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Making decisions in joint-stock company on stockholders meeting is an example of cooperative game. Cooperative game theory focuses on the coalition players may form. Voting at the general meeting of shareholders is a special kind of cooperative game. We assume each coalition may attain some payoffs, and then we try to predict which coalitions will...
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... small shareholders which separately have shares below 1% to one group, in total possible coalition configurations are 6!. By appointing winning coalitions and using the formula (9), we will determine Shapley's values for particular shareholders (see Table 7). Analysis of Shapley value of individual shareholders shows that a different number of shares, and therefore votes when adopting resolutions, does not mean different decision power. ...
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... If the culture of the organization shapes the mentality of the staff in an uncritical belief in the perfection of their enterprise, this means that it is a culture that may not be prepared for perhaps future crisis situations. The level of frustration that manifests itself in a crisis situation can cause paralysis in making decisions that are appropriate to the situation, [48] which can make it much more difficult to respond flexibly to a changing situation and effectively incorporate contingency plans. The aforementioned researchers at the University of Southern California's Center for Crisis Management gave examples of the following bulleted statements from senior managers who showed a dismissive attitude toward possible future crises [66]: a) crises do not happen in well-run companies, b) the use of special procedures in a crisis situation is an unnecessary luxury, c) priority economic goals justify the use of risky methods, d) the company is staffed by very dedicated people, they can be trusted unreservedly, e) we don't see problems until procedures and instructions need to be replaced, f) violations of the law are enough to include in the cost of doing business, g) major crises are rare, each situation is unique, so it is impossible to prepare, h) crisis is just a problem of failure in technology, i) crisis management can be compared to an insurance policy -it's just a financial problem, j) we know how to manipulate journalists and mass media [8]. ...
In recent years, there have been many different crises such as the dotcom crisis in the late 1990s, the global financial crisis of 2007-2009, the pandemic economic crisis and the global economic recession of 2020, the rise in commodity prices and the increase in inflation from 2021, the out-break of war in Ukraine, the energy and food crisis that occurred in 2022 in many countries. In addition, the climate crisis is also increasingly developing, which is generated primarily by the still high level of civilization's greenhouse gas emissions and the accelerating process of global warm-ing. As the scale and frequency of various crises increase, more and more business entities and public institutions are taking various anti-crisis measures, creating and improving risk manage-ment systems, early warning systems and contingency plans, carrying out corrective and develop-mental restructuring processes, creating innovative solutions to flexibly adapt to the changing environment. As the climate crisis is likely to develop for many years to come, so the importance of achieving the goals of sustainable development and urgently carrying out a green transformation of the economy is growing. In the context of the issues outlined above, the importance of efficient organizational management, information management and crisis management is growing. The improvement of the management processes of economic entities, including crisis management, has been realized in recent years through the implementation of new ICT information technologies and technologies typical of the current fourth technological revolution, Industry 4.0, into information systems.
... Through the use of new ICT information technologies and Industry 4.0, systems for information security, Internet data transfer, cyber security, etc. have been improved [39]. Computerised digital twin systems have been built in many companies, through which multi-criteria modelling of economic and other processes, decision-making processes and management of the business entity have been improved [48]. The SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic, through the use of home quarantines and lockdowns, forced an increase in the scale of internetisation and digitalisation of remote communication processes and various aspects of business processes carried out in companies and enterprises. ...
In recent years, there have been a number of different crises such as the dotcom crisis at the end of the 1990s, the global financial crisis of 2007-2009, the pandemic economic crisis and the global economic recession of 2020, the increase in commodity prices and the rise in inflation from 2021, the outbreak of war in Ukraine, the energy and food crisis that occurred in 2022 in many countries. In addition to this, a climate crisis is increasingly developing, which is primarily generated by the still high level of civilisation's greenhouse gas emissions and the increasingly rapid process of global warming. Some of these crises were caused by objective, external factors, independent of the economic policies pursued. On the other hand, however, economic and other crises are also caused by erroneous fiscal and budgetary policies pursued by the government and errors in monetary policies pursued by central banks. According to the long-term forecasting models of climatologists, geophysicists, ecologists, etc., the climate crisis already underway will intensify in the coming decades. As a result, the levels of various risks may increase and the conditions for doing business and managing an economic entity may become even more difficult in the future. As the scale and frequency of various crises increase, more and more economic actors and public institutions are taking various anti-crisis measures, creating and improving risk management systems, early warning systems and contingency plans, carrying out restorative and developmental restructuring processes, creating innovative solutions in order to flexibly adapt to the changing environment. As the climate crisis is likely to develop for many years to come, the importance of pursuing sustainable development goals and urgently carrying out a green transformation of the economy is growing. In the context of the issues outlined above, the importance of efficient organisational management, information management and crisis management is growing. The improvement of the processes of business entity, information and crisis management has been realised in recent years thanks to the implementation into information systems of new ICT information technologies and technologies typical of the current fourth technological revolution, Industry 4.0. Besides, within the improvement of computerised information systems, new Internet media are increasingly used as both a source of data and information and as a medium for the development of Internet channels of marketing communication conducted with customers and potential consumers. The article identifies the role of the spokesperson who communicates information to the media regarding the crisis situation in the business entity. Recommendations are given for the reliable and professional transmission of information concerning the business entity to the media.
Keywords: Information management, information systems, crisis management, crisis, economic crisis, financial crisis, climate crisis, new media, information security, Industry 4.0, marketing communication, making information public
The modern economy is based on technological innovation, which ensures the competitiveness and stability of countries. Investments in technologies such as artificial intelligence, robotics, the Internet of Things, Big Data and other Industry 4.0/5.0 technologies lead to economic growth, job creation and an improved quality of life. Countries that support these sectors become less dependent on external economic and financial crises, increasing their economic and strategic security. A long-term growth policy focusing on new technologies is crucial for building an economically strong economy that is resistant to various external factors and for ensuring the welfare and multifaceted security of citizens.
Rozwój generatywnej sztucznej inteligencji (GAI), tworzącej treści takie jak teksty, obrazy, muzyka czy symulacje, zależy od czynników społeczno-ekonomicznych, które kształtują jej potencjał wdrożeniowy. Wzrost produktywności, popyt na automatyzację oraz dostępność kapitału sprawiają, że duże firmy inwestują w GAI, by obniżać koszty i przyspieszać procesy. Jednakże, automatyzacja ta może zagrozić miejscom pracy w sektorach niskokwalifikowanych, szacując ryzyko likwidacji do 15% stanowisk do 2030 r. Wysokie koszty technologii ograniczają dostęp mniejszych firm, co może zwiększać nierówności. Regulacje, jak przygotowywany w Unii Europejskiej AI Act, wspierają odpowiedzialne stosowanie GAI, ale różnice prawne między państwami mogą prowadzić do nierówności technologicznych. Adaptacja społeczna rośnie, mimo obaw o dezinformację, a rozwój infrastruktury, np. chmury obliczeniowej, przyspiesza rozwój GAI, choć podnosi kwestie ekologiczne. Przyszłość GAI będzie zależeć od uwarunkowań społeczno-ekonomicznych, międzynarodowej konkurencyjności oraz współpracy na poziomie prawnym i etycznym. Model akceptacji technologii Davisa wskazuje, że społeczna akceptacja jest kluczowa, a teorie Schumpetera podkreślają rolę przedsiębiorców w napędzaniu innowacji, wymagając współpracy sektora prywatnego i publicznego. Słowa kluczowe: generatywna sztuczna inteligencja, GAI, determinanty rozwoju AI, rozwój zastosowań AI, automatyzacja, rynek pracy, dezinformacja, regulacje prawne, etyka AI - The development of generative artificial intelligence (GAI), which creates content such as text, images, music or simulations, depends on socioeconomic factors that shape its deployment potential. Productivity gains, demand for automation and the availability of capital are driving large companies to invest in GAI to cut costs and speed up processes. However, this automation could threaten jobs in low-skilled sectors, estimating the risk of eliminating up to 15% of positions by 2030. The high cost of the technology limits access for smaller companies, which could increase inequality. Regulations, such as the AI Act being drafted in the European Union, support responsible use of GAI, but legal differences between countries can lead to technological inequality. Social adaptation is growing, despite concerns about disinformation, and infrastructure development, such as cloud computing, is accelerating GAI development, although it raises environmental issues. The future of GAI will depend on socioeconomic conditions, international competitiveness, and cooperation at the legal and ethical levels. Davis' technology acceptance model indicates that social acceptance is key, and Schumpeter's theories emphasize the role of entrepreneurs in driving innovation, requiring private and public sector cooperation. Keywords: generative artificial intelligence, GAI, determinants of AI development, AI application development, automation, labor market, disinformation, regulation, AI ethics
This text synthesizes the considerations and results of the author's research in the problems of analyzing the essence, specifics, sources of the various economic and financial crises that have occurred since the beginning of the 21st century, and what anti-crisis economic policies have been applied to limit the scale of the developing crises. Due to the increasing level of relevance of some aspects related to recent crises, such as the global financial crisis of 2007-2009, the pandemic economic crisis of 2020, the considerations undertaken in this text are mainly concerned with the analysis of the key determinants and sources of these crises and the applied economic policies, including fiscal and monetary, interventionist actions of governments, which on the one hand should limit the scale of these crises but sometimes also became the source of subsequent crises. The chapter describes recent economic crises, including the economic crisis during the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020, the rise in inflation since 2021, the energy crisis of 2022 and the global financial crisis of 2007-2009. The sources of these crises and their impact on the global and Polish economies are described. Each of these crises had a different character and slightly different sources. The anti-crisis measures carried out under state interventionism to limit the scale of the developing crisis were also different. Anti-crisis and pro-development instruments for activating economic processes have already become an important and usually applied large-scale instruments of government influence on economic processes, i.e. instruments of economic policy.
Keywords: economic crisis, financial crisis, economy, economic policy, monetary policy, central banking, state interventionism
Objectives
This article describes the multifaceted issues of the increase in the Internetisation of economic processes, the economic, pandemic and climate crisis, and cybersecurity as key challenges and philosophical paradigms for the development of the 21st century civilization. The main aim of the research was to diagnose the main determinants and correlations between the above-mentioned crises and to identify key problems in the development of civilization.
Material and methods
The applied research methods are, first of all, the analysis of the problem carried out on the basis of a literature review and original retrospective and prospective analyzes of the subject matter under study.
Results
The SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic has caused a modification of the ongoing globalization processes, shortening of international supply logistics chains, acceleration of digitization and internetization of remote communication and economic processes. The pandemic also accelerated the development of electronic internet banking, including mobile banking. Accordingly, the importance of improving cybersecurity techniques is also growing. The pandemic triggered a deep economic crisis in 2020 and a recession in the global economy as well.
Conclusions
During the pandemic, there was also an increase in the general social pro-environmental awareness of citizens and the possibility of accelerating the processes of pro-ecological transformation of the classic economy to a zero-emission, sustainable, green circular economy has opened up. Due to the growing importance of environmental policy and the increase in the scale of the implementation of the sustainable development goals, the probability of a global climate crisis that might appear at the end of the current 21st century has been reducing.
Objectives
This article describes the multifaceted issues of the increase in the Internetisation of economic
processes, the economic, pandemic and climate crisis, and cybersecurity as key challenges and philosophical paradigms for the development of the 21st century civilization. The main aim of the research was to diagnose the main determinants and correlations between the above-mentioned crises and to identify key problems in the development of civilization.
Material and methods
The applied research methods are, first of all, the analysis of the problem carried out on the basis of a literature review and original retrospective and prospective analyzes of the subject matter under study.
Results
The SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic has caused a modification of the ongoing globalization processes, shortening of international supply logistics chains, acceleration of digitization and internetization of remote communication and economic processes. The pandemic also accelerated the development of electronic internet banking, including mobile banking. Accordingly, the importance of improving cybersecurity techniques is also growing. The pandemic triggered a deep economic crisis in 2020 and a recession in the global economy as well.
Conclusions
During the pandemic, there was also an increase in the general social pro-environmental awareness of citizens and the possibility of accelerating the processes of pro-ecological transformation of the classic economy to a zero-emission, sustainable, green circular economy has opened up. Due to the growing importance of environmental policy and the increase in the scale of the implementation of the sustainable development goals, the probability of a global climate crisis that might appear at the end of the current 21st century has been reducing.
Since the emergence of the global financial crisis, a decade of time has passed, which allowed for a number of analyzes aimed at assessing government intervention programs of anti-crisis activities to rescue key economic entities from financial bankruptcy and to stimulate demand, investment and production as well as liquidity in the credit market . Currently, taking into account successful intervention in this area in the American economy, the result of these assessments is easy to predict. As part of the pro-development activities of the state intervention, the Federal Reserve Bank applied a low monetary policy of low interest rates and a program for activating lending and maintaining liquidity in the financial system by financing the purchase of the most endangered assets from commercial banks. A few years later, the European Central Bank applied the same activities of activation monetary policy. Currently, among economists prevails the view that if it were not for the application of rapid state intervention referring to the Keynesian formula from 1930s, the scale of the economic slowdown in the world and individual countries would be much greater.
Keywords: global financial crisis, financial system, central banking, Federal Reserve Bank (FED), European Central Bank (ECB), state intervention, monetary policy, capital market, securities market, credit risk, derivatives.
JEL codes: F 36, F 62, F 65, G 15, G21, G 32
