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Similar metal objects from the graves of Başur Höyük (a-n) and Arslantepe (o-s): (a, b) flat-axes; (c-e) tripartite spearheads; (f-i) cylinder seals and its impressions; (j) a chisel; (k) a spiral copper-silver (?) ring; (l-n) various pins; (o) an arsenical-copper tripartite spearhead with inlay (from Frangipane ed. 2004: 132); (p) a copper pendant/cylinder seal (?) from non-burial context of Arslantepe VI B2 (from Di Nocera 2013: fig. 10, 1); (q) arsenical-copper and copper-nickel flat-axes (from Frangipane ed. 2004: 136); (r, s) various pins and spiral rings (from Frangipane ed. 2004: 131).
Source publication
The works, which have been continued within the scope of the Ilısu Dam and HEPP Projects over the last twenty years, have shown that the Upper Tigris Region had also an advanced organization in terms of metallurgical activities. Especially at the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC, Arslantepe in the Upper Euphrates Region and Başur Höyük in the Upp...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... seals on the top of which animals such as birds, goats and bulls take place; weapons consisting of axes and tripartite spearheads with leaf-shaped blades, over a hundred in number; golden and silver beads and ornaments and ritual objects with animal depictions such as goats and bulls, and sceptres, castanets, various pins, chisels and vessels ( fig. 2: a-n; 3: a-ı). Particularly the metal items we consider as ritual objects, technically required an advanced proficiency. Besides the casting in a single and double mould technique for the metal objects such as spearheads, axes, and pins, it appears that the lost-wax technique was being used in the production of many objects, especially ...
Context 2
... clearest proof of the similarities among the graves of Arslantepe and Başur Höyük may be the spearheads. Tripartite spearheads uncovered at Başur Höyük form the majority of the weapon repertoire ( fig. 2: c-e). These consist of leaf-shaped blades, a butt with round or angled section and a tang with generally square cross section. Their lengths and weights vary approximately between 20-60 cm and 130-675 gr. The spearheads of Başur Höyük are similar to the examples of Arslantepe in terms of form, there are also some similarities in ...
Context 3
... practice to the inlay technique seen on the weapons of both the Late Chalcolithic Period and the 'Royal Tomb' at Arslantepe (Frangipane 2007(Frangipane /2008 fig. 10, f ; 2017: fig. 15.2, f, g ; 15.3, b), for some of the spearheads of Başur Höyük. This technique was generally applied between the blade and butt of spearheads at Arslantepe ( fig. 2: o), was differently applied between the butt and tang of spearheads at Başur Höyük. We do not know which sort of metal was used in the inlay technique due to the fact that the metal in question has not been detected, however it is seen that there are thin triangle and lozenge shaped hollows ( fig. 2: e). fig. 21). This type of spearhead ...
Context 4
... blade and butt of spearheads at Arslantepe ( fig. 2: o), was differently applied between the butt and tang of spearheads at Başur Höyük. We do not know which sort of metal was used in the inlay technique due to the fact that the metal in question has not been detected, however it is seen that there are thin triangle and lozenge shaped hollows ( fig. 2: e). fig. 21). This type of spearhead has been detected at two more settlements in the Upper Tigris Region, apart from Başur Höyük. A broken example detected at the settlement of Giricano has been found to the southwest of 'Building J' dated to the second half of the 4th millennium BC, and is suggested typologically to belong to a ...
Context 5
... cylinder seal or pendant (?) was found in the non-burial context at Arslantepe ( fig. 2: p), while they abound in the graves of Başur Höyük ( fig. 2: f-i). Metal cylinder seals in the graves of Başur Höyük, can be studied in two groups -those with a handle and those without. In the first group, it consists of two parts: a handle part, sometimes with a hole, and cylinder part without hole. The examples of this group have ...
Context 6
... cylinder seal or pendant (?) was found in the non-burial context at Arslantepe ( fig. 2: p), while they abound in the graves of Başur Höyük ( fig. 2: f-i). Metal cylinder seals in the graves of Başur Höyük, can be studied in two groups -those with a handle and those without. In the first group, it consists of two parts: a handle part, sometimes with a hole, and cylinder part without hole. The examples of this group have generally various animal figures, such as birds, goats and bulls, or ...
Context 7
... addition to the existence of similar types of pins with loop-shaped and conical head with engraving lines to those of the Arslantepe 'Royal Tomb' and VI B2 settlement ( fig. 2: r, s), there is a repertoire of different types and variety in the graves of Başur Höyük ( fig. 2: l-n). Pins were found in almost all graves, as multiple examples and covered with textile and more generally as single artefacts on the head or neck of bodies or independent from them within the burial context. There is a pin assemblage of over ...
Context 8
... addition to the existence of similar types of pins with loop-shaped and conical head with engraving lines to those of the Arslantepe 'Royal Tomb' and VI B2 settlement ( fig. 2: r, s), there is a repertoire of different types and variety in the graves of Başur Höyük ( fig. 2: l-n). Pins were found in almost all graves, as multiple examples and covered with textile and more generally as single artefacts on the head or neck of bodies or independent from them within the burial context. There is a pin assemblage of over a hundred artefacts including types such as disc-headed, conical-headed, round-headed, ...
Context 9
... encountered in contemporary settlements. A stone mould acquired by Istanbul Museum, the find location of which is not known, presents some important information about the production technique of these objects. In this mould dated to the 2nd millennium BC, there is the negative of a similar form to the Başur Höyük medallions (Müller-Karpe 1994: fig. 59, 2). The sceptres and libation offering cups (?) generally have goats, bulls or birds figures on top of them are the other unique objects ( fig. 3: a-e). Additionally, it should be mentioned that the symbolic depictions on metals found in the Başur Höyük graves, do not exist on the metal objects of Arslantepe. Other metal objects from the ...
Citations
... 100 See Palumbi 2007. 101 Sağlamtimur, Massimino 2018Sağlamtimur et al. 2019; idem 2020 idem . 102 Poulmarc'h et al. 2014. ...
Based upon archaeological data and the first results of genomic studies, the article aims at understanding the successive cultural transformations at work in the Caucasus area (North and South) and along the Euphrates, starting from the Neolithic period up to the beginning of the 3rd millennium BCE. Long lasting cultural interactions with northern Mesopotamia are observed from the Neolithic to the middle of the 4th millennium. Questions are raised concerning the introduction of the black (and red) polished pottery during the 4th millennium that led to the formation of the Kura-Araxes and Novosvobodnaja cultures. Other questions concern the rich cist-burials that appear mainly on a North-South axis along the Euphrates at the end of that millennium. Although many changes and developments can be explained by the circulation of small groups of people coming from the same original genomic pool for trade and exchange, the intrusion of small alien groups from Central Europe seems possible in the second half of the 4th millennium.
... The burials of the Karaz/Kura-Araxes culture are either single or collective inhumations. There are also burials in kurgans (Kushnareva 1997;Palumbi, Chataigner 2014.249;Saglamtimur 2019). Taking numerous sites found during the archaeological investigations into account, in Eastern Anatolia there is only limited evidence for simple inhumations consisting of pits and stone-cist graves, but not for kurgans (Altunkaynak et al. 2018.80-84). On this point, the cist grave from Arslantepe VI B1 is worth noting. A rather young m ...
The longevity of the Kura-Araxes culture is an archaeological phenomenon in the Cau-casus and Near East. Over the course of a millennium, this culture spread from its origins in Eastern Anatolia, the Transcaucasia and northwest Iran to Southeastern Anatolia, northern Syria, Palestine and Israel. Named after the settlement mound Karaz near Erzurum, the Karaz culture is a widely established Turkish term for the Kura-Araxes culture. In Palestine and Israel, this culture is called Khirbet-Kerak. Apart from the striking small finds and special architectural features, it has a special pottery with characteristics that remained almost uniform in its area of distribution. Situated in the Altınova plain in Eastern Anatolia, Tepecik was also home for this significant culture. Today, this settlement mound lies under the waters of the Keban Dam in Elazıg. Yet its strategic location on a tributary of the Euphrates enabled the emergence and development of various cultures. At this settlement , archaeologists documented the Karaz culture that occurred in an almost unbroken cultural sequence from the Late Chalcolithic up to the beginnings of the Middle Bronze Age. Thus, Tepecik is one of the most significant prehistoric settlements within the distribution area of the Kura-Araxes/Ka-raz/Khirbet Kerak culture in the Near East. This paper presents the Karaz pottery from Tepecik as well as the possible development of the Karaz culture in the course of the Early Bronze Age at this settlement.
Türkiye’nin önemli projelerinden biri olan GAP’ın bir parçası olarak Ilısu Barajı’nın etkileşim alanlarında 1998 – 2018 yılları arasında gerçekleştirilen kültür varlıklarını belgeleme ve kurtarma çalışmaları kapsamında Bismil, Batman, Mardin ve Siirt çevresinde arkeolojik kazı ve yüzey araştırmalarının yanı sıra
jeomorfolojik araştırmalar da yürütülmüştür. Bu çalışmalardan biri de Siirt ve çevresinde, Botan, Başur ve Kezer Çayı vadilerinde yer alan arkeolojik yerleşmelerin çevreleri ile olan ilişkilerini ele alan jeomorfolojik
çalışmalardır.
Aktif tektonizmanın devam ettiği Siirt çevresinde tektonik ve yapısal faktörlerin yanında karstik ve fluviyal etkenlerin şekillendirdiği oldukça zengin ve çeşitli, engebeli bir jeomorfolojik manzara hakimdir. Botan Çayı ve onun kolları olan Başur (Bitlis) ve Kezer Çayları tarafından aşındırılan kıvrımlı yapılar üzerinde
kluz, komb, val, gömük menderes gibi tipik yapısal jeomorfolojik öğeler gelişmiştir. Bu akarsuların oluşturduğu vadiler üzerinde özellikle ulaşım faktörüne bağlı olarak tarihi yollar işlevi gören noktalarda önemli arkeolojik yerleşmeler kurulmuştur. Bunlardan Başur Höyük ve Çattepe yerleşmelerinin konumsal
özellikleri ve çevre ile olan ilişkileri ele alınmıştır.
Başur Höyük, Anadolu Yüksek Platoları ile Mezopotamya arasında önemli bir ulaşım koridoru olan Başur (Bitlis) Çayı’nın Siirt çevresindeki dar ve derin boğazlara girmeden önceki geniş taşkın yatağı üzerindeki taraçalar üzerinde kurulmuştur. Yerleşme, bölgelerarası ticaretin önemli bir kavşak noktasıdır. Botan Çayı
ile Dicle Nehri’nin birleştiği noktada, bu akarsuların tüm aşındırıcı ve taşkın risklerine rağmen oldukça sert konglomeralardan oluşan bir tepe üzerinde kurulmuş olan Çattepe yerleşmesi de akarsu ulaşımı açısından oldukça önemli bir lokasyonda bulunmaktadır. Tarihi dönemlerde Yukarı Dicle Havzası’nda keleklerle
taşınan çeşitli ürünler, Çattepe’de toplanarak sefinelerle (gemi) Güney Mezopotamya’ya gönderilmiştir.
This paper provides for the first time analytical evidence for metal trade between Anatolia and Iran as early as the 3rd millennium BCE. We discuss possible routes of long distance trade which appears as not limited to metals but also includes faience and stones.
In Anatolian archaeology, as it is the case in the neighbouring regions of the Near East and Aegean, the Bronze Age is considered in three consecutive stages, however, defined not in accordance with metallurgical achievements, but on changing modalities in social and economic structures. Before the beginning of the Early Bronze Age there were fully established farming communities across almost all of Anatolia, though subsisting mainly on family-level farming with no indication of complex social structuring. Likewise, during the final stages of the Late Chalcolithic there was a notable decrease in population, particularly in Central and Western Anatolia. In this respect, the south-eastern parts of Anatolia differ considerably from the rest of the peninsula, developing a complex socio-economic model in connection with the bordering regions of Syro-Mesopotamia. This pattern changed by incoming migration from the north, with subsequent dense population patterns in the eastern and western parts of the peninsula. Following the reorganization and consolidation of this system, the Early Bronze Age is characterized by urbanisation, institutionalized long-distance trade, intensification and revolutionized agricultural and weaving practices. The urban model that developed in Anatolia differs considerably from those of the Near East both in size and in organization. The Middle Bronze Age is marked by state formations, which by the Late Bronze Age developed into empires with their own foreign policies. Concerning the role of metals, copper and lead were used since the Neolithic and arsenic bronze by the Late Chalcolithic. The Bronze Age may be viewed as a time of mass production and development of complex technologies in casting, alloying and forming.
