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Size of diploid petal (a), size of tetraploid petal (b), size of diploid leaf (c) and size of tetraploid leaf (d) in diploid and tetraploid genotypes of C. roseus 'Alba'.
Source publication
Artificially induced polyploidy is often used to alter plant growth pattern
and genetic makeup of certain plant species. This experiment was conducted to induce autotetraploidy in Catharanthus roseus (‘Alba’) which contains diploid chromosomes. Application of four levels (0, 100, 200 and 400 mg/l) of colchicine concentrations were utilized at the t...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... The length and width of leaves were larger in tetraploid than diploid plants (Table 3 and Fig. 5). So, a plant with such characteristic is being able to sus- tain more chemical substances in vegetative organs. Artificially Induction of polyploidy in many plant species caused to increase cell size and consequently enhance flower size, inflorescence, leaves, vegetative and generative organs ( Watrous and Wimber, 1988;Omidbaigi, ...
Context 2
... on Acacia (Acacia mearnsii), Mathura et al. (2006) have shown that chlorophyll content was significantly higher in tetraploid than diploid plants. Polyploidy tended to have positive effect on size of reproductive organs. The growth of length and width of petals developed significantly higher in tetraploid than diploid plants (Table 3 and Fig. 5). A considerable growth increases was occurred in petal and flower size of tetraploid when carnation and Jatropha curcas plants received leaf foliar application of colchicines (Roy Chowdhury and Tah, 2011;Niu et al., ...
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Triploids generally provide an advantage in vegetative growth in forest trees. However, the technique of triploid breeding is still an open field in the Eucalyptus tree species. This study aims to explore the colchicine treatment technique for megaspore chromosome doubling to establish triploids in this tree species. Cytological observation on micr...
Most Rhododendron species are ornamental flowering species widely distributed in Asia, North America, and West Europe. Rhododendron fortunei, one of the endemic Rhododendron species in China, has beautiful flowers with bright colors and is being exploited to meet the needs of the flower market. Polyploid plants usually show superiority in growth, d...
Citations
... Gene dosage effects may lead to variabilities among plants with different chromosome number, including morphology, physiology, biochemistry, and genetics. Some studies on Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don and Canna × generalis L. H. Bailey & E. Z. Bailey showed that the plant height, leaf size and thickness, as well as flower color and size of the plants with different chromosome numbers were significantly different [15,16]. Measurement of stomatal density and guard cell size of Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) ...
Background
Aneuploidy in plants commonly presents as large variations in morphology, physiology, biochemistry, and genetic effects owing to its karyotypic imbalance.
Results
In this study, the trait variations of 393 offspring obtained by pollinating Populus alla × Populus glandulosa ‘YXY 7’ (2n = 2x = 38) with Populus ‘Beilinxiongzhu 1#’ (2n = 3x = 57) were explored. The results showed several morphological variations in the cotyledons, including two (69.68%), three (24.07%), and four cotyledons (6.25%). Additionally, the progeny exhibited extensive segregation of ploidy levels, ranging from 38 to 74. Furthermore, seedlings with different chromosome numbers varied in growth traits and physiological activities during growth and development. The backcross progeny with 51–60 chromosomes had a significantly larger basal diameter and seedling height than those with other chromosome numbers. The phenotypic correlations between the traits indicated that the dose effect of the chromosomes significantly affected the basal diameter, petiole length, and leaf length, particularly with stomatal length and stomatal density. Weak and negative estimated correlations were observed between the physiological traits associated with photosynthesis and most of the studied traits.
Conclusions
This study provides new genetic material with different chromosome compositions, which will contribute to analyzing chromosomal function and integrate the variations in chromosomal dosage into Populus breeding programs.
... To calculate stomatal density, stomata per unit leaf area (1 mm 2 ) were counted at 500× magnification, with a mean generated from 10 different measurement points (two per leaf across five leaf samples or, for scale-like leaves, five per leaf analogue across two samples). Mean stomatal size was calculated under the same conditions, by measuring guard cell length, as per Hosseini et al. (2018). Analysis of stomatal characteristics was undertaken on the abaxial surface of samples where possible, because stomatal density is generally greater on abaxial leaf surfaces (Willmer and Fricker, 1996). ...
... Colchicine has a strong effect on changing allele frequency (Dhingra and Pokhriyal, 2012). Colchicine also causes mitotic abnormalities such as anaphase bridges, vagrant chromosome, cmetaphase, sticky chromosome, and increased micronuclei frequency with reduction in mitotic index (Hosseini et al., 2018). Furthermore, colchicine induced different physiological changes in plants such as point mutation, changes in hormonal balance, that affect somatic characteristics like changes in chloroplast bodies and chromosomal organelles (Eeckhaut, 2003). ...
... Cells that able to find new chromosomal arrangement will survive while that fail to form new balance will be deleted during cell division process in early growth stages (Afifah et al., 2020;Qalby et al., 2020). Hosseini et al. (2018) also observed that inability of plant to preserve their chromosome sets in balance at high colchicine concentration leads to highest mortality in rose periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus). Similarly, in effort to overcome colchicine toxic effect, poor seedling vigor leads to death of phlox (Phlox drummondi) treated plants (Tiwari and Mishra, 2012). ...
... In many crop species, high colchicine concentration with longer exposure duration causes chromosome deletion yielding plant tissue abnormalities (Megbo, 2010;Lan et al., 2020). At high colchicine concentration, phytotoxicity, toxic contamination and plant abnormality are main causes of plant death (Hosseini et al., 2018). In gladiolus growing seedlings, phytotoxic effect of colchicine produced different growth abnormalities which was Abnormal growth rate by colchicine is attributed due to imbalance in growth hormones or because of non-heritable physiological changes (Hewawasam et al., 2004). ...
Colchicine is one of the important aqueous solutions that has been used to induce mutation or ploidy in many plant species long ago. However, its proper concentrations plays a vital role, increased or inappropriate concentrations may cause mortality, stunted growth, morphological deformation, etc. in plant species. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the different colchicine concentrations on the growth and development of gladiolus corms. Gladiolus corms were treated with 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% concentrations for 24 hours. Colchicine toxicity was evaluated during the early growth stage showed a higher concentration of 0.6% significantly reduced corm survival (47%) and caused a 51.9% survival reduction over control. In terms of growth parameters, all concentrations of colchicine reduced plant height with a number of leaves along with inducing different forms of morphological abnormalities and chlorophyll mutants. To optimize the dose for successful ploidy induction, LD30 and LD50 on mortality rate through an analysis were calculated to be 0.31% and 0.57% whereas GR50 based on plant height and the number of leaves reduction was found to be 0.17% and 0.34%. Hence, the results from this study could be used in the future for further breeding programs by reducing the genotoxicity of colchicine on gladiolus.
... Although, colchicine application has been effective for chromosome doubling in most of the plants such as Chrysanthemum carinatum (Kushwah et al., 2018), Catharanthus roseus (Hosseini et al., 2018), Gerbera jamesonii (Khalili et al., 2020) and Gerbera hybrida (Bhattarai et al., 2021), but several plants including wallflower in the current study were efficiently polyploidized by oryzalin (Dhooghe et al., 2011;Denaeghel et al., 2015;Talebi et al., 2017;Li and Ruter, 2017). ...
... A close correlation was seen between flower diameter and ploidy level increase (Fig. 8). These results are in accordance with findings of Regalado et al. (2017), Hosseini et al. (2018 and Khalili et al. (2020). Polyploidized plants have typically lower growth rates, which tend to flower later or over a longer period than related diploids, which is also another desirable feature for esthetic appearance of flowers (Sattler et al., 2016). ...
Wallflower (Erysimum cheiri (L.) Crantz is one of the most important bedding flowers and potted plants in the floriculture industry. Its widespread cultivation is hindered due to self-incompatibility and limited breeding. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of polyploidy induction on different characteristics of wallflower. Seeds were treated with colchicine (0, 0.5, 0.75 and 1%) (w/v) and oryzalin (0, 50, 100 and 150 mgl⁻¹) along various exposure times (24, 36 and 48 h). The highest tetraploidy induction (53%) was seen in 150 mgl⁻¹ oryzalin treatment for 36 h. The chromosome doubled plants indicated increase in trichome number, pollen size, stomata size and number of chloroplasts in the stomata guard cells, while stomata density and pollen number were decreased. The new tetraploid induced wallflowers showed compact growth habit with shorter internodes and roots, while leaves were bigger (60%) and purplish, flowering period was prolonged (65%), and flowers showed greater longevity (41%), diameter (47%) and number (78%), compared to diploid controls. Their anthocyanin and total soluble solids contents were increased by 56% and 140%, respectively. UPLC-MS analysis indicated that phytohormone contents of Ze, SA, JA and ABA were significantly increased in the tetraploid induced plants than diploid controls, while IAA, GA3 and BR were less accumulated. The new ornamental features developed for the first time in wallflower proves that polyploidization is a promising tool to introduce a commercial flowering pot plant cultivar and a new genetic resource for future breeding programs.
... Colchicine application greatly reduced number of newly emerging branches when applied in field at 0.025% to 0.05% (Abu-Qaoud and Munqez, 2014). Plant survival percentage also decreased whereas leaf area, chlorophyll content, stem and root diameter were greatly increased at higher levels of colchicine (Hosseini et al., 2018). Genotypic variability and effect of colchicine on stomatal size and frequency: Diversity in frequency and size of stomata may occur due to variability in the genetic factors including ploidy and growth under diverse agro-climatic conditions. ...
... This is contrary to the report of Obiremi and Oladele (2001) who found paracytic and hemiparacytic types of stomatal complex in grapefruit which may be attributed to the difference in varieties studied or the mutagen concentrations applied. Application of colchicine significantly increased plant ploidy level, diameter and length of stomata, and chloroplast number in guard cells whereas stomatal frequency was decreased (Usman et al., 2008, Hosseini et al., 2018. Stomatal size has been directly proportional to colchicine application whereas its frequency has been inversely proportional (Dittberner et al., 2018) in other fruit crops including Ziziphus (Gu et al., 2005), Vitis (Yang et al., 2006) and citrus (Usman et al., 2008;. ...
Seeds and vegetative parts of two white and four pink flesh grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) varieties were exposed to colchicine treatment under in vitro and field conditions for the development of colchiploid germplasm for breeding programs. Genotype dependent plant growth responses were observed under both in vitro and field conditions. Embryo germination and plant growth were arrested at higher levels of colchicine. Cultivar Shamber had higher embryo germination (65.47%), number of leaves were more in Shamber and Red Blush (7.19) whereas long shoots and roots were developed in Red Blush and Red Mexican (4.07 cm and 9.18 cm, respectively). Under field conditions, Red Blush developed more axillary sprouts (2.78) and large sized leaves in colchicine treated branches. Shoot growth was more in Reed and Red Mexican (11.57 cm) while number
of leaves were more in Shamber (8.79). Number of leaves were reduced from 12 (control) to 4 leaves at higher levels of colchicine (0.3%) under in vitro and field conditions. Stomata were maximum in Frost Fresh and Red Mexican (9.02) and their size was larger in Red Blush. Stomatal frequency was reduced (from 13.65 to 5.79) while size increased at higher levels of colchicine. These findings indicate existence of a strong genotypic variation in plant growth parameters and stomatal attributes in colchiploid germplasm. Further screening of the putative polyploids is suggested for the assessment of colchicine induced genetic diversity.
... (Huang et al. 2015), and Gerbera jamesonii (Khalili et al. 2019). Previous studies have shown that major factors in ornamental polyploidization are plant species, type of explant, culture medium, type, concentration, and inoculation time of the AMA (Fu et al. 2019;Ghanbari et al. 2019;Huy et al. 2019;Jeloudar et al. 2019;Slamet et al. 2019;Hosseini et al. 2018;Kushwah et al. 2018;Li et al. 2018a, b;Manzoor et al. 2018;Regalado et al. 2017;Tu et al. 2018;Zahumenická et al. 2018). Esmaeili et al. (2020) investigated the effect of different concentrations of three antimitotic agents of colchicine, oryzalin and trifluralin on chromosome doubling of three allotetraploid cultivars (Nova, WUR 1553-7, and Orange Beauty) of ornamental Calendula officinalis. ...
Green plants provide food, fuel, materials, and medicine for humans. Amongst these, medicinal plants contain unique molecules with therapeutic applications. However, our understanding of these organisms is in its infancy. Landscaping plants also have a great impact on the human soul and emotional perception. These two groups of plants are part of natural wealth and have great economic value. One of the remarkable breeding strategies to improve the valuable properties of plants is artificial polyploidy induction. Medicinal and ornamental plants with duplicated whole sets of chromosomes, although not always, have more distinctive characteristics such as modified phytochemical profile, higher content of desired pharma molecules, plant form, flower color, size and style, fragrance, vase life, and prolonged flowering period. Therefore, artificial chromosome doubling (ACD) of ornamental and medicinal plants could have significant economic consequences. In medicinal plants with an ornamental flower/inflorescence, and/or in ornamental plants bearing essential oils, ACD is a dual beneficial breeding strategy. Working with both in vitro and in vivo chromosome doubling pathways, researchers are able to produce custom-designed plants with higher marketability. Some critical factors must be considered to establish a successful ACD protocol. The plant genotype and explant type are important parameters in this procedure. Type, dosage and duration of application (exposure time) of antimitotic agent (AMA) should also be considered as the main factors. Antimitotic agents can be classified according to their efficacy and toxicity. Although colchicine is the most applied and well-known AMA, there are other alternative mitotic spindle inhibitors with higher specificity for tubulin binding sites in plant materials and possessing less toxicity for animal tubulin. Testing the interaction effects of plant and AMA parameters is necessary for establishing an ACD breeding program and promoting the economic values of medicinal and ornamental plants. This paper reviews significant developments in polyploidization using different antimitotic agents over the last decade in the field of ornamental and medicinal plants.
... Xing et al. (2011) reported the use of 0.2% colchicine for 24 h to induce tetraploidy, and recorded an increase in three alkaloids, namely, vindoline, catharanthine and vinblastine in tetraploids when compared to diploid plants. Some other researchers also induced polyploidy in C. roseus by using colchicine, but none of them used in vitro conditions (Hosseini et al. 2013;Hosseini et al. 2018;Shala and Deng 2018). Therefore, induction of polyploidy under in vitro conditions throughout can be attempted with various antimitotic agents (such as oryzalin) other than colchicine. ...
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don, also known as Madagascar periwinkle or Sadabahar, is a herbaceous plant belonging to the family Apocynaceae. Being a reservoir for more than 200 alkaloids, it reserves a place for itself in the list of important medicinal plants. Secondary metabolites are present in its leaves (e.g., vindoline, vinblastine, catharanthine, and vincristine) as well as basal stem and roots (e.g., ajmalicine, reserpine, serpentine, horhammericine, tabersonine, leurosine, catharanthine, lochnerine, and vindoline). Two of its alkaloids, vincristine and vinblastine (possessing anticancerous properties), are being used copiously in pharmaceutical industries. Till date, arrays of reports are available on in vitro biotechnological improvements of C. roseus. The present review article concentrates chiefly on various biotechnological advancements based on plant tissue culture techniques of the last three decades, for instance, regeneration via direct and indirect organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, secondary metabolite production, synthetic seed production, clonal fidelity assessment, polyploidization, genetic transformation, and nanotechnology. It also portrays the importance of various factors influencing the success of in vitro biotechnological interventions in Catharanthus and further addresses several shortcomings that can be further explored to create a platform for upcoming innovative approaches.
Key Points
• C. roseus yields anticancerous vincristine and vinblastine used in pharma industry.
•In vitro biotechnological interventions prompted major genetic advancements.
• This review provides an insight on in vitro-based research achievements till date.
• Key bottlenecks and prospective research methodologies have been identified herein.
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don is a plant belonging to the Apocynaceae family, which is native to Madagascar. The important alkaloids isolated from C. roseus are vinblastine and vincristine, both of which are important early indole-based anticancer drugs. Induction of polyploidy using mutagenic agents serves as an efficient method to improve the genetic potential of cells to synthesize secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. The variety of traits that occur through polyploidy induction, depends on the plant’s species and genotypes. In this study, in vitro seedlings of ‘Red Really’ and ‘Polka Dot’ cultivars of C. roseus (for the first time) in the cotyledonary stage, were treated with various concentrations of colchicine (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5%) at three exposure time (24, 48 and 72 h). To distinguish the ploidy level of seedlings, morphological changes as well as, microscopic examinations, flow cytometry and chromosome counting were performed. In our experiment, the concentration and exposure time of colchicine and their interaction affected the tetraploidy percentage. Karyotype analysis suggested that the number of chromosomes in the diploid species was 2n = 2x = 16 and tetraploid plants contained 2n = 4x = 32. The maximum tetraploidy frequency was observed at 0.2% colchicine for 48 h in ‘Red Really’ and 0.1% colchicine for 48 h in ‘Polka Dot’. The polyploid seedlings produced visible changes in plant height, leaf length and width, plant fresh and dry weight, stem and flower diameter compared to the control. Artificial ploidy manipulation caused significant changes in the chlorophyll and carotenoid content in polyploid seedlings compared to diploids. Also, vincristine, vinblastine, catharanthine and vindoline content increased 82.2, 80.9, 44.3 and 71.2% in Red Really as well as 64.7, 31, 48.2 and 95.3% in Polka Dot, respectively, compared to diploid plants. Increasing the ploidy level as an effective breeding strategy is noticeable for commercially producing these valuable medicinal compounds. The resulting polyploid lines have the potential to be used in breeding programs to develop C. roseus cultivars.
To meet burgeoning demand for water (mostly from agriculture), reclaimed wastewater is being reused, yet the environmental and health concerns about the effects of using raw and partially treated wastewater pose a challenge. Accordingly, here the effects of untreated wastewater on the pea plant (Pisum sativum) were examined in a holistic manner, by analyzing its morphological, physiological, and biochemical parameters. Wastewater samples were collected from Agra Canal, Faridabad, India at its most contaminated site. The tube-well samples were collected from village farmland located far from the canal. Sample analysis was carried out using standard available field and laboratory methods. Higher physicochemical parameters and concentrations of heavy metals were obtained for untreated canal wastewater (CW), nearly all being above the maximum permissible limit (MPL), whereas for tube-well water (TW) the same parameters are within the MPL. Pisum sativum seeds were treated with CW, TW, and Milli Q water (MQ, as control). When treated with CW, seeds had reduced germination and seedling growth was inhibited. Phytotoxicity parameters in CW-treated plants revealed oxidative stress and a significantly lower chlorophyll content than in TW- and MQ-treated plants. Likewise, significant reductions in the mitotic index and stomatal parameter values were observed. These findings indicate CW exerts toxic effects upon Pisum sativum grown in it. However, TW has a stimulatory effect on plant parameters, perhaps due to the dilution of toxic compounds like heavy metals. The present study suggests properly treated and diluted, CW may be used to irrigate crops as it also provides nutrients for plant growth, producing a stimulatory effect. Further investigation of heavy metal accumulation in different parts of plants irrigated with CW is required to evaluate its associated health risks.Graphical abstract
Graphical representation of Agra canal wastewater induced toxicity on Pisum sativum
Simple Summary
The amount of hereditary information (DNA) contained in the cell nuclei of larger or more complex organisms is often no greater than that of smaller or simpler organisms. Why this is so is an evolutionary mystery. Here, I show that the amount of DNA per cell nucleus (‘genome size’) relates more positively to egg size than body size in crustaceans (including shrimp, lobsters and crabs). Genome size also seems to relate more to the size of eggs or other gametes and reproductive propagules (e.g., sperm, spores, pollen and seeds) than to adult size in other animals and plants. I explain these patterns as being the result of genome size relating more to cell size (including that of single-celled eggs) than the number of cells in a body. Since most organisms begin life as single cells or propagules with relatively few cells, propagule size may importantly affect or be affected by genome size regardless of body size. Relationships between genome size and body size should thus become weaker as body size (and the amount of cell multiplication required during development) increases, as observed in crustaceans and other kinds of organisms.
Abstract
The body size and (or) complexity of organisms is not uniformly related to the amount of genetic material (DNA) contained in each of their cell nuclei (‘genome size’). This surprising mismatch between the physical structure of organisms and their underlying genetic information appears to relate to variable accumulation of repetitive DNA sequences, but why this variation has evolved is little understood. Here, I show that genome size correlates more positively with egg size than adult size in crustaceans. I explain this and comparable patterns observed in other kinds of animals and plants as resulting from genome size relating strongly to cell size in most organisms, which should also apply to single-celled eggs and other reproductive propagules with relatively few cells that are pivotal first steps in their lives. However, since body size results from growth in cell size or number or both, it relates to genome size in diverse ways. Relationships between genome size and body size should be especially weak in large organisms whose size relates more to cell multiplication than to cell enlargement, as is generally observed. The ubiquitous single-cell ‘bottleneck’ of life cycles may affect both genome size and composition, and via both informational (genotypic) and non-informational (nucleotypic) effects, many other properties of multicellular organisms (e.g., rates of growth and metabolism) that have both theoretical and practical significance.
