90% inhibition at 200 µg/mL) followed by P. guajava ‘Kimju’, P. guajava ‘Keenok’ and C. papaya ‘Khaekdum’. Results potentially indicated that fruit intake after overcooked meat consumption might supplement nutrients and fiber and also reduce DNA mutation sources.
... and 0.04-0.94, respectively [3,4,6,10,14,42]. Unknown variety of durian [5] showed 0.99 mg GAE/g FW, which was similar to the present data of MT. ...
... mg GAE/g DW) of five varieties of durian (Monthong, Chanee, Kradum, Kanyao, and Puangmanee) showed that the Monthong variety had the highest TP content, whereas the Kradum variety had the lowest [13]. In the report of four locally available varieties of durian fruit [44], where the [3,4,6,10,14,42]. Unknown variety of durian [5] showed 0.99 mg GAE/g FW, which was similar to the present data of MT. ...
... Caffeic acid and quercetin were the dominant antioxidant substances found in durian, therefore for fluorescence studies, these phenolics were used as standards. The bioactivity of ripe durian was high, and the total polyphenols were the main contributors to the overall antioxidant capacity [13,42]. The differences in the results of bioactive metabolites depend on durian investigated varieties, such as Monthong (MT), Chanee (CN), and Puangmanee (PM), extraction time and solvent used, and analytical methods. ...
Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.), like many other exotic, tropical, and conventional fruits, is important in the prevention of different diseases. In this study, the characterization of the main bioactive compounds of the most popular cultivars of durian and their properties are described. The changes in the quality indices of the antioxidant status were determined by CUPRAC, ABTS, FRAP, DPPH, and ORAC assays. The profiling of phytochemicals was carried out by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). For the first time, in vitro studies were performed by the interaction of extracted durian polyphenols with human serum proteins (HSP) such as human serum albumin (HSAlb), fibrinogen (HSFib) and globulin (HSGlo) as novel biomarkers of coronary artery disease (CAD). The fluorescence measurements of the resulting intensity and calculated binding properties of the interaction of polyphenols with proteins showed that the most reactive was Monthong durian cultivar. This study suggests that durian cultivars have relatively strong antioxidant, binding, and health potentials and could be a significant source of natural antioxidants used in daily fresh consumption and for functional foods.
... Durian is well known for its outstanding flavor, described as an overpowering sweet taste, with a sweet, fruity odor resulting from high contents of starch, sugar, and saturated fatty acids in the ripe pulp (Charoenkiatkul et al., 2018). More interestingly, ripe durian pulp contains various bioactive compounds, including carotenoids, flavonoids, and polyphenols, which confer substantial antioxidant properties (Aziz and Jalil, 2019), suggesting that consumption of durian may have potential health benefits. The ripening process contributes to the organoleptic properties of durian pulp. ...
Durian is an economically important fruit of Southeast Asia. There is, however, a lack of in-depth information on the alteration of its metabolic networks during ripening. Here, we annotated 94 ripening-associated metabolites from the pulp of durian cv. Monthong fruit at unripe and ripe stages, using capillary electrophoresis- and gas chromatography- time-of-flight mass spectrometry, specifically focusing on taste-related metabolites. During ripening, sucrose content increased. Change in raffinose-family oligosaccharides are reported herein for the first time. The malate and succinate contents increased, while those of citrate, an abundant organic acid, were unchanged. Notably, most amino acids increased, including isoleucine, leucine, and valine, whereas aspartate decreased, and glutamate was unchanged. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis was performed to analyze the dynamic changes in sugar metabolism, glycolysis, TCA cycle, and amino acid pathways to identify key candidate genes. Taken together, our results elucidate the fundamental taste-related metabolism of durian, which can be exploited to develop durian metabolic and genetic markers in the future.
... Durian (Ind.) is one of the tropical fruits in Indonesia with a high popularity for consumption and export quality. Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) is awarded the title as king of fruits due to its distinctive and pungent aroma and unique taste with economical benefits to Indonesia [1]. In North Sumatra, the productivity of durian (86,297 tons/year) achieved the second position after East Java (114,242 tons/year) as the national suppliers of the fruits in Indonesia [2]. ...
Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) is one of the authentic tropical fruits in Indonesia with a high popularity for consumption by the public. Many local varieties are originating from North Sumatra, one of which is the Bintana variety as the major cultivar in Medan City. Like other fruits, the durian seeds are mostly neglected and disposed only as wastes. It is reported that the starch content in durian seeds may be utilized and converted into valuable products for food processing. Heat moisture treatment (HMT) is a physical modification technique to convert the natural starch granule structure into resistant starch during gelatinization process in high temperatures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of HMT modification of Bintana durian seeds starch based on the physicochemical properties. The results of this study indicated that the durian seed starch modified by the Heat Moisture Treatment method displayed better physicochemical properties than natural starch, which includes moisture content (4.70%), ash content (0.17%), pH value (5, 99), water absorption capacity (8.10%), oil absorption capacity (9.10%), and solubility in cold water (14.83%). The modified durian seeds starch can then be applied to food products that use high temperatures during the processing.
... Then from the anti-aggregation test it can be known that D. zibethinus fruit exposing can inhibit Aβ aggregation. 14 DISCUSSION D. zibethinus contains many different secondary metabolite compounds consisting of flavonoids (caffeate, quercetin, flavanones, flavons, flavones, flavanols, anthocyanins), polyphenols (cinnamic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid), carotene, tannins, ascorbic acid and saponins, 29,30 alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, muchilago, glycosides, carbohydrates, reducing sugar, phenol. 10 D. zibethinus leaves can treat abdominal pain, respiratory distress, wounds, and muscle aches or fatigue in women. ...
Durio zibethinus is a family of Bombacaceae. It's usually called the fruit king. This plant has properties as a pharmacological remedy. Various parts of the D. zibethinus plant, especially its fruits and leaves, have a wide range of pharmacological properties in the treatment for a number of diseases. Many constituents of active phytochemicals of this plant have proven efficacy from a number of studies, including flavonoids, carotene, tannins, ascorbic acid, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, muchilago, glycosids, carbohydrates, reducing sugar, and phenols. Several studies prove the potential pharmacological activity of the fruit and leaves of D. zibethinus as antidiabetic, anticholesterol, antibacterial, antioxidant, digestiva, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. The review of this article focuses on the knowledge of some of the pharmacological activities that D. zibethinus has.
... Many peoples in the world like durian fruits. Durian aril contain hundreds of volatile compounds such as esters (ethyl propanoate, methyl-2-methylbutanoate, propyl propanoate), sulphur compounds (diethyl disulphide, diethyl trisulphide and ethanethiol), thioacetals (1-(methylthio)-propane), thioesters (1-(methylthio)ethane), thiolanes (3,5-dimethyl-1,2,4-trithiolane isomers), and alcohol (ethanol) (Belqis et.al 2017, Chin et al 2007, Ho and Bhat 2015, Nur and Abbe 2019, and all the compounds make the taste of durian fruits very special and unique compare to other fruits. ...
There are two types of durian that are commonly consumed and grow in Kalimantan. Two of the best-known edible durians in East Kalimantan are Durian (Durio zibenthinus) and Lai (Durio kutejensis). However, as a plant with a cross pollination mechanism, there are many character results of natural crosses between the two in nature. Sahang durian trees were found grow in Kutai Kertanegara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. There is a question whether this variety is a new species of durio plant or this is the result of a nature cross-pollination between D. zibenthinus and D. kutejensis. The aim of this research is to know and identify morphological character of sahang durian from East Kalimantan, Indonesia. This research was carried out by exploration information by interviews with the durian tree owner farmers, then characterization of durian plant used International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) morphological characteristics. This study successfully identified the character of sahang durian as descendants of both durian species with combination character from its parents (D. zibenthinus and D. kutejensis). Sahang durian has some superior characters like medium-sized fruit, orange color aril, odorless like D. kutejensis, but has a green color fruit skin, sweet taste, soft and creamy aril like D. zibenthinus. Sahang durian character is more dominantly influenced by D.kutejensis character, its indicate maternal line has dominant influence compare to paternal parent. Therefore, it can be stated that the Sahang durian is a plant derived from the natural cross between D.zibenthinus and D.kutejensis.
