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Short-term-effect experiment. Number of seedlings that emerged from soil seed banks (SB): (a) as affected by the Site × Time interaction, with data means ± SE of two light conditions, two Sa presence treatments, and three replicates (n = 12); (b) as affected by the Site × Illumination × Time interaction, with data means ± SE of two sites and three replicates (n = 6). LD, low density site; HD, high density site; FS, full sun; CS, canopy shade; +Sa, presence of Sa adults; −Sa, absence of Sa adults.
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The composition and structure of soil seed banks provide insight into the long-term implications of plant invasions on resident communities. The effect of Salpichroa origanifolia (Sa) on the seed bank of a coastal mesophile forest (Tuscany) was studied by growing Sa-rhizomes in soils from low and high invaded sites, in full sun and canopy shade. Sa...
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Context 1
... treatments affected the emergence of seedlings from the soil seed bank, and ANOVA detected significance for the Site × Time and the Illumination × Sa presence × Time interactions. Seedling emergence was higher in LD than HD up to the fourth week, but then it ceased, while in HD the number of seedlings that emerged continued to increase (Figure 2a). sp. ...
Context 2
... treatments affected the emergence of seedlings from the soil seed bank, and ANOVA detected significance for the Site × Time and the Illumination × Sa presence × Time interactions. Seedling emergence was higher in LD than HD up to the fourth week, but then it ceased, while in HD the number of seedlings that emerged continued to increase (Figure 2a). Short-term-effect experiment. ...
Context 3
... greater number of seedlings that emerged in HD after 11 weeks, which was only in part due to Sa seedlings, as they were approximately 9 per pot compared to 0.5 per pot in LD, without any difference in response to illumination and Sa presence. The number of seedlings that emerged was highest in pots exposed to full sun that also contained Sa adults (FS +Sa) and lowest in those exposed to full sun that did not contain them (FS −Sa) (Figure 2b). Intermediate values were recorded under canopy shade, without any difference in the number of seedlings that emerged in response to Sa presence. ...
Context 4
... greater number of seedlings that emerged in HD after 11 weeks, which was only in part due to Sa seedlings, as they were approximately 9 per pot compared to 0.5 per pot in LD, without any difference in response to illumination and Sa presence. The number of seedlings that emerged was highest in pots exposed to full sun that also contained Sa adults (FS +Sa) and lowest in those exposed to full sun that did not contain them (FS −Sa) (Figure 2b). Intermediate values were recorded under canopy shade, without any difference in the number of seedlings that emerged in response to Sa presence. ...
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Citations
... On the other hand, when eradication is no longer advisable, "control and containment" was proposed at the national level, or in a specific Italian biogeographical region, to limit the spread to a defined area. This is the case of Ambrosia psilostachya which has a dominant stand in Italian coastal dunes (Montagnani et al., 2017), Mirabilis jalapa, a common ornamental escaped from cultivation, thriving in ruderal areas and along roads, and Salpichroa origanifolia, a ruderal species escaped long ago from botanical gardens which has recently invaded forest ecosystems (Arduini and Alessandrini, 2024). Finally, we proposed "monitoring" for those species already widespread at the national level, such as Robinia pseudoacacia (neophyte) and Arundo donax (archaeophyte), aiming to prevent their further spread or for those species widely planted such as Pseudotsuga menziesii and Washingtonia filifera to be prepared to start the control as soon as naturalization process (wildening) would start in natural areas. ...
Given the high number of non-native plants that are being introduced worldwide and the time required to process formal pest risk analyses, a framework for the prioritization of management actions is urgently required. We therefore propose a framework for a replicable and standardized prioritization for management actions (eradication, control and monitoring) of invasive non-native plants, combining expert knowledge, current and future climatic suitability estimated by species distribution models (SDMs), clustering and ordination techniques. Based on expert consultation and using Italy as case study, invasive non-native plant species were selected and three categories of management actions were identified: eradication, control and containment, and monitoring. Finally, two further classes of priorities were proposed for each of the management actions: “high” and “low” priority. Overall, SDMs highlighted a high and very high suitability for Continental and Mediterranean bioregions for most invasive plants. Cluster analysis revealed three distinct clusters with varying levels of suitability for the Italian bioregions. Cluster 1 exhibited a higher suitability across all Italian bioregions, whereas non-native plants grouped in Cluster 2 predominantly featured high suitability in Mediterranean areas. Finally, Cluster 3 showed the lowest suitability values. Two ordination analysis highlighted the variability in bioclimatic suitability for each non-native plant within each cluster, as well as their current distribution pattern. Lastly, a third ordination, integrating bioclimatic suitability and spatial patterns, has allowed the differentiation of management actions for each non-native plant at both national and bioregional scales. Specifically, seven non-native plants were earmarked for eradication action, six for monitoring action, while the remaining species were deemed suitable for control and containment. Our results and the methodology proposed meet the demand for replicable new early warning tools; that is to predict the location of new outbreaks, to establish priorities for eradication, control and containment, and to monitor invasive non-native species.
We present the first vascular flora of the municipality of Pisa. The floristic inventory was built on previous literature and field observations deposited in the online database Wikiplantbase #Toscana, integrated by observations from iNaturalist. The established flora of Pisa includes a total of 1404 specific and subspecific taxa (594 genera, 123 families), out of which 112 are alien species. Silene subconica is excluded from the regional flora of Tuscany, while Solanum nitidibaccatum is reported as a new regional casual alien, and the regional alien status of Salpichroa origanifolia shifts from naturalized to invasive. Native taxa exceed species-area predictions by 33.3%, attesting for a high floristic richness, and there are taxa of high biogeographical and conservation interest. However, also alien taxa exceed predictions by 34.9%, and there are many invasive species, pointing out a high anthropogenic impact in the territory of Pisa, mostly due to urbanization. The biological and chorological spectra reflect the coexistence of typical Mediterranean and central European habitats in this territory, especially within the Migliarino–San Rossore–Massaciuccoli Regional Park. The vascular flora of the municipality is quite rich, although threatened by anthropic pressures, fostering the arrival and establishment of invasive alien species.
