Table 5 - uploaded by Marcin P. Szczepanik
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration and skin pH in normal cats. Twenty shorthaired European cats of both sexes were examined in the study. Measurements were taken from five different sites: the lumbar region, the axillary fossa, the inguinal region, the ventral abdominal region and the left tho...
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Context 1
... pH ranged from 6.39 (the lumbar region) to 6.64 (the inguinal region). Statistically significant dif- ferences in skin pH were observed between the lum- bar region and the axillary fossa (P ¼ 0.02), and between the lumbar region and the inguinal region (P ¼ 0.01) ( Table 5 and Fig 7). ...
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Background
Skin diseases impact significantly on the quality of life and psychology of patients. Obesity has been observed as a risk factor for skin diseases. Skin epidermal barrier dysfunctions are typical manifestations across several dermatological disturbances.
Objectives
We aim to establish the association between obesity and skin physiology...
Citations
... De acuerdo con Proksch, (11) el valor medio de pH en perros está entre 6 y 7, y varía según la zona del cuerpo. (12,13) Un pH inadecuado aumenta la susceptibilidad de la piel a los factores dañinos del medio ambiente. (14) Por esta razón, se espera que el champú tenga un pH adecuado para la especie a la que se destina, también que forme abundante espuma, sea de fácil enjuague, tenga una viscosidad adecuada y no irrite los ojos. ...
El objetivo del trabajo fue realizar un análisis de descriptivo de la calidad del champú para uso en perros que se comercializa en la Ciudad de México. Hasta la fecha, se carece de información al respecto, lo cual es importante para facilitar la selección y recomendación de estos productos por profesio-nistas de la veterinaria. Se estudiaron productos de 20 marcas comerciales, a los cuales se les realizaron pruebas fisicoquímicas, sensoriales y de desem-peño, además de evaluar el contenido de sus etiquetas. El pH del champú varió entre 5.6 y 8.4; la viscosidad, entre 1 131 y 3 102 m Pa-s; la densidad relativa, entre 1.002 y 1.099 g/mL y el índice de espuma entre 2.9 y 4 min. El 95 % de los champús formaron espuma cerrada, mientras que entre el 10 y el 35 % de las marcas presentaron deficiencias en el etiquetado. En general , las propiedades físico-químicas y sensoriales de las marcas de champú bajo estudio se encuentran dentro de los límites aceptables para la línea de uso en humanos. No obstante, la falta de consistencia en el etiquetado sugiere que es necesario mejorar la supervisión de la normatividad aplicable para proteger la salud animal y pública. Palabras clave: champú veterinario; control de calidad; evaluación sensorial; evaluación del desempeño; etiqueta. Evaluación de la calidad en champú comercial no medicado para perros en la Ciudad de México
... unlike dogs, where the pH is more basic, it is between 6 and 7. In addition, the pH of the skin fluctuates according to the area of the body (Szczepanik et al. 2011(Szczepanik et al. , 2012. ...
The aim was to analyze the quality of commercial shampoo without prophylactic effect for dogs. The analysis was based on the evaluations and requirements established for human-line products since there is no guide for veterinary products in Mexico; such evaluations have not been carried out or published in Mexico. Physicochemical, sensory, performance, and consumer information tests of the shampoo were carried out. The sample consisted of twenty products marketed in Mexico City. During the evaluation of the label, a serious non-compliance with applicable regulations was found. The pH of the products ranged between 5.6 and 8.4; Significant differences (p<0.05) were found between the three groups with low (6.1), medium (7.2), and high (8.1) pH. Viscosity values were from 1131 to 3102. For the foam index, no statistically significant differences were found. 100% of the products analyzed complied with the rest of the quality tests carried out. The results of the quality analysis in this study will allow veterinarians specializing in small species to better select and recommend the products for their use and inform dog owners, about the safety, and value of the products.
... Previous research on humans and domestic animals found sex-based variation in skin pH and therefore we predicted there would be variation in skin pH between sexes in bats. However, the direction of the sex effect varied among species and studies (Jenkinson and Mabon, 1973;Ruedisueli et al., 1998;Giacomoni et al., 2009;Szczepanik et al., 2011), so we could not predict the direction of the effect in bats. Finally, while we could not make directional predictions about site-specific variation in bat skin pH, we expected that roost site characteristics might affect bat skin pH, predicting that skin pH might vary among capture locations. ...
... In many temperate insectivorous bats, the sexes largely segregate from early spring through mid-summer with females forming maternity colonies and males in bachelor groups (Kunz and Fenton, 2003). Skin pH is higher in males than females in dogs (Ruedisueli et al. 1998), cats (Szczepanik et al., 2011) and cattle (Jenkinson and Mabon, 1973;Meyer and Neurand, 1991), although other studies on various domestic mammals found no difference between the sexes (Supplementary Table S1). In humans, there are conflicting results concerning which sex is more acidic (Giacomoni et al., 2009). ...
Skin is a key aspect of the immune system in the defence against pathogens. Skin pH regulates the activity of enzymes
produced both by hosts and by microbes on host skin, thus implicating pH in disease susceptibility. Skin pH varies interand
intra-specifically and is influenced by a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic variables. Increased skin alkalinity is associated
with a predisposition to cutaneous infections in humans and dogs, and inter-specific and inter-individual variation in skin
pH is implicated in differential susceptibility to some skin diseases. The cutaneous pH of bats has not been characterized but
is postulated to play a role in susceptibility to white-nose syndrome (WNS), a fungal infection that has decimated several
Nearctic bat species. We used non-invasive probes to measure the pH of bat flight membranes in five species with differing
susceptibility to WNS. Skin pH ranged from 4.67 to 8.59 and varied among bat species, geographic locations, body parts,
age classes, sexes and seasons. Wild Eptesicus fuscus were consistently more acidic than wild Myotis lucifugus, Myotis leibii
and Perimyotis subflavus. Juvenile bats had more acidic skin than adults during maternity season but did not differ during
swarming.Male M. lucifuguswere more acidic than females during maternity season, yet this trend reversed during swarming.
Bat skinwas more acidic in summer compared to winter, a pattern also reported in humans. Skin pHwas more acidic in captive
than wild E. fuscus, suggesting environmental impacts on skin pH. The pH of roosting substrates affects skin pH in captive bats
and may partially explain seasonal patterns in wild bats that use different roost types across seasons. Future research on the
influence of pH on microbial pathogenic factors and skin barrier function may provide valuable insights on new therapeutic
targets for treating bat skin conditions.
... Biophysical skin assessment, although widely applied in human medicine and cosmetology, is still rarely used in veterinary medicine. So far, the use of the following properties has been studied in animals: transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration (SH), pH level and intensity of skin erythema, yet the majority of assessments have been made in dogs and cats [1][2][3][4][5]. Assessments of skin properties in horses have only recently become the subject of scientific interest for researchers-they have studied TEWL, SH, pH and the probable influence of animal breed and hair removal on the results obtained. ...
... This does not explain, however, why these values were increased only in the group of stallions. Studies carried out by Szczepanik et al. [4,17] showed some lower TEWL values in the lumbar region than in other locations in horses. Additionally, some differences were observed both between breeds and body regions-in particular in the lumbar and inguinal regions [6]. ...
This study aimed to assess the biophysical parameters of the skin in Polish Konik horses (Polish primitive horses). According to the authors, this is the first assessment performed on such a wide scale in this group of animals. The evaluation carried out is innovative both with regards to the breed of the animals and the wide scope of the physicochemical skin assessment. The study group comprised mares, stallions and geldings, and the evaluations concerned transepidermal water loss, corneometry, pH, skin temperature assessment and mexametry. These parameters were assessed in five skin regions: the lips, the right ear, the prosternum, the right side of the neck and the chest. The measurements were taken after spreading the hair apart, with the use of a Multiprobe Adapter System (MPA®) and dedicated probes (Courage + Khazaka electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany). The measurements revealed statistically significant differences in the values of transepidermal water loss in the lips in mares compared with stallions (P = 0.023) and also in stallions compared with geldings (P = 0.009). Corneometry showed significantly higher results in the neck region in mares compared with stallions (P = 0.037) and the prosternum areas in mares and geldings compared with stallions (P = 0.037 and P = 0.018). Skin pH measurement on the right side of the neck rendered significantly higher values in stallions than in mares (P = 0.037). In geldings, the skin temperature was significantly higher than in stallions (P = 0.049). Once the appropriate physicochemical values for specific animal species and breeds are determined, non-invasive methods of skin examination in many diseases and also methods of evaluation of the efficacy and/or adverse effects of applied medications can be established.
... Skin hydration and pH were assessed on inguinal, axillary and aural surfaces by a corneometer (CM825, Courage + Khazaka electronic GmbH; K€ oln, Germany) and a skin pH-meter (PH 905, Courage + Khazaka), as described previously. 25 Briefly, the probe (Corneometer or pH-meter) was held on the skin of each cat for 10 s (one measurement per second). The average of the 10 measurements was obtained and used for statistical analysis. ...
Background
Feline atopic syndrome (FAS) is a common disease. Single intradermal injections of heat‐killed actinomycetales have shown beneficial effects in canine allergies.
Hypothesis/Objective
To evaluate the clinical effects of heat‐killed actinomycetales [Gordonia bronchialis (GB) and Rodococcus coprophilus (RC)], alone or in combination, in FAS.
Methods and materials
Privately owned cats with a diagnosis of FAS were assigned randomly in three treatment groups (GB, RC and GB/RC combination) or placebo. Five intradermal injections were performed over a one year period. At each visit [Day (D)0, D20, D40, D60, D90, D180 and D365], clinical signs, global owner assessment score, use of rescue medications, clinical adverse effects, skin hydration and cutaneous pH were assessed.
Results
Seventeen cats were enrolled. When compared to the placebo group and improvement in treatment GB was sustained from D90. When compared with D0 significant improvement in the GB group was seen from D60. Over one year, a complete remission of the clinical signs was seen in 30–67% of cats in the treatment groups. A reduction in the pruritus score was seen for RC after 365 days of treatment (P = 0.04). Differences in the other variables were not seen.
Conclusions and clinical importance
The use of multiple intradermal injections of heat‐killed GB shows promise as effective and well‐tolerated treatment for FAS. Because of the low cost and the lack of adverse effects, GB could be a beneficial treatment option for FAS. A larger study is needed to confirm these data and to evaluate the immunological changes occurring in the treated cats.
... The evaluation of cutaneous barrier integrity involves measurements of biophysical parameters such as transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration (SH), skin surface pH or erythema severity (Shimada et al. 2008, Szczepanik at al. 2011, Zając et al. 2014. The first of the above-mentioned methods, namely TEWL, is commonly used and considered to be directly related to skin barrier dysfunction; this is also a commonly used method of evaluating skin barrier functions in the dog correlating well with the degree of lesions assessed clinically and histopathologically (Shimada ey al. 2008, Zając et al. 2014. ...
... For TEWL measurements, two types of evaporimeters were used: with open and closed chambers. Studies on animals have been conducted, both with open-chamber (Hightower et al. 2010, Ohmori et al. 2010, Szczepanik et al. 2011, Marsella 2012, Zając et al. 2014) and closed-chamber (Hester et al. 2004, Shimada et al. 2008, Oh and Oh 2009, Momota et al. 2013, Pellicoro et al. 2013, Pin et al. 2014. As judged by some authors, closed-chamber instruments may be more reliable because in this type of device body--induced airflow around the chamber is avoided, while in open-chamber tewameters turbulent airflow around the probe may affect the accuracy of the measurement. ...
... Biophysical skin parameters have been investigated in healthy dogs, cats and horses (Oh and Oh 2009, Lau-Gillard et al. 2011, Szczepanik et al. 2011, 2012, Momota et al. 2013. Evaluation of TEWL has been carried out on allergic animals (dogs and cats). ...
Allergic skin diseases in cats are amongst the most prevalent dermatological conditions in this species. The objectives of this study were to evaluate different types of skin barrier measurements in healthy cats and cats with non-flea non-food hypersensitivity dermatitis (NFNFHD). 24 clinically healthy and 19 NFNFHD cats were included in this clinical trial. In each animal, the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin hydration (SH) were assessed on six clipped body sites by VapoMeter SWL 4605 and Corneometer ®CM 825, respectively. Results of TEWL measurement were , significantly higher in one of the six examined body sites, namely on the lumbar area (p=0.0049). Furthermore, a statistically significant difference was found between the average TEWL values (p=0.019). Statistically notable differences were measured at least in one certain body site for SH: in the groin (p=0.02), where the values in the affected cats were lower than in the healthy individuals. These results may suggest that in NFNFHD cats transepidermal water loss is higher than in healthy cats. Skin hydration is, at least, in certain body sites, lower in atopic feline patients than in healthy individuals.
... Other studies have evaluated whether there is a correlation between the intensification of the severity of clinical symptoms, measured by CADESI 03 and TEWL, and shown that such correlation is present for some of the assessed body areas (6,10). Particular parameters, especially TEWL, but also epidermis hydration or skin pH, have previously been studied in healthy dogs, cats, and horses (7,13,16,(18)(19)(20). Moreover, it has been found that TEWL increases when the epidermis is damaged and is thus a reliable parameter for evaluating skin barrier function in dogs (17). ...
The aim of this study was to demonstrate whether there is a correlation between transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and the severity of skin lesions in cats with feline atopic dermatitis (AD). The severity of symptoms was determined by using 2 scoring systems for clinically assessing the skin lesions in cats: Scoring Feline Allergic Dermatitis (SCORFAD) and Feline Extent and Severity Index (FeDESI). Such a correlation between TEWL and systems for clinically evaluating symptoms has already been shown in humans and dogs. Measurements were taken in 18 European Shorthair cats: 11 females and 7 males. Scores were calculated using SCORFAD and FeDESI and TEWL was measured in 7 areas of the body. Correlations were calculated between SCORFAD and TEWL and between FeDESI and TEWL for each body region and the average TEWL was also calculated with each system. Positive correlations were found between SCORFAD and TEWL in 3 of the examined areas: thorax (r = 0.44, P = 0.02); axilla (r = 0.39, P = 0.04); and forelimb (r = 0.55, P = 0.02). A correlation was also found between the average TEWL and SCORFAD (r = 0.41, P = 0.03). In the case of FeDESI, a correlation was found in the forelimb (r = 0.53, P = 0.02), but no correlation was found between FeDESI and the average TEWL. The results obtained showed that TEWL can be used as an additional tool in clinically assessing atopic dermatitis in cats, although it seems to be less useful in cats than in humans. © 2018, Canadian Veterinary Medical Association. All rights reserved.
... 31,32 Cat skin pH was 6.4-6.9 with higher values in males compared with females. 33 In horse ponies, basic skin pH was 7-8 depending on the body region. 34 The skin pH values for guinea pigs were 5.5, rat 6.5, rabbit 6.7 and monkey 6.4. ...
The pH plays an important physiological role in nature and humans. pH varies from 1 to 8 in human organs with tight regulation in blood and epithelia of barrier organs. The physiological pH of the stratum corneum is 4.1–5.8 and several mechanisms contribute to its formation: filaggrin degradation, fatty acid content, sodium‐hydrogen exchanger (NHE1) activation and melanosome release. First, the acidic pH of the stratum corneum was considered to present an antimicrobial barrier preventing colonization (e.g. by Staphylococcus aureus and Malassezia). Later on, it was found that the pH influences skin barrier function, lipid synthesis and aggregation, epidermal differentiation and desquamation. Enzymes of ceramide metabolism (e.g. β‐glucocerebrosidase or acid sphingomyelinase) as well as proteases (e.g. chymotryptic enzyme or cathepsin D linked to epidermal differentiation and desquamation) are regulated by the pH. Experimental disruption of the physical barrier leads to an increase of pH, returning to normal levels only after many hours. Inflammatory skin diseases and diseases with an involvement of the epidermis exhibit a disturbed skin barrier and an increased pH. This is known for atopic dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis, ichthyosis, rosacea and acne, but also for aged and dry skin. Normalizing the pH by acidification through topical treatment helps to establish a physiological microbiota, to repair skin barrier, to induce epidermal differentiation and to reduce inflammation.
... Non-invasive methods used commonly in the process of assessing skin condition include the examination of a number of biophysical skin parameters such as transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration (SH), skin pH and erythema intensity as revealed in the literature (Beco and Fontaine 2000, Hester et al. 2004, Shimada et al. 2009, Szczepanik et al. 2011, Szczepanik et al. 2012, Szczepanik et al. 2013. Biophysical skin parameters (TEWL, SH, skin pH) have been assessed in dogs, cats, horses and laboratory animals (Matousek and Campbell 2002, Popiel and Nicpoń 2004, Fluhr et al. 2006, Szczepanik et al. 2016, Yoshihara et al. 2007 first of the mentioned methods, TEWL, is most commonly used and considered as the most accurate assessment of epidermal damage and Shimada et al. (2008) have shown that this is also a good parameter to evaluate skin barrier functions correlating well with the degree of lesions assessed clinically and histopathologically. ...
... Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences Vol. 21, No. 1 (2018) TEWL may depend (Beco and Fontaine 2000, Szczepanik et al. 2011, Momota et al. 2013, Szczepanik et al. 2016) on such factors as body region, age, sex or breed and the hair coat has been considered as one of the factors that may cause variation of TEWL values. The assessment of transepidermal water loss in animals has been performed after different types of skin preparation (unclipped or clipped with different methods using scissors or an electric clipper). ...
... The assessment of TEWL in animals has recently been the subject of numerous studies (Hester et al. 2004, Lau-Gillard et al. 2010, Szczepanik et al. 2011, Szczepanik et al. 2016, where it has been examined in different body regions of several animal species. The assessment of transepidermal water loss in animals has been performed after different types of skin preparation. ...
The measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is one of the biophysical skin parameters used to assess skin barrier function. Assessment of transepidermal water loss, may depend on such factors as body region, age, sex or breed and the hair coat has been considered as one of the factors that may cause variation of TEWL values. The aim of our research was an examination of the influence of clipping on the amount of TEWL. The examination was performed with 12 Wielkopolska horses with Courage Khazaka Multi Probe Adapter 5 and a TEWL TM 300 probe. The TEWL values were statistically constant in the clipped site, while the values in the unclipped sites were not. Hair clipping of examined sites is recommended for TEWL measurement in horses.
... 5 Evaluation of the integrity of the cutaneous barrier can be achieved by measuring of biophysical parameters such as trans epidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration (SH), skin pH or severity of erythema. Trans epidermal water loss has been reported for healthy dogs, cats and horses, and for dogs and cats with AD. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] A correlation between the severity of clinical signs using the CADESI method and TEWL has been reported for the dog. 12 Skin hydration appears to correlate with the severity of clinical signs of some affected body sites of atopic dogs, namely the groin and interdigital regions. ...
Background:
Evaluation of the severity of clinical signs of cats with allergic skin diseases has used two scoring systems: Scoring Feline Allergic Dermatitis (SCORFAD) and the Feline Extent and Severity Index (FeDESI). The integrity of the cutaneous barrier can also be evaluated by measuring skin hydration. A correlation between the clinical score and skin hydration has been observed in humans and dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD).
Hypothesis:
To demonstrate a correlation between the clinical score and skin hydration of cats affected with presumed AD.
Animals:
European short hair cats (n = 18): 11 females and seven males with a confirmed diagnosis of AD.
Methods:
SCORFAD and FeDESI scores were calculated and the measurements of skin hydration were assessed from seven body sites using corneometry. The correlation between the SCORFAD and FeDESI systems and skin hydration of each site, and the average skin hydration was calculated.
Results:
There was a positive correlation between the SCORFAD score and skin hydration for the axilla, thorax and forelimb; for FeDESI and axilla and lumbar sites. There was a negative correlation between the FeDESI and skin hydration for the pinna (r = -0.47).
Conclusions and clinical importance:
Measurements of skin hydration could be a useful tool for the evaluation of allergic cats. There is limited evidence of any useful correlation between clinical scoring systems and measurements of hydration. The pinna may be a suitable region for the assessment of skin barrier function in normal and allergic cats.
