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Paper presents a taxonomic revision of 28 described species of the genus Sirthenea Spinola, 1837 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera:
Reduviidae: Peiratinae) distributed in the Afrotropical, Oriental, Palearctic, Oceanian and Australian zoogeographical
regions. The following new synonymies are proposed: Sirthenea africana Distant, 1903 = S. rapax Horváth,
1909...
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The peiratine genus Thymbreus Stål, 1859 is reviewed and a revised diagnosis is given. Three species are recognized, redescribed and illustrated. A key is provided to help separate species of Thymbreus. The publication dates of Thymbreus and its type species, Thymbreus pyrrhopterus Stål, 1859, Opinus pyrrhopterus Stål, 1860 as well as T. ocellatus...
Hypoxys Amyot & Serville, 1843 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Edessinae), for a long time considered a synonym or subgenus of Edessa Fabricius, 1803, was recently revised and reinstated to the generic rank. This genus comprises 17 described species divided in four species groups: H. quadridens, H. oxyacanthus, H. triangularis, and H. baltea...
The Australian species of the small heterogastrid genus Parathyginus Scudder, 1957 have been reviewed, resulting in the establishment of the junior subjective synonymy of P. doddi (Distant, 1918) with P. signifer (Walker, 1872), and the description of two new species, P. australis sp. nov. and P. acuminatus sp. nov. A redescription of the genus is...
Based on examination of its holotype, Helonotus pallidulus Walker, 1873 is transferred to the genus Heza Amyot & Serville, 1843 with the resulting new combination: Heza pallidula (Walker, 1873), comb. nov. (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Reduviidae, Harpactorinae, Harpactorini). A comparison with the similar Heza ventralis Stål,1872 is provided.
Citations
... The body length and weight of each beetle were measured to the nearest 0.01 mm and 0.1 mg using electronic slide calipers (CD-15AX, Mitsutoyo, Kawasaki, Japan) and an electronic balance (CPA64, Sartorius Japan K.K., Tokyo, Japan), respectively ( Table 1). The assassin bug S. flavipes (Fig. 1b) is widely distributed in East, Southeast, South, and West Asia (Chłond 2018). This species is found with the bombardier beetle Ph. occipitalis jessoensis in farmlands and grasslands in Japan (Fig. 1;Hayashi 2023;Sugiura and Hayashi 2023). ...
Invasive non-native predators significantly impact biotic communities, affecting native species through both direct and indirect interactions. Native species have evolved warning colors and defensive mimicry in response to selective pressures from native predators. These adaptations can be influenced by non-native predators, although few studies have focused on their impacts on mimetic interactions. In this study, we examined the impact of the invasive non-native American bullfrog (Aquarana catesbeiana) on the mimetic interaction between two native insect species: the bombardier beetle (Pheropsophus occipitalis jessoensis) and the assassin bug (Sirthenea flavipes). These insects, well-defended against the native pond frog (Pelophylax nigromaculatus), now also confront the invasive bullfrog in Japan. Our laboratory observations revealed that both native and invasive frogs consistently rejected the bombardier beetle due to its chemical defenses. Although 75% of native frogs rejected the assassin bug due to its defensive stab, only 30% of bullfrogs did so. Further experiments showed that bullfrogs’ previous encounters with one of these insects influenced their response to the other. Specifically, bullfrogs with prior exposure to bombardier beetles were less likely to attack assassin bugs. These findings suggest that assassin bugs may benefit more from the mimetic interaction via invasive bullfrogs compared to bombardier beetles, although both insect species benefit from the mimetic interaction via native frogs. Therefore, the presence of invasive bullfrogs could significantly alter the mimetic interactions between these native insect species. Consequently, mimetic interactions between natives may mitigate the impacts of non-native predators on native co-mimics.
... Brachysandalus Stål, 1867, Ectomocoris Mayr, 1865, Microsandalus Stål, 1867and Sirthenea Spinola, 1837. Two Australian species of Sirthenea, S. (Sirthenea) obscura (Stål, 1867) and S. (Monogmus) laevicollis Horváth, 1909, were redescribed recently (Chłond 2018), as was the type species of the Australian endemic genus Microsandalus, M. umbrosus Stål, 1867(Liu et al. 2021. Detailed taxonomic revisions of the Australian species of two of the largest genera, Ectomocoris and Brachysandalus, were recently published, with descriptions of nine new species in each of them (Malipatil et al. 2023(Malipatil et al. , 2024. ...
... Terminology for general morphology follows Lent & Wygodzinsky (1979) and Malipatil et al. (2023), for wing venation Davis (1961) and Chłond (2018), and for wing morphs Slater (1975). The posterior, constricted, neck-like part of the head is termed "neck". ...
Austropeirates gen. nov. and its type species, A. maculipes sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Peiratinae) are described based on macropterous male and micropterous female individuals from Australia and compared with related taxa within the subfamily Peiratinae. Peirates castaneipennis Reuter, 1887, so far known to occur in New Caledonia, is recorded from several localities in Australia: as the only representative of the genus Peirates Serville, 1831. A key is provided for the six genera of Peiratinae occurring in Australia.
... is relatively limited. English entomologist, N. C. E. Miller, conducted taxonomic studies on Southeast Asian assassin bugs and described many new species from Indonesia in the mid-twentieth century (Miller 1940;1951b;1954;. After that, Coscarón (2002) revised and redescribed the species of Calistocoris Reuter, 1881and Ceratopirates Schouteden, 1933. Chłond (2018 carried out the taxonomic revision of the genus Sirthenea Spinola, 1837 of the Old World with detailed descriptions of 14 species, and two of them are distributed in Indonesia viz. S. (Sirthenea) flavipes (Stål, 1855) and S. (Sirthenea) nigronitens . The subgenus Ectomocoris (Sigicoris) was elevated to genus level and revised by Liu et ...
... The subgenus Ectomocoris (Sigicoris) was elevated to genus level and revised by Liu et al. (2022), which included four species from New Guinea Island. Up to now, there have been 30 species in eight genera of Peiratinae distributed in Indonesia Coscarón 1997;Chłond 2018;Liu et al. 2022). ...
... After the examination of peiratine specimens deposited in the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB), Cibinong, Indonesia and the holotype of Ceratopirates leopoldi Schouteden, 1933 deposited in Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (IRSNB: Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique), Brussels, Belgium, we present a catalogue of Indonesian Peiratinae including 33 total species as well as a key to the eight genera distributed in Indonesia. Among them, Androclus granulatus Stål, 1863 and S. (Sirthenea) setosa Chłond, 2018 are reported for the first time from Indonesia, and A. granulatus is redescribed mainly based on Indonesian specimens. One new species in the subgenus Sirthenea (Monogmus) Horváth, 1909 is described together with a key to separate the four Indonesian Sirthenea species. ...
... Terminology for wing venation follows Davis (1961), Lent & Wygodzinsky (1979) and Chłond (2018), for wing morphs follows Slater (1975). The following abbreviations are used: AIC = apical internal cell, AEC = apical external cell. ...
The Australian species of the genus Ectomocoris Mayr, 1865 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Peiratinae), are revised. A total of 13 species are recognised, including nine new species: E. binotatus Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., E. borealis Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., E. fuscatus Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., E. fuscifemoralis Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., E. interiorius Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., E. latus Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., E. luteolus Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov., E. major Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov. and E. spinosus Malipatil & Liu, sp. nov. Redescriptions of E. australicus (Reuter, 1881), E. decoratus (Stål, 1863), E. ornatus (Stål, 1863) and E. truculentus (Stål, 1863) are presented. Callisphodrus patricius Stål, 1867 is treated as a new junior synonym of E. ornatus (Stål, 1863). Lectotypes are designated for Eumerus (Eumerus) australicus Reuter, 1881, Pirates decoratus Stål, 1863, P. ornatus Stål, 1863, P. truculentus Stål, 1863 and C. patricius Stål, 1867. A key to species is provided together with images of dorsal habitus of males and females of different wing forms and major structures of the male genitalia to assist distinguishing these species. Based on morphology, brief comments are provided on putative species groups within the studied species. A male extragenital structure, present in almost half of the species studied, is described in detail and its potential value in diagnosis and analysis of phylogenetic relationships within the genus as well as between related peiratine genera is discussed.
... We used our method, based on using aluminium stubs with double-sided adhesive carbon tape to stabilise dry specimens covered with gold in a Pelco SC-6 sputter coater (Ted Pella Inc., Redding, CA, USA), resulting in a 35 nm layer. The morphological terminology for genitalia and external morphology follows [4,39,40] (Figures 1 and 2). For extensions on the posterior edge of the pronotum, the name of the posterior pronotal extensions was adopted. ...
This paper presents a taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis of nine known species of the genus Phonoctonus Stål, 1853, distributed exclusively in the Afrotropical region. The revision and phylogenetic analysis were performed using morphological data. A full redescription for all species is provided, taxonomical problems are clarified, and diagnostic characters are presented and illustrated. Based on the analysis, thirteen species are recognised as valid: Phonoctonus bifasciatus stat. nov., P. caesar, P. elegans, P. fairmairei stat. nov., P. fasciatus, P. grandis, P. immitis stat. rev., P. luridus, P. lutescens, P. nigrofasciatus stat. rev., P. picta stat. nov., P. picturatus stat. rev., and P. principalis. New synonymies are proposed: Phonoctonus nigrofasciatus = P. fasciatus var. poultoni syn. nov., P. picturatus = P. fasciatus var. discalis syn. nov., and P. principalis = P. validus syn. nov. An identification key to separate the species, drawings of dorsal habitus, and distribution maps of all valid species are presented. Performed morphological phylogenetic analyses indicate monophyly of the genus Phonoctonus.
... Until now, there have been about 20 peiratine species recorded from Australia, and only a few of them have been carefully revised (Distant 1902;Maldonado-Capriles 1990;Chłond 2018). Moreover, the taxonomic status of one monotypic genus, Microsandalus Stål, 1867, is currently ambiguous as some authors regard it as valid (Coscarón 1997;Swanson 2019) while some others do not (Chłond & Bugaj-Nawrocka 2015). ...
... The latter species was placed in Peirates Serville, 1831 and Sirthenea Spinola, 1840, but its male genitalia are different from those of the two genera that were described and illustrated by Coscarón (1997) and Chłond (2018), respectively. The laterally compressed median pygophore process of this species is quite unique, and its male genitalia also differ from those of Peirates in the apex of the median pygophore process in lateral view (slightly round in Microsandalus vs. usually sharp in Peirates) and from those of Sirthenea in the length of the pedicel (shorter than the basal plate in Microsandalus vs. usually longer than the basal plate in Sirthenea). ...
The generic status of Microsandalus Stål, 1867 stat. rev. is discussed and formally revalidated. The type species of this genus, M. umbrosus Stål, 1867, is redescribed and illustrated with an emphasis on sexual dimorphism. The lectotype of M. umbrosus is designated. Pirates sobrius Walker, 1873 is found to be the brachypterous female of M. umbrosus, and therefore, a previous synonymy, which had recently gone unnoticed, is confirmed. A key to help separate peiratine genera distributed in Australia is provided.
... The following combination of characters makes Peiratinae a unique group within Reduviidae: anterior pronotal lobe longer than posterior lobe, elongate forecoxa, prominent fossula spongiosa on the fore and mid tibiae, and asymmetrical male genitalia (Weirauch et al., 2014). Up to now, there have been 18 peiratine genera recorded in the Afrotropical Region but only a few of them have been well reviewed (Coscarón, 1995(Coscarón, , 1997(Coscarón, , 1999(Coscarón, , 2002Coscarón & Morrone, 1995;Zhang & Weirauch, 2011;Chłond, 2018). Moreover, many Afrotropical peiratine genera are monotypic, not only refl ecting the morphological diversity of this group but also indicating that the true species diversity will be revealed through more detailed studies. ...
The African assassin bug genus Neopirates Miller, 1952, is revised. The type species, N. nyassae Miller, 1952, is redescribed and illustrated; two new species from Namibia, N. bicolor Liu & Cai sp. n. and N. xanthothorax Liu & Cai sp. n. are described and a key is provided to separate the three species of this genus. Sphodrembas fumipennis Swanson, 2019, the type species of Sphodrembas Swanson, 2019, is placed as a junior synonym of N. nyassae, resulting in Sphodrembas becoming a junior synonym of Neopirates. Morphological differences between Neopirates and similar genera and the distribution of Neopirates are briefly discussed.
... Peiratinae is the sixth largest subfamily of Reduviidae with more than 300 described species (Maldonado 1990, Weirauch et al. 2014. However, intraspecific variation in body size and color pattern is high in some species of this group, suggesting that some described species diagnosed on these characters may not be valid (Coscarón & Morrone 1995, Coscarón 1997, Chłond et al. 2017, Chłond 2018. ...
The African peiratine assassin bug species, Ectomocoris proximus Miller, 1952 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae) is redescribed and E. limbatus Miller, 1952, syn. nov., is placed as its junior synonym. Types of both nominal species were examined, habitus images and figures of the male genitalia are provided.
... Numerous live specimens of hybrids bred in captivity were available at various nymphal stages in the laboratory at the Department of Zoology, University of Silesia, in Katowice. The external structures of nymph specimens were examined using a Nikon SMZ25 stereoscopic microscope (Chłond 2018). The measurements were performed on 15 individuals of each nymphal stage, plus imago, for a total of 90 individuals. ...
Genus Platymeris Laporte, 1833 is a medium-sized genus belonging to the subfamily Reduviinae, and all known species of these assassin bugs are large-sized insects, distributed exclusively in Africa. Among them, two species, Platymeris biguttatus and Platymeris rhadamanthus, are particularly well known for being bred in commercial cultures. Representatives of both species were bred and crossed in laboratory conditions resulting in interspecific hybrids. The offspring of both species were genetically tested to confirm their hybridisation by nuclear analysis of the wingless gene, which differs in sequence between the parental species. In addition, previous research on the distribution of these species has shown that their ranges partly overlap. This area began to be considered as a potential hybridisation zone. The occurrence of both species was modelled to determine the zone of overlap and estimate the potential hybridisation zone by using the ecological niche modelling technique and MAXENT software. In addition, we tested various model settings and program capabilities. As a result, two large areas were identified as potential hybridisation zones. Both are mostly within the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregion, as well as tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas and shrublands ecoregion. In addition, new occurrences of P. rhadamanthus in Namibia have been presented.
... The monophyly of this group has been supported in recent molecular phylogenies, although only a few peiratine species were included in each of the studies (e.g., Weirauch & Munro 2009, Hwang & Weirauch 2012, Zhang & Weirauch 2014. The subfamily contains several highly speciose genera (i.e., Ectomocoris Mayr, 1865: 99 spp.; Lestomerus Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843: 33 spp.; Peirates Audinet-Serville, 1831: 38 spp.; Sirthenea Spinola, 1837: 41 spp.), one of which, Sirthenea, is distributed throughout the New and Old World (e.g., Willemse 1985, Chłond & Bugaj-Nawrocka 2015, Chłond 2018, Chłond et al. 2019. ...
Herein are erected several new taxa and taxonomic changes based on a study of the Old World genera of Peiratinae: Sphodrembas gen. nov. is erected for a single new species, Sphodrembas fumipennis sp. nov. from Kenya and Tanzania. Ectomocoris caccabatus sp. nov. is newly described and represents the first record of the genus from the Korean Peninsula. Chaulioleistes gen. nov. is erected for Peirates singularis Stål, 1874, resulting in Chaulioleistes singularis (Stål, 1874) comb. nov. Isdegardes Distant, 1909, described in Acanthaspidinae (=Reduviinae), is considered a junior synonym of the peiratine genus Phalantus Stål, 1863 syn. nov., resulting in Phalantus melanocephalus (Distant, 1909) comb. nov. for the type species of Isdegardes. Lestomerus wroughtoni Bergroth, 1915 is transferred to Brachysandalus Stål, 1866, resulting in Brachysandalus wroughtoni (Bergroth, 1915) comb. nov. The previously proposed synonymy of Polychitonocoris formosus Miller, 1940 with Calistocoris caesareus Reuter, 1881 is corroborated. All of the above taxonomic acts are supplemented with a key to the species of Calistocoris, a key to the species of Pachysandalus, and a key to the peiratine genera of the Old World. Also reported are thirteen new country records for eleven other species: Brachysandalus bicolor (Villiers, 1948) (Kenya, Tanzania); Ectomocoris bimaculatus Schouteden, 1909 (Ghana); Ectomocoris fenestratus (Klug, 1830) (Ghana); Ectomocoris maculicrus (Fairmaire, 1858) (Uganda, Zimbabwe); Lestomerus affinis (Audinet-Serville, 1831) (Malaysia); Lestomerus basilewskyi Villiers, 1962 (Kenya); Lestomerus bicolor (Villiers, 1948) (Kenya); Lestomerus dubius Villiers, 1948 (Cameroon); Pachysandalus schoutedeni Villiers, 1962 (Sudan); Peirates collarti Schouteden, 1931 (Cameroon); Peirates quadrinotatus (Fabricius, 1798) (Malaysia); and Phalantus africanus Stål, 1874 (Ghana).
