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Skin surface area of body parts expressed as a fraction of total body surface area and total exposed area (FS hand, forearm and face and neck ) used in the algorithm
Source publication
Isocyanate skin exposure may play an important role in sensitization and the development of isocyanate asthma, but such exposures are frequently intermittent and difficult to assess. Exposure metrics are needed to better estimate isocyanate skin exposures. The goal of this study was to develop a semiquantitative algorithm to estimate personal skin...
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Citations
... To achieve the desired sun protection factor (SPF) value, the sunscreen gel spray formulation should be applied evenly at a rate of 2 mg/cm 2 (Diffey, B., 2000). The average surface area of the human face is approximately 3.5% of the total skin surface area (Liu, Y. et al., 2008). Therefore, an estimated 1.12 grams of sunscreen are needed to cover the entire facial surface. ...
Background: High exposure to sunlight has adverse effects on the skin. Lime peel contains more than 60% flavonoids, presenting the potential to function as a sunscreen due to the presence of conjugated aromatic benzene groups, capable of absorbing UV-A or UV-B rays from the sun. To prevent skin damage, lime peel extract is formulated into a spray gel, as it has the ability to dry rapidly, enhancing overall comfort for consumers during application. Objective: To determine the influence of variation concentration of lime peel extract in the sunscreen spray gel on its physical properties and in vitro SPF value. Methods: Lime peel crude extract was obtained using 70% ethanol and formulated into a sunscreen spray gel at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%. The spray gel formulation was evaluated for its physical quality and SPF value. Results: The variation in extract concentration has a statistically significant effect on the physical properties of the preparation and SPF values (P<0.05). The physical stability conditions in each formula (F1, F2, and F3) meet the requirements of the spray gel preparation in terms of pH, viscosity, spreading test, drying time test, and adhesion test. The spray gel preparations F1 (5%), F2 (10%), F3 (15%) each have SPF values of 20, 25, and 35 respectively. Conclusion: The spray gel formulations in F1 (5%), F2 (10%), and F3 (15%) are physically stable and have moderate to high SPF values, with F3 (15%) having the highest SPF value of 35.
... SSA is the skin surface area in cm2 and is calculated as 0.165 [35] fraction of the total body surface area of 18,000 cm2 as defined by the USEPA [36] and constitutes the face, neck and arms. The SSA can be calculated to be 2,970 cm 2 . ...
Objectives: This study investigated the presence of mercury in commonly used over the counter skin-lightening creams available in Trinidad and Tobago. The objective of this study was to evaluate if skin-lightening creams commonly used in Trinidad and Tobago contained Mercury, and establish the health risks presented by these products. Methods: Nineteen skin-lightening creams were analysed using Cold Capor Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (CV-AAS). Margin of Safety (MoS) and Hazard Quotient (HQ) calculations were used to assess risk to users. Results: Of the nineteen creams assessed, sixteen contained high concentrations of mercury (0.294-14414.5 µg/g), only three creams had no mercury detected. 9 of the 19 samples contained levels of mercury that exceed the Minamata convention’s accepted limit of 1µg/g, with 3 samples exceeding 3800.000 µg/g. Risk assessments using MoS and HQ showed that 3 of the samples were unsafe for use and are considered hazardous. The study also revealed that many creams do contain mercury even if it did not constitute part of the product formulation. Conclusions: The data infers that some manufacturers do add mercury to their formulations while others are the victims of contaminated raw materials. MoS and HQ show that 21% of the samples were unsafe and 16% can be considered hazardous for human use. It is possible that with such levels of mercury in these products and the popularity of these products within the Caribbean Community and its diaspora, that there exists a significant amount of members with higher than acceptable mercury levels, with undiagnosed clinical symptoms.
... The surface area of the human face and neck accounts for only 3.5% and 2% of an adult's total body surface area, respectively [21]. Cooling the face and neck has been widely used to improve athletic performance in the heat [22][23][24][25]. ...
Face and neck cooling has been found effective in improving thermal comfort during exercise in the heat despite the fact that the surface area of human face and neck regions accounts for only 5.5% of the entire body. Presently very little documented research has been conducted to investigate cooling the face and neck only to improve indoor thermal comfort. In this study, two highly energy efficient wearable face and neck cooling fans were used to improve occupant thermal comfort in two warm indoor conditions (30 and 32 °C). Local skin temperatures and perceptual responses while using the two wearable cooling fans were examined and compared. Results showed that both cooling fans could significantly reduce local skin temperatures at the forehead, face and neck regions by up to 2.1 °C. Local thermal sensation votes at the face and neck were decreased by 0.82–1.21 scale unit at the two studied temperatures. Overall TSVs decreased by 1.03–1.14 and 1.34–1.66 scale units at 30 and 32 °C temperatures, respectively. Both cooling fans could raise the acceptable HVAC temperature setpoint to 32.0 °C, resulting in a 45.7% energy saving over the baseline HVAC setpoint of 24.5 °C. Furthermore, occupants are advised to use the free-control cooling mode when using those two types of wearable cooling fans to improve thermal comfort. Finally, despite some issues on dry eyes and dry lips associated with those wearable cooling fans, it is concluded that those two highly energy-efficient wearable cooling fans could greatly improve thermal comfort and save HVAC energy.
... The surface area of the human face and neck accounts for only 3.5% and 2% of the entire body surface area of an adult, respectively [21]. Face and neck cooling has been widely used to improve athletic performance in the heat [22][23][24][25]. ...
Face and neck cooling has been found effective to improve thermal comfort during exercise in the heat despite the surface area of human face and neck regions accounts for only 5.5% of the entire body. Presently, very limited work in the literature has been reported on face and neck cooling to improve indoor thermal comfort. In this work, two energy-efficient wearable face and neck cooling fans were used to enhance occupants’ thermal comfort in two warm indoor conditions (30 & 32 °C). Local skin temperatures and perceptual responses while using those two wearable cooling fans were examined and compared. Results showed that both cooling fans could largely reduce local skin temperatures at the forehead, face and neck regions up to 2.1 °C. Local thermal sensation votes at the face and neck were decreased by 0.82-1.21 scale unit at two studied temperatures. Overall TSVs dropped by 1.03-1.14 and 1.34-1.66 scale unit at 30 and 32 °C temperatures, respectively. Both cooling fans could extend the acceptable HVAC temperature setpoint to 32.0 °C, resulting in an average energy saving of 45.7% as compared to the baseline HVAC setpoint of 24.5 °C. Further, the free-control cooling mode is recommended to occupants for further improving thermal comfort while using those two types of wearable cooling fans indoors. Lastly, it is concluded that those two wearable cooling fans could greatly improve thermal comfort and save HVAC energy despite some issues on dry eyes and dry lips associated with those wearable cooling fans were noted.
... Factors that impair skin barrier function, such as trauma, may promote sensitization to such agents. Animal studies demonstrate that skin exposure to isocyanates and protein allergens is highly effective, inducing sensitization (Alto-Korte et al. 2007Bello et al. 2005Bello et al. , 2008Liu et al. 2007Liu et al. , 2009. ...
... Factors that impair skin barrier function, such as trauma, may promote sensitization to such agents. Animal studies demonstrate that skin exposure to isocyanates and protein allergens is highly effective, inducing sensitization (Alto-Korte et al. 2007Bello et al. 2005Bello et al. , 2008Liu et al. 2007Liu et al. , 2009. ...
... The method used for assessment was similar to that from an earlier study by , 37 that evaluated PU/PUF-containing consumer products with flexible foams in which the standard procedure involved spraying the area to be sampled lightly with a developing solution (mineral oil), and waiting approximately 30 seconds for the isocyanate to dissolve before the surface was wiped with a Surface SWYPE™ pad. 38 For the current study, we followed the same modified procedure used in the prior publication 30 by applying 5 drops of acetone to the SWYPE™ pad used to wipe the surface of flat devices or surfaces of devices with irregular shapes such as an electrode. Acetone was used to help the impregnated proprietary chemical on the pads to migrate to the pads' surface, to react with isocyanates on the test items more effectively. ...
... The wiping method used similar techniques as in previous studies. 15,38,39 The surfaces were wiped with the SWYPE™ pad three times with the thumb, index and middle fingers holding the pad and pressed down firmly starting from outside moving toward EnvironmEntal HEaltH insigHts 2016:10 inside concentrically. Pads were then placed on the devices and products with close contact for 10 min, 30 min and 24 hours (see Tables 1 and 2). ...
... Duplicates, or two small pieces (∼0.5 g, weighed accurately), each from the same device or product to be sampled, were removed (sampled), pre-weighed, and followed by an extraction method for isocyanate species using a standardized and previously published protocol. 38 The foam-type materials were placed into a glass syringe and infused with 10 mL of the 2 × 10 -4 M MAP in toluene solution for one minute, and then expelled from the syringe through an Acrodisc® syringe filter (Pall Life Sciences, Port Washington, NJ, USA). The procedure was repeated ten times. ...
We conducted a pilot qualitative and quantitative assessment of residual isocyanates and their potential initial exposures in neonates, as little is known about their contact effect. After a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stockroom inventory, polyurethane (PU) and PU foam (PUF) devices and products were qualitatively evaluated for residual isocyanates using Surface SWYPE™. Those containing isocyanates were quantitatively tested for methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) species, using UPLC-UV-MS/MS method. Ten of 37 products and devices tested, indicated both free and bound residual surface isocyanates; PU/PUF pieces contained aromatic isocyanates; one product contained aliphatic isocyanates. Overall, quantified mean MDI concentrations were low (4,4′-MDI = 0.52 to 140.1 pg/mg) and (2,4′-MDI = 0.01 to 4.48 pg/mg). The 4,4′-MDI species had the highest measured concentration (280 pg/mg). Commonly used medical devices/products contain low, but measurable concentrations of residual isocyanates. Quantifying other isocyanate species and neonatal skin exposure to isocyanates from these devices and products requires further investigation.
... WRA includes both new-onset asthma induced by exposure to irritants or sensitizers in the workplace and pre-existing asthma exacerbated by workplace exposure [Jajosky et al., 1999]. Exposure to isocyanates may occur through inhalation or dermal contact [Bello et al., 2007;Redlich and Herrick, 2008;Liu, 2009;Redlich, 2010]. In individuals who are sensitized to isocyanates, asthma attacks with immediate, delayed, or dual-onset symptoms may be triggered by exposures to concentrations of isocyanates well below occupational exposure limits [Wegman et al., 1974;Banks et al., 1989;Lemiere et al., 2002]. ...
... The absence of detectable levels is not equivalent to no exposure. Skin exposures were not considered in these data even though skin absorption may be a significant exposure source [Liu et al., 2009;Redlich, 2010]. Moreover, no information was available to assess the validity of the OSHA IMIS data. ...
Background:
Isocyanates remain a leading cause of work-related asthma (WRA).
Methods:
Two independent data systems were analyzed for the period 1993-2008: (1) State-based WRA case surveillance data on persons with isocyanate-induced WRA from four states, and (2) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) isocyanate air sampling results.
Results:
We identified 368 cases of isocyanate-induced WRA from 32 industries and 678 OSHA isocyanate air samples with detectable levels from 31 industries. Seventeen industries were unique to one or the other dataset.
Conclusion:
Isocyanate-induced WRA continues to occur in a wide variety of industries. Two data systems uncovered industries with isocyanate exposures and/or illness. Improved control measures and standards, including medical surveillance, are needed. More emphasis is needed on task-specific guidance, spill clean-up procedures, skin and respiratory protection, and targeted medical monitoring to mitigate the hazards of isocyanate use. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
... Factors that impair skin barrier function, such as trauma, may promote sensitization to such agents. Animal studies demonstrate that skin exposure to isocyanates and protein allergens is highly effective, inducing sensitization (Alto Korte et al. 2007Korte et al. , 2010Bello et al. 2005Bello et al. , 2008Liu et al. 2007Liu et al. , 2009. ...
The dermatological health care has to consider country-specific allocations between parts manufacturing and assembly facilities in vehicle production.
The automotive industry of passenger vehicles and trucks includes industries associated with the production, retailing, and maintenance of (motor -) vehicles.
Dermatological concerns and hazards differ between vehicle parts manufacturing, vehicle assembly, and vehicle repair and maintenance.
Personal protective equipment (PPE) should involve appropriate gloves and skin covering. Substance-specific gloves or sleeves should be worn when using body filler and possible skin contact with paints and glues. Appropriate skin protection should also be worn for welding, grinding, and cutting.
... Factors that impair skin barrier function, such as trauma, may promote sensitization to such agents. Animal studies demonstrate that skin exposure to isocyanates and protein allergens is highly effective, inducing sensitization (Alto Korte et al. 2007Korte et al. , 2010Bello et al. 2005Bello et al. , 2008Liu et al. 2007Liu et al. , 2009. ...
Core Messages ● The dermatological health care has to consider coun-try-specific allocations between parts manufacturing and assembly facilities in vehicle production. ● The automotive industry of passenger vehicles and trucks includes industries associated with the produc-tion, retailing, and maintenance of (motor -) vehicles. ● Dermatological concerns and hazards differ between vehicle parts manufacturing, vehicle assembly, and vehicle repair and maintenance. ● Personal protective equipment (PPE) should involve appropriate gloves and skin covering. Substance-specific gloves or sleeves should be worn when using body filler and possible skin contact with paints and glues. Appropriate skin protection should also be worn for welding, grinding, and cutting.
