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We studied the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and dark septate endophyte (DSE) fungal associations in five species of pot grown Asparagus (A. aethiopicus, A. densiflorus, A. setaceus, A. racemosus, and A. umbellatus). Root colonization by AM and DSE fungi and AM spore numbers in the soil were assessed. AM fungal diversity indices like species richness...
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In this study, we investigated the status of Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) living natural symbiotically with different sizes of the acacia. Root colonization and infection of different sizes of Acacia tortilis, A. ehrenbergiana and A. gerrardii with AMF varied irrespective of tree species and size. The overall highest infection was recorded in...
Citations
... Nonetheless, as for AMF, DSF associations can either stimulate or reduce host plant growth (Caldwell et al., 2000). Also, the interactions between DSF and AMF were reported as positive (Ranelli et al., 2015;Thangavelu & Raji, 2016), negative (Bueno de Mesquita et al., 2018), and neutral (Huo et al., 2021;Seerangan & Thangavelu, 2014). In a recent review of microbial interactions in soils, Albornoz et al. (2022) found that competition or facilitation among microbial groups largely depends on their mechanisms for carbon and nutrient acquisition. ...
... Bueno de Mesquita et al. (2018) suggested a role in mineralizing inorganic N, but the interactions between DSF and AMF remain uncertain. While some authors found positive interactions among them (Ranelli et al., 2015;Scervino et al., 2009;Thangavelu & Raji, 2016), TA B L E 3 Field colonization in each wetland of both types of endomycorrhiza (AMF and DSF) and structures of AMF (arbuscules and vesicles; Mean ± standard error). ...
Arbuscular mycorrhizal and dark septate fungi are common plant symbionts, but their role in promoting host plant fitness depends on environmental variables. Particularly in wetland plants, these associations are less understood. We analysed the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate fungi (DSF) in the roots of Potentilla anserina (Rosaceae), an invasive species of Patagonia, widely distributed in wetlands. We tested three hypotheses: that fungi colonization varies according to soil moisture and nutrient content (nitrogen and phosphorus), that they enhance P. anserina nutrient content, and benefit plant growth. We measured the percentage of colonization in plants from five wetlands across a moisture gradient with different nutrient content, and performed a growth experiment with soil from these wetlands to evaluate changes in mycorrhizal and endophytic fungal colonization, aerial nutrient content and biomass production. In the field, root colonization by AMF was high in all sites (~90%), whereas DSF was less abundant (~20%), positively related to soil organic matter, and negatively related to soil phosphorus. In the experiment, DSF colonization was inversely related to increasing tissue N and P content. Potentilla anserina grew similarly in all the treatments, but biomass was positively related to DSF colonization. Our results provide evidence that DSF, rather than AMF, confer to this invasive species the ability to grow in soils with different water and nutrient content and may help to explain the wide distribution of this alien species in Patagonian wetlands.
... On the other hand, we found morphologically similar coils (see also Zhang and Guo [12]) in the thallus of D. hirsuta and the leaves of H. varium. However, these structures were similar to those of SE fungi [48][49][50]. In bryophyte gametophytes, SE fungi (mostly Ascomycetes) have been observed with a higher frequency of occurrence and abundance than AMF [20,51,52], and they were sometimes associated with mycorrhizae [53]. ...
The evolutionary history of the symbiotic association between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and embryophytes dates back to the Devonian period. Previous ecological and physiological studies have described the presence of arbuscules, inter- and intracellular hyphae, vesicles, coils and spores, in liverworts and hornworts, which are considered absent in mosses. This study aimed to report the presence of AMF in a community of bryophytes (mosses and liverworts) from Punta Lara Natural Reserve, Argentina. Senescent and green sections of gametophytes were stained and, following microscopic observation, revealed AMF structures. We found intracellular hyphae, vesicles, spores and sporocarps associated with thallus and rhizoids of mosses and liverworts and senescent moss caulidia. The morphological characterization of spores resulted in the determination of Rhizophagus intraradices and Dominikia aurea. The species D. aurea is reported for the first time for Argentina. Sequencing of the D1 variable domain of the LSUrDNA from AMF spores mixes plus hyphae resulted in high similitude to the Dominikia sequences available from NCBI. This study reported the presence of AMF associated with declining and senescent gametophytes of bryophytes (mosses and liverworts) in a Natural Reserve in Argentina. These findings open up new lines of study, which should further investigate these associations and their diversity, physiology and significance.
... However, this study was conducted in vitro, while a study conducted in planta showed that the EMF Laccaria bicolor and Hebeloma crustuliniforme inhibited DSE Sieber 2012, 2013). Similarly, positive (Muthukumar and Muthuraja 2016), negative (de Mesquita et al. 2018) and no relationships (Mandyam and Jumpponen 2008) have been found between AMF and DSE. Competition between mycorrhizal fungi and root endophytes is likely due to both competing for root space and plant C, but this remains unexplored. ...
Background
Soils harbour a remarkable diversity of interacting fungi, bacteria, and other microbes: together these perform a wide variety of ecological roles from nutrient cycling and organic matter breakdown, to pathogenic and symbiotic interactions with plants. Many studies demonstrate the role of microbes in plant-soil feedbacks and their interactions with plants. However, interactions among microbes are seldom addressed, and there is no consensus regarding the nature and outcomes of interactions among microbial functional guilds.
Scope
Here, we critically review what is known about microbe-microbe interactions among functional guilds within the plant-soil system, with the aim to initiate a path to disentangling the “microbe black-box”. Our review confirms that the nature of microbial interactions among major functional guilds is explained by niche theory. This means that, among microbes, a competitive relationship is likely when their benefits to plants, source of carbon and nutrients, or nutrient scavenging mechanisms overlap, while a neutral-to-facilitative relationship is likely when these microbial traits differ or complement each other.
Conclusions
We highlight the numerous knowledge gaps and provide a framework to characterise microbe-microbe interactions that offers insight into the contributions of microbes to key ecosystem functions such as carbon sequestration and nutrient cycling.
... The roots in most of medicinal plants, agronomic and vegetable crops exhibit endomycorrhizal association (Gaur and Kaushik 2011). Thangavelu and Raji (2016) Johny et al. (2021), the amount of root colonization varies across AMF species and plant species. Rhizophagus irregularis exhibited maximum AMF root colonization (43 ± 1.00%) in Ashwagandha, followed by Claroideoglomus claroideum (34 ± 4.33%). ...
Kumar A, Tapwal A. 2022. Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and root colonization in Polygonatum verticillatum. Nusantara Bioscience 14: 53-63. Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated with Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. was investigated in two sites of Himachal Himalaya, India. A total of 15 AMF species were isolated and identified from the rhizosphere soil of P. verticillatum. The spore density was 1.48 ± 1.91 and 3.99 ± 3.78 per 20 gram of rhizosphere soil at site-I and site-II, respectively. Mycorrhizal colonization in the roots of P. verticillatum was recorded 46.12 and 52.23 percent at site-I and site-II, respectively. The mycorrhizal structures like darkly stained endophytic hyphae, coiled intracellular hyphae, Y-shaped hyphae and 'H' connection (Arum type) were recorded.
... The root colonization by different AM fungi has already been studied on very wide scale throughout the world. The plant like Asparagus sp., Smilax sp., Rhizophagus sp., Withania sp., Claroideoglomus sp. has been investigated for association of AMF with plant roots (Thangavelu and Raji 2016;Yaseen et al., 2016;Johny et al., 2021). The AM fungi in the rhizosphere of pea plant revealed the association of five genera and 17 species. ...
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are soil fungi which form a mutualistic symbiosis with the roots of plants and enhanced uptake of immobile nutrients from the soil. The present study was carried out to study the association of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) with roots and rhizosphere of pea (Pisum sativum). A total of 17 AMF fungi belonging to 5 genera 17 species were isolated and identified from the rhizosphere soil. The dominant genus was Glomus (6 species), followed by Acaulospora (5 species); Boletus, Gigaspora (3 species), Scutellospora (2 species) and Sclerocystis represented by single species. Microscopic analyses of root samples revealed a variable degree of colonization by AM fungi. The different microscopic characters like size, colour, details of the wall layers and the nature of their subtending hyphae were also investigated to during this study.
... It has been reported that mycorrhizae play little or no role in substrates where there is high availability and supply of nutrients, especially phosphorus [6,8]. Plants colonized with AM fungi are often colonized with dark septate endophytic (DSE) fungi [9], which belong to the class Ascomycetes [10] and contain structures called microsclerotia. The effect of DSEs on plant growth and mineral nutrition can be positive or negative depending on the plant species and environment [11]. ...
... Their effect on plant growth and mineral nutrition can be positive or negative depending on the plant species and environment [11]. DSE fungi increase the uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus into the plant [34] and improve plant growth, especially under controlled conditions, especially when nitrogen is present in organic form [9]. In our study, less or no mycorrhizal colonization was observed on root segments with many root hairs. ...
The influence of mycorrhizal inoculum in combination with different phosphorus treatments on growth and flowering parameters of Ajania (Ajania pacifica (Nakai) Bremer et Humphries) plants was investigated in two growing seasons (2015 and 2016). Plants of the cultivar ‘Silver and Gold’ were transplanted into pots either with added mycorrhizal inoculum or without inoculum and assigned to four phosphorus treatments. Mycorrhizal colonization was assessed by evaluating the frequency of colonization, intensity of colonization and density of fungal structures (arbuscules, vesicles, coils and microsclerotia) in the roots. During the growing season, the content of plant available phosphorus in the soil was analyzed, and shoot length, number of shoots, number of inflorescences, number of flowers and flowering time were evaluated. Inoculated Ajania plants were successfully colonized with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and dark septate endophytic fungi. In the root segments, hyphae were mainly observed, as well as vesicles, coils, arbuscules and microsclerotia, but in lower density. The density of fungal structures did not differ among phosphorus treatments, but did differ between years, with a higher density of fungal structures in 2016. Mycorrhizal plants developed higher number of shoots in 2016, higher number of inflorescences, higher number of flowers, and they flowered longer compared to uninoculated plants.
... Nonetheless, as for AMF, DSF associations can either stimulate or reduce host plant growth (Caldwell et al., 2000). Also, the interactions between DSF and AMF were reported as positive (Ranelli et al., 2015;Thangavelu & Raji, 2016), negative (Bueno de Mesquita et al., 2018), and neutral (Huo et al., 2021;Seerangan & Thangavelu, 2014). In a recent review of microbial interactions in soils, Albornoz et al. (2022) found that competition or facilitation among microbial groups largely depends on their mechanisms for carbon and nutrient acquisition. ...
... Bueno de Mesquita et al. (2018) suggested a role in mineralizing inorganic N, but the interactions between DSF and AMF remain uncertain. While some authors found positive interactions among them (Ranelli et al., 2015;Scervino et al., 2009;Thangavelu & Raji, 2016), TA B L E 3 Field colonization in each wetland of both types of endomycorrhiza (AMF and DSF) and structures of AMF (arbuscules and vesicles; Mean ± standard error). ...
... However, the research is recent, and a more thorough understanding of the functionality of t his fungal group is still needed. Their coexistence with AMF has been reported in several plant groups (Nagaraj, Priyadharsini, & Muthukumar, 2015;Gucwa-Przepióra, Chmura, & Sokołowska, 2016;Thangavelu & Raji, 2016). Among the few studies on DSE in sugarcane, Nasim, Ali, Munawar, and Bajwa (2008) reported that 80% of the root samples were colonized by the DSE, suggesting that DSE have a role in the biocontrol of sugarcane diseases. ...
... Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy, v. 42, e42477, 2020 Several researchers have reported the simultaneous colonization of AMF and DSE in different plant species (Gucwa-Przepióra et al., 2016;Thangavelu & Raji, 2016). However, the functioning and importance of the triple interaction "DSE: AMF: plants" is not commonly studied; therefore, it is not fully understood (Debnath et al., 2015;Della Monica, Saparrat, Godeas, & Scervino, 2015). ...
The present study aimed to select efficient arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for sugarcane growth and P nutrition in four soils that spontaneously contained dark septate endophytes (DSE). The effect of nine AMF isolates was evaluated individually in sugarcane presprouted seedlings (SP81-3250) grown under greenhouse conditions for a 120-day period. The isolates that stimulated plant growth in the soils with low P availability were Acaulospora colombiana (ACOL), Claroideoglomus etunicatum (CETU), Gigaspora margarita (GMAR), Rhizophagus clarus (RCLA) and Scutellospora calospora (SCAL). Compared to the Yellow Argisol, which had the highest P level, the Red-Yellow Argisol, with an intermediate P content, increased plant height. Compared to the other treatments, inoculation with ACOL, RCLA, and SCAL resulted in higher foliar P content in plants grown in soils with high to intermediate P levels. Root colonization by AMF and DSE was verified in the plants, with the coexistence of both fungal groups in the same plant and/or root fragment. However, AMF colonization was low compared to DSE colonization. The cooccurrence of DSE and AMF was higher in the plants inoculated with ACOL, RCLA, SCAL, and Dentiscutata heterogama. ACOL, CETU, GMAR, RCLA, and SCAL are AMF isolates that have the potential to establish a mycorrhizal inoculant for sugarcane that would be effective in several soils.
[Objective] To investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate endophyte (DSE) on the yield and quality of Morus alba. [Methods] Pot experiment was conducted, and AMF and DSE were used as bacteria agents for microbial treatment. The effects of AMF and DSE on the growth, yield, and quality of M. alba and the economic potential of microbial agents on the ecological feed crop M. alba were explored by setting up three different microbial combinations (DSE alone, AMF alone, and combined inoculation of DSE+AMF). [Results] Compared with the control check (CK), the three treatments with different bacteria agents significantly promoted the aboveground growth of M. alba and increased the aboveground biomass, with an increase range of 156.4%‒196.6%. Microorganisms with the inoculation of bacteria enhanced the photosynthetic rate of M. alba, and increased the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium of the leaves, thereby increasing the yield of M. alba. In addition, microorganisms with the inoculation of bacteria increased the crude protein content of leaves and reduced the nutritional value of feed fiber, thus comprehensively improving the quality of M. alba. Microbial treatments significantly increased the leaf-to-stem ratio of M. alba, and increased the proportion of leaves in M. alba, so as to optimize the growth structure. The effect of microbial treatments on the forage quality indexes of M. alba leaves was more significant than that of M. alba stems. Different grades of forage quality were obtained by rationally matching the protein content of leaves and stems, thus improving the overall forage quality of the aboveground part of M. alba. Microorganisms with the inoculation of bacteria greatly improved the forage quality of M. alba, and significantly reduced the content of acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber by 18.4%‒34.6% and 41.0%‒45.4%, respectively. In terms of the M. alba with the inoculation of bacteria,the relative forage value ranged from 220.0 to 241.5, significantly increasing by 0.8 to 1.0 times, and the content of vitamin C, sugar, and alkaloids increased as well. [Conclusion] By the principal component analysis, the order of the comprehensive effect of different bacteria agents on the yield and quality of M. alba was: AMF+DSE>DSE>AMF>CK. DSE, as the bacteria agent for microbial treatment, could optimize M. alba, the economic crops, in the bioremediation of coal mining subsidence areas, and promote the yield and quality of M. alba.
Mycorrhizal fungi are associated in mutualistic symbiosis relationships with fine roots of the plants. These fungi help in enhancing plant health to combat both biotic and abiotic stresses. The present investigation was undertaken to study the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the growth performance of pea (Pisum sativum). Soils were collected from the experimental fields of Abhilashi University to be used in the pot experiment. The pots were filled with a mixture of sterilized soil and sterilized Farm Yard Manure (FYM). Labelled experimental pots were sown with two pea seeds in each. Experimental pots were inoculated using four AM fungi, namely Glomus intraradices, G. aggregatum, G. clarum and Sclerocystis microcarpa. The effects of mycorrhizal fungi were examined in terms of plant height, leaf length, total number of leaves and root length. From the results, it was observed that fungi pose a significant effect on plant height, root length and total number of roots of peas. These findings revealed that AMF can significantly contribute to improve some growth aspects of pea.
