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This study aims to examine how Jordanian passenger’s lifestyle effects their buying decisions of online e-tickets by utilizing the AIO theory (Activities, Interests, and Opinions). A convenience sample of 473 passengers from the Jordanian airport was chosen as the population in order to verify the hypotheses and research framework. The results of t...
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... A permeable pavement is a sustainable and environmentally friendly pavement that allows rainfall to soak through to the pavement structure layers, preventing the accumulation of water on the pavement surface. The main types of permeable pavements are porous asphalt (PA), pervious concrete (PC), permeable interlocking concrete pavement (PICP) and grid pavement systems (Bruinsma et al., 2017;Eisenberg et al., 2015;Kuruppu et al., 2019;Zhu et al., 2021). Porous asphalt has 18-25% air voids content and depending on the composition of the mixture and environmental conditions, it can drain water between 4318-12700 mm/h. ...
... Based on this finding, it can be assumed that clogging has a major impact on the permeability and durability of porous asphalt. Therefore, to ensure adequate permeability and long service life, appropriate maintenance activities for permeable pavements must be selected (Bruinsma et al., 2017;Eisenberg et al., 2015;Kuruppu et al., 2019;Weiss et al., 2019;Zhu et al., 2021). In practice, it is observed that the use of mechanical sweepers is not recommended for permeable pavements. ...
Permeable asphalt pavement is one of the sustainable solutions to remove water from road surfaces. The aim of the research is to analyse the performance of permeable asphalt mixtures depending on the different nominal maximum size and, as a result, to determine the minimum air voids content, which ensures that the asphalt pavement is permeable. To analyse the permeability of asphalt mixtures, ten porous asphalt mixtures with different air voids content and nominal maximum size were designed and tested in terms of air voids content, horizontal and vertical water permeability, water sensitivity, water sensitivity after ultraviolet radiation and mass loss. The results showed that the PA 16 mixture, designed according to the technical requirements TRA ASPHALT 08, was the most porous and permeable mixture, while the modified PA 8 mixture (PA 8_M2) had the lowest air voids content and permeability. Based on the importance of vertical water permeability (0.5%), mass loss (0.3%), water sensitivity (ITSR) (0.2%), the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methods showed that PA 11 (0.729 and 0.745) and PA 16 (0.684 and 0.631) had the highest overall weights.
... Literatūroje yra išskiriami šie pagrindiniai vandeniui pralaidžių dangų tipai -poringojo asfalto danga, poringojo betono danga, trinkelių ar plokščių danga ir geokorio danga (užpildyto stambiuoju užpildu) (Bruinsma et al., 2017; Eisenberg et al., 2015;Kuruppu et al., 2019;Zhu et al., 2021). Minimuose vandeniui pralaidžiose dangų tipuose oro tuštymių kiekis kinta tarp 18-98 % (Giunta et al., 2022). ...
... Taip pat vandeniui pralaidžias dangos konstrukcijas galima išskirstyti į (žr. 1 pav.) (Bruinsma et al., 2017;Eisenberg et al., 2015;Kuruppu et al., 2019;Zhu et al., 2021): ■ vandenį nuleidžiančias dangos konstrukcijas, kuriose vandeniui pralaidus sluoksnis yra tik danga; ■ pusiau vandeniui pralaidžias dangos konstrukcijas. ...
Lithuania’s total road network consists of more than 84000 km of roads, of which more than 21000 km are national roads. Roads of national importance are managed by the Lithuanian Road Administration. The remaining roads are classified as local roads managed by local governments. Road installation and maintenance often lead to the problem of surface water drainage and accumulation on the road surface. The aim of this study is to identify and propose the most appropriate permeable asphalt pavement construction to solve this problem, taking into account the purpose of the application and the class of pavement structure. The scope of the study identifies three recommended permeable asphalt pavement designs for the installation of DK 0.1-DK 1 pavement structures in ancillary streets, parking and recreation areas where light vehicle traffic with occasional heavy vehicle traffic. It has also been found that in areas of high traffic intensity, it is appropriate to use an alternative to permeable pavements – a permeable pavement design for the shoulder, where the roadway structure is impermeable to water and the shoulders are permeable to water (a permeable pavement structure is installed). The recommended permeable asphalt pavement structures, when properly selected, reduce the risk of flooding on the roadway.
... All is going to be laid together and it will be compacted [1]. The surface roads, parking lots, airports and the foundation of the embankment dams are widely used for construction [2]. Maximum road maintenance is necessary nowadays as the number of people using the highways and roads is growing. ...
The number of transport or vehicles on the road is increasing, which cause the road pavement or asphalt surface exposed to greater loading. Problems such as permanent deformation, cracking, fatigue, and skidding happened because of this repeated loading. There are many studies have been done to determine the suitable waste materials that can be used in order to improve resistance to rutting and fatigue cracking due to filler hardening and improve adhesion of filler to aggregate. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of CBA on engineering properties of asphalt mixture. The different percentages of CBA (0%, 2%, 4% and 6%) were added to the asphalt mixture. The 60/70 penetration grade asphalt was used. The performance of the samples was evaluated through Marshall Stability, indirect tensile strength, resilient modulus, dynamic creep and image analysis. From the result obtained, there are significant effect comes from the addition of CBA. The result show that the addition of CBA in range of 2 to 4% produces the best outcomes for the density, stability, stiffness and flow while 6% for indirect tensile strength, dynamic creep and resilient modulus. Thus, it can conclude that the existence of CBA can enhance the performance of asphalt mix.
Urban development driven by population growth and technological advancements has intensified urban heat islands (UHIs), contributing to environmental damage and health risks. This study explores the potential of cool pavements as a critical strategy for mitigating UHIs, focusing on reflective, evaporative, and energy-storing technologies. Over 400 reputable scientific articles were reviewed to analyze UHI causes; measurement methods, including remote sensing and laboratory techniques; and the effectiveness of various pavement solutions. Reflective pavements demonstrated a capacity to lower surface temperatures by 5–20 °C depending on reflectivity changes, while evaporative pavements reduced temperatures by 5–35 °C based on type and design. Advanced energy-storing pavements not only achieved a 3–5 °C temperature reduction but also generated renewable energy. This research provides a comprehensive classification of pavement cooling systems and evaluates their quantitative and qualitative benefits, emphasizing the transformative role of cool pavements in enhancing urban sustainability and reducing UHI effects.
Unplanned rapid urbanization is considered to be one of the major drivers of change in cities across the world. It leads to an inadequate transformation of urban environments, affecting strategic energy and water management infrastructure, resulting as well in an escalation in energy demand and a greater pressure on stormwater facilities. It is estimated that one third of the total energy demand in the European Union (EU) is associated to air-conditioning in buildings, whilst conventional drainage systems have become unsustainable under the current scenario of climate change. In this context of uncontrolled challenges, the EU is encouraging the incorporation of Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) in order to promote resilient infrastructure and to reduce instability. Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) have been selected as key Stormwater Control Measures (SCM), contributing to a paradigm shift in urban water management. As the need for multifunctional spaces evolves due to the lack of urban land, SuDS are increasingly becoming a potential asset to house renewable energy structures, helping to develop the water–energy nexus. Thus, this chapter deals with the opportunities arising in this new research line combining surface geothermal energy systems and SuDS. Both laboratory and field experiences have been analyzed, compiling the lessons learned, identifying the present knowledge gaps, and proposing the future prospects for development. Therefore, paving the way for the effective combination of both technologies.KeywordsSustainable drainage systemsWater–energy NexusGround source heat pumpsAir conditioning
Pervious concrete can be described as porous concrete that allows water to penetrate through the interconnected network of pores. Over the past century, the construction industry has shown increasing interest in pervious concrete, which is an environmentally friendly material. This paper sets out to present the composition and method for formulating pervious concrete; identify the different factors influencing porosity; and establish a relation between the porosity and density of pervious concrete based on cement and natural aggregates resulting from various works of research. In addition, a relation is established between the compressive strength of conventional pervious concrete and its porosity. The equation of the resulting curve shows that such strength is influenced by other parameters that have not been widely studied in the literature. Thus, this study focuses on the relation between compressive strength and other parameters such as type, size and shape of aggregates, cement paste content, water/cement ratios and aggregate/cement ratio. The study also presents the different equations for predicting tensile strength on the basis of the compressive strength of pervious concrete. The results show that the equation for conventional concrete is not suitable for accurately predicting the tensile strength of pervious concrete. In addition, an equation is established to correlate the flexural and compressive strength of pervious concrete, since the existing literature provides no models that correlate these two properties. The findings show that the equation for the flexural strength of conventional concrete is suitable for predicting that of pervious concrete.
• HIGHLIGHTS
• This paper presents the composition and method for making up pervious concrete based on cement and natural aggregates.
• It lists the factors affecting the porosity of pervious concrete.
• A relation is established between density and porosity and between compressive strength and porosity.
• The factors that influence the compressive strength of pervious concrete are studied.
• The equation for predicting the tensile strength of conventional concrete is not suitable for pervious concrete.
• The equation for predicting the flexural strength of conventional concrete is suitable for pervious concrete.
Porous asphalt pavement is a sustainable infrastructure tool used to benefit urban resilience. This paper summarizes the design, construction, and maintenance practices of porous asphalt pavements (PAPs) specific to cold regions. It includes discussions on the structural design considering frost depth and frost heave of subgrade soils, material selection and design for adequate freeze-thaw durability, construction of PAPs in cold weather, winter maintenance of PAPs for snow and ice control, and performance deterioration caused by other winter activities such as studded tires. Distinguished from other review works on this topic, the major contributions of this review paper employ case studies of PAPs to address design, construction, and maintenance concerns of PAPs in cold regions. These projects have demonstrated the success of using PAPs in cold regions and design practitioners can refer to these case studies for the new design and installation of PAPs in cold regions.
