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Socio-demographic and lifestyle factors of the participants relative to high versus low breakfast intake frequency. Variable <5 Days/Week (N = 685) 5 + Days/Week (N = 464) p-Value *
Source publication
Breakfast is a vital meal that provides children with important nutrients and energy. This study examined the anthropometric, familial-and lifestyle-related characteristics of school children skipping breakfast. A total of 1149 children (boys: 45.5%), 6 to 12 years old (mean and SD: 9.3 ± 1.7 years), were randomly selected from elementary schools i...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... very small proportion (less than 5%) of the children walked to school. Table 3 presents the sociodemographic and lifestyle factors of the participants in relation to the breakfast intake category (daily versus non-daily intake). There were no significant differences between children having breakfast for 5 or more days per week compared to those having breakfast for less than 5 days per week in many of the sociodemographic variables, such as gender, school type, parent answering the questionnaire, size of the family living in the house, maternal age, or family income. ...Similar publications
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This descriptive cross-sectional study examined the factors that affect depression in adolescents focusing on how stressed they are regarding their appearance (hereafter, degree of appearance stress). Data from 6493 adolescents from the 2020 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Survey were used. Using SPSS 25.0, a complex sample plan file was created, weight...
Background: Breakfast consumption is labelled as the most important meal of the day. It might be of significant importance for adolescent students as it might influence their short-term memory, performance, and mood. However, the prevalence of skipping breakfast, among adolescents, in Saudi Arabia is high. Aims: To investigate the association betwe...
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In this study different cereal types such as whole wheat flour (WWF), refined wheat flour (RWF), raw basmati rice (RBR), parboiled rice (PBR) and hybrid yellow maize (HYM) were selected for analysis of nutrients. Their analysis showed that RWF which is abundantly being used in bread making by roadside ovens and bakeries is not only deficient in pro...
Citations
... Research by Sumartini and Ningrum indicates that adolescents with good eating behavior and breakfast habits have better nutritional status [6]. In contrast, individuals who habitually skip breakfast exhibit poorer anthropometric profiles and lifestyles [7], [8]. Research conducted by Halawa et al. (2022) on adolescents in Yogyakarta City shows that adolescents who rarely have breakfast risk for being obesity as much as 2.1 times compared to adolescents who often have breakfast [9]. ...
Data Riskesdas 2018 Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) menunjukkan bahwa 14,63% remaja usia 16-18 tahun mengalami kelebihan berat badan, dengan 10,89% diklasifikasikan sebagai obesitas. Kegemukan pada masa remaja dapat meningkatkan risiko kematian dan menjadi faktor risiko penyakit degeneratif. Melewatkan sarapan adalah kebiasaan yang berkontribusi terhadap masalah gizi pada usia remaja. Selain itu, keragaman makanan yang dikonsumsi memainkan peran penting dalam menentukan status gizi remaja. Dukungan keluarga juga mempengaruhi sikap individu dalam mengelola berat badan; dukungan positif dari keluarga cenderung menumbuhkan sikap positif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji hubungan antara kebiasaan sarapan, keragaman makanan, dan dukungan keluarga dengan kejadian kegemukan pada remaja. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross-sectional dan dilakukan pada bulan April hingga Mei 2024. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari 110 remaja berusia 16-18 tahun di Kota Yogyakarta. Pengukuran antropometri dilakukan dengan menggunakan timbangan digital dan stadiometer. Dukungan keluarga dinilai melalui kuesioner yang telah divalidasi, dan asupan makanan dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan formulir recall 24 jam. Hasil uji chi-square menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara kebiasaan sarapan (p<0,05) dan keragaman makanan (p<0,05) dengan kejadian kegemukan. Namun, tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan yang ditemukan antara dukungan keluarga dengan kejadian kelebihan berat badan (p>0,05). Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa kebiasaan sarapan dan keragaman makanan secara signifikan mempengaruhi kejadian kelebihan berat badan di kalangan remaja, sedangkan dukungan keluarga tidak. Penelitian di masa depan harus mempertimbangkan pengaruh kelompok teman sebaya dan media sosial untuk memberikan pemahaman yang lebih komprehensif tentang faktor-faktor yang berkontribusi.
... En el presente estudio, el sexo no se asoció con la omisión o el cambio en la calidad del desayuno, lo cual concuerda con lo publicado por Akarslan ZZ et al (25), Kaiser et al (26) y Al-Hazzaa et al (27), y contrasta con lo reportado por Heo J et al (28), Pendergast et al (29) y Katsuura-Kamano et al (30), quienes concluyeron que la omisión del desayuno era más común entre los hombres y la omisión del almuerzo o la cena era más común entre las mujeres. Es importante mencionar que los estudios en los cuales no se observó una diferencia significativa entre los géneros se realizaron en niños y adolescentes. ...
Introducción: La información sobre cómo cambian el consumo y la calidad del desayuno durante los periodos de exámenes, y qué factores influyen en estos cambios, aún es limitada. Objetivo: analizar los cambios en la calidad y práctica del desayuno durante el período de exámenes escolares, y los factores que se asocian con estos cambios en un grupo de universitarios de la carrera de nutrición. Materiales y métodos: estudio de seguimiento de 136 estudiantes de nutrición. Una frecuencia de la práctica del desayuno semanal y un recordatorio de 24 horas de pasos múltiples, de tres días a la semana (entre y fin de semana) se aplicaron en dos momentos; un mes previo y durante la etapa de exámenes escolares. La calidad del desayuno se codificó según el número de grupos de alimentos que consumían los participantes. El puntaje máximo esperado de 18 puntos se dividió en terciles para su clasificación; el tercil más alto era el de mayor calidad. Se calcularon modelos de regresión logística y estadística bivariada. Resultados: durante el período de exámenes la frecuencia de la práctica del desayuno (p ≤0,001) y la calidad del desayuno (p ≤0,001) disminuyeron. Los alimentos de alta densidad calórica incrementaron en su consumo y se redujo el de alimentos bajos en lípidos y altos en fibra. Sentirse ansiosos (OR: 13,40, IC 95% (1,568-57,30) (p=0,018) y el promedio escolar por debajo de la mediana (OR: 0,371, IC 95% (0,159-0,866) p=0,022) se asociaron con el empeoramiento del desayuno durante el periodo de exámenes. Conclusiones: la frecuencia y calidad del desayuno disminuyó durante la aplicación de los exámenes. La sensación de ansiedad y el promedio escolar se asociaron con la disminución en la calidad u omisión del desayuno.
... The modern era has seen the rise of fast food, irregular eating patterns, and the tendency to skip breakfast [8]. A common practice of breakfast skipping has attracted significant attention, particularly in the context of childhood health and well-being [9]. Its potential impact on the Body Mass Index (BMI), a widely used indicator of nutritional status and obesity risk, has made it a subject of extensive research and public health interest. ...
... In the present meta-analysis, we included ten cohorts from five studies [9,[11][12][13][14]. The studies included 4922 students; three studies were conducted in Central Saudi Arabia (Table 1), one from Eastern Saudi Arabia, and one was published in the Western region. ...
... However, no information regarding their choice of food and beverages or their body weight was provided [19]. A similar study looked at the breakfast intake of elementary school students in Jeddah and found that 80% of the students skipped breakfast for reasons such "as not feeling hungry" and "waking up late" [20]. ...
This study evaluates the contribution of schools in Saudi Arabia towards the provision of education and support concerning weight management among adolescents. It also identifies adolescents who have attempted to lose weight and examines their preferred weight-loss methods and their sources of weight-loss support. This study is a cross-sectional investigation that targets adolescents in intermediate and secondary schools in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Data was collected via a self-administered questionnaire that looked at the involvement of the school in the provision of education pertaining to weight control and the weight-loss experiences of students who had attempted to lose weight. The study involved 501 adolescents, 45% of whom had attempted to lose weight, where the most common methods for weight loss being reducing food consumption (77%), exercising (75%), and fasting (49%). The assessment of the schools’ contributions indicated its suboptimal role in the provision of education concerning physical activity compared to education about eating habits. The most commonly reported sources of weight-loss support were the students’ families (54%), followed by community facilities (44%). The least common sources were the students’ schools (24%). These findings indicate that schools need to enhance their contribution to encouraging adolescents to adopt a healthy lifestyle, while also ensuring multi-sectorial collaboration with families and community members.
... A study conducted in Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) reported that 41.0% of school children ate mezze with hard cheese, and 4.0-7.0% consumed bread with "labneh" (a soft cheese) or thyme, and 80.0% of breakfast were prepared by parents (Al-Hazzaa et al., 2020). In an online survey conducted in Palestine with a sample of 193 students aged 12 to 14 years, it was found that 53.0% commonly consumed mezze (bread with cheese, labneh, thyme, and sausage), which was prepared by mothers in 74.8% of cases (Badrasawi et al., 2021). ...
Introduction: Healthy meals play an essential role in the healthy physical and mental development of adolescents. Breakfast at home is associated with improved nutritional choices, and skipping breakfast is detrimental. This study assessed prevalence of skipping breakfast at home among adolescent students in the Badia Region of Jordan, identifying the reasons and characteristics associated with such behavioural choice. Methods: A cross-sectional survey among adolescent students (aged 13-16 years, in 8th-9th grades) from six public schools in Badia Region, Mafraq Governorate, Jordan, was conducted through self-administered questionnaire from February to March 2022. Results: Results showed that 68.1% of 552 student participants regularly skipped breakfast at home (72.4% boys vs. 61.3% girls; p=0.007). Among those who regularly skipped breakfast, three main rationales for this choice were not feeling hungry (5.3%), lack of time (2.7%), and lack of appetite (3.5%). Conclusion: The prevalence of skipping breakfast at home among adolescents in Badia Region was high for various reasons, including lack of time, not feeling hungry, seeking to manage weight, and insufficient knowledge on the importance of healthy breakfast. Therefore, understanding the reasons and factors that contribute towards breakfast skipping may help in solving the problem, underscoring that positive beliefs should be reinforced in schools, with parents encouraging adolescents to eat healthy breakfast.
... A significant association has been observed between skipping breakfast and being overweight in adolescents, internationally 6,16,17,18 , as well as in some recent studies on Brazilian adolescents 19,20,21 . However, some studies did not observe a significant association 22,23,24 . ...
... However, some studies have not found a significant association between skipping breakfast and being overweight 22,23,24 . Dialektakou et al. 36 observed that depending on the methodology adopted, such as analyzing BMI or overweight/obesity, controlling or not controlling for confounding factors, and the different definitions of breakfast skipping made comparisons between studies difficult. ...
Objective:
To evaluate the association between skipping breakfast and overweight among Brazilian adolescents.
Methods:
A total of 16,556 Brazilian students (aged 11-19 years) who participated in the National School Health Survey in 2015 were evaluated. The omission of breakfast (consumption frequency <5 days/week) was determined using the question, “Do you usually have breakfast”? The participants’ weight and height were measured, and excess weight was classified according to the body mass index for sex and age. The covariates analyzed were sociodemographic and economic characteristics (sex, age group, socioeconomic status, skin color, maternal schooling, paid work, and living with parents); variables related to school (administrative dependence, study shift, and presence of a canteen); lifestyle (physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking, sedentary behavior, consumption of industrialized foods, meals with parents, and school meals); and self-perception of body image. The association between skipping breakfast and being overweight was analyzed using a Poisson regression model with adjustment for covariates.
Results:
The prevalence of skipping breakfast and being overweight were 33.8% and 25.2%, respectively. After adjustment, skipping breakfast was associated with being overweight (OR:1.02; 95% CI:1.01; 1.04).
Conclusion:
Skipping breakfast is associated with being overweight among Brazilian adolescents. Thus, encouraging regular consumption of meals should be part of health promotion and healthy eating actions aimed at preventing diseases and chronic noncommunicable diseases.
... The population in this study consisted of healthy students of both sexes aged 6-13 years who attended public and private primary schools in two major cities in Saudi Arabia. The sample was drawn from two cross-sectional studies conducted in Riyadh and Jeddah during the 2017 and 2019 school years, respectively (23,24). Riyadh and Jeddah are the firstand second-most populated cities in Saudi Arabia, respectively. ...
... All healthy Saudi children enrolled in primary schools from grades 1-6 during the study periods were eligible for inclusion in the study. Detailed descriptions of the study design and sample selection were previously published (23,24). ...
Objective
To compare three body mass index (BMI) classifications that are used to assess the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Saudi children aged 6–13 years: the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) age and gender cutoffs, the World Health Organization (WHO) growth references for school-aged children, and the Saudi (KSA) national growth references.
Methods
The sample comprised 2,169 children (52.5% girls) derived from two cross-sectional studies conducted in Riyadh and Jeddah during the 2017 and 2019 school years, respectively. Body weight and height were measured, and BMI was calculated.
Results
The proportions (%) of the participants who were classified as underweight, overweight, and obese varied according to the reference used: IOTF reference (13.8, 18.4, and 12.7), WHO reference (17.2, 19.1, and 18.9), and KSA reference (7.0, 22.4, and 9.3), respectively, indicating higher values for overweight and obesity prevalence when the WHO references were used. Kappa agreement measures between the three references were found to be high, with the coefficients ranging from 0.936 (between the IOTF and KSA references) to 0.849 (between the IOTF and WHO references). In all three classifications, girls exhibited lower overweight or obesity prevalence than boys. Family income, but not paternal or maternal education, was significantly (p = 0.015) associated with overweight/obesity when using the IOTF standards. In addition, having a small family in the house was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with obesity, irrespective of the classification system.
Conclusion
Inconsistency was observed when estimating the prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity among Saudi children. However, when defining the overall prevalence of overweight plus obesity among Saudi children, the IOTF classification system performed in a similar way to the KSA references (31.1% versus 31.7%) compared to the WHO references (38.0%).
... Furthermore, a study of 35 celiac children and adolescents in Spain discovered no gender differences in anthropometric measurements such as weight, height, and BMI [4]. In addition, Al-Hazzaa et al. [41] found no significant differences in anthropometric measurements between boys and girls in a study of 1149 children and adolescents from schools in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The difference between this study and previous studies could be attributed to the age distribution of boys and girls, as well as the number of participants, which revealed that girls outnumbered boys. ...
This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional status of Saudi children with celiac disease (CD) who followed the Ministry of Health’s gluten-free diet (GFD) program. This study involved 66 children with CD (29 boys and 37 girls) from 5 hospitals belonging to the Ministry of Health. Socioeconomic characteristics were obtained using a structured questionnaire. Anthropometric indices were measured using a body composition analyzer. Dietary intake was assessed using three 24 h dietary records. The biochemical parameters were determined in the hospitals’ laboratories. According to the findings, the majority of respondents had ages ranging from 10 to 13 years, a father and mother with a university education, a high family income, and 5 to 7 family members. Carbohydrates and protein intake for both genders were significantly higher than the DRI’s recommended dietary intake. However, the majority of nutrients consumed were at levels significantly lower than the DRI. Both genders had normal anthropometric indices, with girls having at significantly higher indices than boys. The biochemical parameters of both genders were comparable and within the normal range, except for vitamin D, which was below the normal range. The most important factors influencing nutritional status were age for both genders, and family income and number of family members for boys. In conclusion, data obtained for nutrient intake, anthropometric indicators, body composition, and biochemical analysis indicated that CD children following the Ministry of Health GFD program have a generally good nutritional status.
... Almost 70% of children in the current study had more than 2 h of screen time per day, with a higher proportion among children, and 66% did not sleep the recommended amount, both of which were associated with reduced breakfast consumption [17]. Other studies have found similar associations, with waking up late associated with skipping breakfast [18], and longer sleep associated with decreased breakfast skipping [19]. ...
... In a study in Saudi Arabia, 48% had fried eggs sandwiches, 46% had breakfast cereal, and 41% had spread cheese sandwiches. In the same sample, 80% had breakfast prepared by parents, and only 4-7% consumed more healthy options (such as labaneh or zaatar sandwiches) [17]. ...
... In a study in Jordan, the top reasons were poor appetite (65%), not having time (60%), having nothing to eat (60%), and having no one to prepare breakfast (58%) [15]. In Saudi Arabia, 48% reported not feeling hungry and 36% reported not having time [17]. In an Australian study, the two most common reasons were a lack of hunger and a lack of time [23]. ...
Background
There is growing recognition of the important role of breakfast in children’s nutrition, and the potential harms related to skipping breakfast, including its contribution to obesity and non-communicable diseases. The patterns associated with skipping breakfast may be related to the nutrition transition. This study aimed at exploring the composition of breakfast consumed by Palestinian school children and their perceptions toward this meal. It also aimed at exploring skipping breakfast prevalence, reasons, and its association with selected schoolchildren’s sociodemographic variables and behavioral patterns.
Methods
A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 12- to 14-year-old schoolchildren from 4 governmental schools in urban and rural areas of the Jenin district in Palestine. The questionnaire included information about children and parents sociodemographic and behaviours, breakfast patterns and composition, reasons for skipping breakfast, and items on schoolchildren’s perception toward breakfast. Statistical analysis of the relevant factors was undertaken using SPSS software.
Results
In a sample of 193 schoolchildren, only 32% reported consuming breakfast all year round. The main reasons reported for skipping breakfast were not feeling hungry, not having the time, and lack of appetite. The vast majority (79%) believed breakfast was beneficial for general health. Sleeping before 10 pm, regular exercise (p value < 0.05). and shorter screen time were all significantly associated with a higher level of breakfast consumption (p value < 0.01).
Conclusion
Understanding the reasons for missing or skipping breakfast factors which make skipping it more likely, should inform public health strategies to promote breakfast consumption. For example, our findings suggest that awareness of the importance of breakfast was not a significant contributor to skipping breakfast, compared to other structural and cultural factors.
... Recent research observed a significant relation between the breakfast consumption frequency of the father or the mother and breakfast frequency of children [35]. Furthermore, strong parental support for breakfast as the main daily meal was significantly associated with children´s daily breakfast intake [36]. Another study developed in European children of similar ages that our study suggested that children were more likely to consume breakfast daily because they had high parental modeling [21]. ...
Positive influences of family members have been associated with a high probability of children’s daily breakfast consumption. Therefore, the aim of this study was to scrutinize the association of breakfast routines between mothers and their children. The baseline data of the Feel4Diabetes-study was obtained in 9760 children (49.05% boys)–mother pairs in six European countries. A parental self-reported questionnaire gauging the frequency of breakfast consumption and of breakfast´ foods and beverages consumption was used. Agreement in routines of mothers and their children’s breakfast consumption was analyzed in sex-specific crosstabs. The relationship of breakfast routine and food groups’ consumption between mothers and their children was assessed with analysis of covariance. The highest proportion of children who always consumed breakfast were those whose mothers always consumed it. Children consuming breakfast regularly had a higher intake of milk or unsweetened dairy products and all kind of cereal products (low fiber and whole-grain) than occasional breakfast consumers (p < 0.05). The strong similarity between mothers and children suggests a transfer of breakfast routine from mothers to their children, as a high proportion of children who usually consume breakfast were from mothers also consuming breakfast. All breakfast foods and beverages consumption frequencies were similar between children and their mothers.
