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-Simplified tectonic-chronological map of Brazil (see reference to colors in the legend of Figure 4) with the distribution of metallic deposits and occurrences and indication of the main mining districts and metallogenic provinces.
Source publication
“Atlas of mineral deposits and selected mineral occurrences of continental Brazil” is a compilation of more than 11,000 sites of metals and selected industrial minerals.
Context in source publication
Context 1
... of the metallic mineral deposits are located in mining districts and metallogenic provinces of these major Precambrian geotectonic units ( Figure 2). The Precambrian-Early Cambrian crystalline rock associations were then more or less covered by Phanerozoic sedimentary basins developed before, concomitantly, and after the opening of the Atlantic Ocean and separation of South America and Africa. ...
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The Moroccan structural domain of the Anti Atlas presents a deformed part of West African Craton (WAC). In this area, the succession of epeirogenic cycles has generated the development of different mineralization kind's in several geodynamic contexts (Fe, Co, Ag, Au, Pb,…). During Ordovician, the Tafilalt basin characterizes an implementation of Ir...
Citations
... It is common to find a wide variety of granite-related ore deposits associated with paleo-subduction zones within the Paleoproterozoic terranes (2.1-1.6 Ga). The Tapajós Mineral Province and the Alta Floresta Gold Province are the current frontiers of mineral exploration in Brazil Klein et al. 2018). In these settings, plutonovolcanic rocks hosting different styles of Au-Ag-Cu-Mo deposits of Paleoproterozoic age are encountered. ...
... In the northern sector of the Ventuari-Tapajós Province, in the Guiana Shield, granite-related ore deposits are also reported, including (i) the famous Pitinga deposit, a historical mine of Sn with large contents of Nb, Ta, F, and REE (Bettencourt et al. 2016); and (ii) the Surucucu district, a poorly investigated terrain with Sn and Au deposits (Klein et al. 2018). At the interface of the Rio Negro-Juruena and Rondoniana-San Inácio provinces, in the southwestern portion of the Amazon Craton, remarkable Sn deposits were discovered and exploitted in the last 50 years (Bettencourt et al. 2016). ...
... Aluminum deposits (bauxite ores) are quite common in the Amazon and encompass large reserves. The Trombetas-Juruti and Parago-minas bauxite districts represent important sources of aluminum and are found in low relief plateaus within some of the Phanerozoic sedimentary basins (Costa 2016;Klein et al. 2018). These deposits are also a good example of ore deposits formed by extreme weathering and leaching of undesired elements, which concentrate metals in the sedimentary matrix. ...
This Report provides a comprehensive, objective, open, transparent, systematic, and rigorous scientific assessment of the state of the Amazon’s ecosystems, current trends, and their implications for the long-term well-being of the region, as well as opportunities and policy relevant options for conservation and sustainable development.
... It is common to find a wide variety of granite-related ore deposits associated with paleo-subduction zones within the Paleoproterozoic terranes (2.1-1.6 Ga). The Tapajós Mineral Province and the Alta Floresta Gold Province are the current frontiers of mineral exploration in Brazil Klein et al. 2018). In these settings, plutono-volcanic rocks hosting different styles of Au-Ag-Cu-Mo deposits of Paleoproterozoic age are encountered. ...
... In the northern sector of the Ventuari-Tapajós Province, in the Guiana Shield, granite-related ore deposits are also reported, including (i) the famous Pitinga deposit, a historical mine of Sn with large contents of Nb, Ta, F, and REE (Bettencourt et al. 2016); and (ii) the Surucucu district, a poorly investigated terrain with Sn and Au deposits (Klein et al. 2018). At the interface of the Rio Negro-Juruena and Rondoniana-San Inácio provinces, in the southwestern portion of the Amazon Craton, remarkable Sn deposits were discovered and exploited in the last 50 years (Bettencourt et al. 2016). ...
... Aluminum deposits (bauxite ores) are quite common in the Amazon and encompass large reserves. The Trombetas-Juruti and Paragominas bauxite districts represent important sources of aluminum and are found in low relief plateaus within some of the Phanerozoic sedimentary basins (Costa 2016;Klein et al. 2018). These deposits are also a good example of ore deposits formed by extreme weathering and leaching of undesired elements, which concentrate metals in the sedimentary matrix. ...
This report on geology and geo diversity of the Amazon belongs to the: Science Panel for the Amazon/Amazon Assessment Report 2021
The Science Panel for the Amazon is an unprecedented initiative convened under the auspices of the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN). The SPA is composed of over 200 preeminent scientists and researchers from the eight Amazonian countries, French Guiana, and global partners. These experts came together to debate, analyze, and assemble the accumulated knowledge of the scientific community, Indigenous peoples, and other stakeholders that live and work in the Amazon.
The Panel is inspired by the Leticia Pact for the Amazon. This is a first-of-its-kind Report which provides a comprehensive, objective, open, transparent, systematic, and rigorous scientific assessment of the state of the Amazon’s ecosystems, current trends, and their implications for the long-term well-being of the region, as well as opportunities and policy relevant options for conservation and sustainable development.
... Mining requests are concentrated in two parts of the region: one in Roraima state and the far-northern portions of Amazonas and Pará states, and the other in southern Pará (Fig. 3B). These areas correspond to the Guiana and Brazilian shields, respectively, which are more mineral rich than the sedimentary areas either along the Amazon River or in Acre and neighboring areas in Amazonas (Klein et al., 2018;Cordani and Juliani, 2019). The isolated indigenous peoples are mostly along Brazil's western and northern borders, where there has been relatively little presence of non-indigenous Brazilians as compared to the other parts of the region (Kirby et al., 2006). ...
The largest concentration of isolated indigenous peoples in the world is in the indigenous lands of the Brazilian Legal Amazon. However, the right to self-isolation and the survival of these societies are at risk because powerful interests want to exploit the natural assets of their relatively untouched areas. These ambitions are reflected in a recent bill (PL191/2020), which proposes opening up indigenous lands to mining. We assess the threat imposed by mining to isolated peoples and the indigenous territories they occupy. Specifically, we cross data on mining requests received by the National Mining Agency with information on the distribution of isolated indigenous groups recorded by the Socio-Environmental Institute, in order to evaluate the number and aerial extent of requests for mineral prospecting and operation registered in indigenous lands with isolated groups. We also analyze whether mining requests are related to the presence of isolated groups, the state of knowledge about them, and the current existence of illegal mining operations. Our results indicate that, even though mining is not yet allowed in indigenous lands, mining companies are very active in the search for exploitable areas in these territories. If bill PL191/2020 passes, mining operations would affect more than 10 million hectares in 25 indigenous lands in the Legal Amazon region that are home to 43 isolated groups. We found that the situation is especially worrisome for 21 isolated groups whose lands concentrate 97% of all mining requests. Mineral-rich areas overlap remote areas where more indigenous peoples persist in isolation, so that mining requests are significantly related to the presence of isolated groups. Nonetheless, we show that companies are hesitant to invest in lands with well-known isolated groups that could impede the licensing process and pose reputational risks to the companies. Brazil’s mechanisms for environmental and indigenous protection have been dismantled by the current presidential administration and offer no guarantees for a safe coexistence between extractive operations and isolated peoples. Thus, the approval of bill PL191/2020 could lead to undesired contact and the extinction of a large number of unique peoples, societies and cultures.
... It is common to find a wide variety of granite-related ore deposits associated with paleo-subduction zones within the Paleoproterozoic terranes (2.1-1.6 Ga). The Tapajós Mineral Province and the Alta Floresta Gold Province are the current frontiers of mineral exploration in Brazil Klein et al. 2018). In these settings, plutono-volcanic rocks hosting different styles of Au-Ag-Cu-Mo deposits of Paleoproterozoic age are encountered. ...
... In the northern sector of the Ventuari-Tapajós Province, in the Guiana Shield, granite-related ore deposits are also reported, including (i) the famous Pitinga deposit, a historical mine of Sn with large contents of Nb, Ta, F, and REE (Bettencourt et al. 2016); and (ii) the Surucucu district, a poorly investigated terrain with Sn and Au deposits (Klein et al. 2018). At the interface of the Rio Negro-Juruena and Rondoniana-San Inácio provinces, in the southwestern portion of the Amazon Craton, remarkable Sn deposits were discovered and exploited in the last 50 years (Bettencourt et al. 2016). ...
... Aluminum deposits (bauxite ores) are quite common in the Amazon and encompass large reserves. The Trombetas-Juruti and Paragominas bauxite districts represent important sources of aluminum and are found in low relief plateaus within some of the Phanerozoic sedimentary basins (Costa 2016;Klein et al. 2018). These deposits are also a good example of ore deposits formed by extreme weathering and leaching of undesired elements, which concentrate metals in the sedimentary matrix. ...
This Report provides a comprehensive, objective, open, transparent, systematic, and rigorous scientific assessment of the state of the Amazon’s ecosystems, current trends, and their implications for the long-term well-being of the region, as well as opportunities and policy relevant options for conservation and sustainable development.
... In contrast to RT, the Multiple-Frequency tomography (MF) considers a finite frequency content of the wave and its diffraction effects, making it possible to study features outside the infinitesimally narrow ray path Santos (2003) and Vasquez et al. (2008); the black dashed line represents the Cauarane-Coerone belt (Fraga and Cordani, 2019). b) Simplified geological map of the Central Brazil Shield -Amazonian Craton (modified from Fraga et al., 2017), and location of the main deposits and mineral occurrences (Klein et al., 2018). ...
We present a P-wave structure for the sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) beneath the southern segment of the Amazonian Craton (Central Brazil Shield – CBS) using multiple-frequency tomography. Our model includes 469 seismic events recorded between 2009 and 2017 through 314 seismic stations distributed over South America. From these events, we obtained 20507 P and 12329 PKIKP cross-correlation delays in six frequency bands centered at 0.03, 0.06, 0.13, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 Hz. Despite the limited and heterogeneous resolution throughout the CBS, because of the difficulty in the installation of seismographic stations in areas of dense coverage of tropical forest, our tests show reasonable resolution for lithospheric domains with dimensions greater than 390 x 390 km in most of the study area. We recognized a good correlation between the P-wave anomalies and the tectonic domains defined previously based on geochronology and geological data. The surface projection of these anomalies and their margins are associated with clusters of important Au, Cu-Au and IOCG deposits, as well as diamond-bearing kimberlite intrusions, allowing relating deep structures with shallow features and showing a province-scale control in the distribution of mineral deposits and occurrences in the southern Amazonian craton.
... A Imagem 3 mostra o mapa tectônico do Brasil com a indicação dos seus distritos e províncias metalogênicas, bem como a distribuição dos principais depósitos e ocorrências de minerais metálicos (Klein et al., 2018). A produção mineral do país tem como origem 3.354 minas, a maioria de pequeno porte (produção entre 10 mil e 100 mil ton/ano de material), de acordo com o Anuário Mineral Brasileiro. ...
Los bienes minerales son imprescindibles para la humanidad desde los inicios de la civilización, y los recursos minerales serán siempre necesarios, y en una proporción cada vez mayor. La Amazonia, cerca de la mitad del territorio brasileño, representa la última frontera mineral importante del planeta. La región posee un potencial minero enorme, poco aprovechado. Se están probando nuevos modelos para la formación de depósitos minerales, existiendo la posibilidad de que en un futuro la Amazonia se caracterice como una província mineral productora de cobre, molibdeno y oro. Los principales recursos minerales que están siendo explotados, especialmente en la región de la Sierra de los Carajás, incluyen oro, cobre, níquel, manganeso y, principalmente, hierro. Por otro lado, a pesar de albergar menos del 10% de las minas brasileñas, la Amazonia es responsable de cerca del 30% del valor global de la producción mineral del país. Las actividades depredadoras de miles de garimpeiros, dispersos en áreas enormes y poco pobladas, perjudican a los ríos amazónicos y a la floresta tropical. Por otro lado, la minería organizada, que opera a gran escala, propicia grandes ingresos, aunque ocupe un reducido espacio de terreno. El caso de la Floresta de Carajás (FLONA) es emblemático donde la minería organizada y sostenible ha protegido de la deforestación a toda el área, que permanece íntegramente preservada, mientras que el entorno de la región ha sido devastado por la agricultura y la ocupación humana.
... (2003) and Vasquez et al. (2008). b) Simplified geological map of the Central Brazil Shield -Amazonian Craton, (modified from Fraga et al., 2017), and location of the main deposits and mineral occurrences (Klein et al., 2018). ...
Despite its recognized tectonic and metallogenic importance, the Amazonian Craton still represents one of the pre-Cambrian regions with less geological knowledge of the world. In this work, we used the Multiple-Frequency Seismic Tomography to study the Subcontinental Lithospheric Mantle over the craton. This approach considers the delay times obtained by frequency-dependent cross-correlation techniques in an ellipsoidal volume surrounding the ray path termed Banana-Donut kernel. This methodology allows an advance in spatial resolution when compared to previous tomographic models based on Ray Theory. Our model is a result of the inversion of cross-correlation delays from 314 seismic stations distributed in South America. Cross-correlation delays were obtained in six frequencies, resulting in 20,507 relative residues for P wave and 12,329 relative residues for PKIKP. Resolution tests indicated a maximum resolution of heterogeneities with dimensions of 390 x 390 km. The obtained velocity anomalies have a good correlation with the tectonic domains proposed for the Brazil Central Shield, where there is a better resolution. The Bacajá and Carajás domains had similar characteristics with velocity anomalies above 1%, which suggests a thick lithosphere in these domains. The Tapajós, Juruena and Alta Floresta domains are represented by high-velocity anomalies with intermediate values (between 0 and 1%). The extreme-northern portion of the Tapajós-Parima Province, as well as the Iriri Xingu domain, are characterized by low-velocity anomalies, revealing regions of lithospheric thinning, which may be the result of previous magmatic events. Our work also revealed an important relationship between P-wave high-velocity anomalies and occurrences of several mineral systems, bringing a new regional metallogenic control to the Amazonian Craton region.
One of the prominent characteristics of the neoextractivist model that consolidated in Latin America from 2002 onwards is its tendency to expand the area of mineral production to previously restricted economic viewpoints. In this work, we argue that the Border Strip represents one of these areas where neoextractivism is advancing, with the Amazonian subsoil being one of its main targets. Beyond the role this region plays in the Brazilian mineral scenario, this dissertation aimed to investigate the spatial distribution and characteristics of mining expansion in the Legal Amazon Border Strip from 2003 to 2022. To achieve the proposed objectives, the operationalization of the work utilized, among other sources, the data provided by the National Mining Agency (ANM). Preliminary results indicate a significant increase in mining processes in the application phase during the period, with 42% seeking authorization to prospect or extract gold. Additionally, it was possible to identify the use of five distinct strategies employed by mining-related actors in the region, encompassing different tactics to access minerals and legitimize their activities in the Border Strip. Junior companies, subsidiaries of large enterprises, and artisanal mining cooperatives stand out among the main stakeholders.
Villén-Pérez, S., L.F. Anaya-Valenzuela, D.C. da Cruz & P.M. Fearnside. 2022. Mineração ameaça povos indígenas isolados. Amazônia Real, Série completa