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![Figure 1: Steps to evaluate the use of blockchain [1].](profile/Saraju-Mohanty/publication/343593343/figure/fig1/AS:966676380147712@1607485017799/Steps-to-evaluate-the-use-of-blockchain-1_Q320.jpg)
The questions "When do we use the blockchain?" or "Where do we use the blockchain?" or "Why do we use the blockchain?" look simple, but these questions become complicated due to the increasing utilization of the blockchain. These days, it is being explored as a standard security solution. The blockchain has unique properties, and these are entirely...
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In many real resource access scenarios, the parties who require to establish communication may be unable to effectively identify and verify some authentication messages of the other party due to the use of completely different cryptography settings, making it difficult to authenticate each other in such scenarios. We usually define the above-mentio...
Citations
... Furthermore, Shadow AI activity audit trails can be provided in a more transparent form using blockchain technology in decentralized governance systems. Once an organization is enlisted to use Shadow AI tools, it will use and modify these tools on an appropriate blockchain to record their use, which increases accountability of the organization while reducing the chances of misuse [20]. In the same way, secure governance frameworks can incorporate federated learning techniques allowing the Shadow AI tools to interact and exchange information across decentralized networks without disclosing sensitive information [8]. ...
The progression of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has reached a level that greatly enhances the different organizational sectors by facilitating them with the means to advance and improve systems and processes. Shadow AI implies the usage of AI tools and systems by individuals within an entity, respectively, without permission thereby implying that these tools were not directly monitored or controlled by the centralized IT or security department. It also contributes to significant cyber risks such as data and security breaches, abuse of compliance, and, in general, an increased threat landscape. This paper highlights into the emerging global security trends and Shadow AI while also covering the unique positioning within the threat landscape concerning unauthorized computation of sensitive data, safety vulnerabilities of the unmonitored AI models, and model poisoning alongside data leakage-marked out. Moreover, this paper covers how Shadow AI distracts the attack landscape while increasing the level of security problem for the organization. Shadow AI, however, can be employed to increase the ability to respond to threats, locate irregularities, and increase the range of options available for cyber solutions even with all its risks.
... Semantic technology, specifically ontologies and knowledge graphs (KGs), which are based on the linked-data concept, can represent real-world relationships, be used to build knowledge, and can also provide reasoning, interoperability, data enrichment, and data variety handling capabilities [18]. In addition, the proposed approach makes use of the blockchain, which provides properties such as tamperproofness [19] and makes the proposed solution suitable even for an untrustworthy environment. ...
Sharing Internet of Things (IoT) data across different sectors, such as in smart cities, becomes complex due to heterogeneity. This poses challenges related to a lack of interoperability, data quality issues and lack of context information, and a lack of data veracity (or accuracy). In addition, there are privacy concerns as IoT data may contain personally identifiable information. To address the above challenges, this paper presents a novel semantic technology-based framework that enables data sharing in a GDPR-compliant manner while ensuring that the data shared is interoperable, contains required context information, is of acceptable quality, and is accurate and trustworthy. The proposed framework also accounts for the edge/fog, an upcoming computing paradigm for the IoT to support real-time decisions. We evaluate the performance of the proposed framework with two different edge and fog-edge scenarios using resource-constrained IoT devices, such as the Raspberry Pi. In addition, we also evaluate shared data quality, interoperability and veracity. Our key finding is that the proposed framework can be employed on IoT devices with limited resources due to its low CPU and memory utilization for analytics operations and data transformation and migration operations. The low overhead of the framework supports real-time decision making. In addition, the 100% accuracy of our evaluation of the data quality and veracity based on 180 different observations demonstrates that the proposed framework can guarantee both data quality and veracity.
... In general, most frameworks underline that blockchain should only be used when data must be shared and stakeholders do not trust each other or a common third party (Hassija et al., 2021;Pahl et al., 2018). Some frameworks delve deeper, offering guidelines for practical implementation strategies (Belotti et al., 2019), examining security threats associated with blockchain use (Puthal et al., 2021) and analyzing real-world use cases (Hassija et al., 2021;Wust and Gervais, 2018;Gatteschi et al., 2018a, b). ...
Purpose
Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies are increasingly prominent, yet their adoption remains complex. This paper addresses the common misalignment between blockchain technology and actual needs, often leading to project failure. It introduces a decision-making framework focused on the technological aspects of blockchain adoption.
Design/methodology/approach
We designed the framework by analyzing key decision drivers from existing literature and applied it to a real-world use case in the electric vehicle supply chain. The blockchain solution was tested with live production data.
Findings
Blockchain is beneficial for use cases requiring decentralized governance, but it often needs to be supplemented with additional technologies in industrial applications.
Originality/value
The framework provides a set of managerial-level questions that simplify the decision-making process for those without deep technical expertise, helping determine when blockchain is appropriate, valuable and superior to other technologies.
... Semantic technology, specifically ontologies and knowledge graphs (KGs), which are based on the linked-data concept, can represent real-world relationships, be used to build knowledge, and can also provide reasoning, interoperability, data enrichment, and data variety handling capabilities [18]. In addition, the proposed approach makes use of the blockchain, which provides properties such as tamperproofness [19] and makes the proposed solution suitable even for an untrustworthy environment. ...
Sharing Internet of Things (IoT) data across different sectors, such as in smart cities, becomes complex due to heterogeneity. This poses challenges related to a lack of interoperability, data quality issues and lack of context information, and a lack of data veracity (or accuracy). In addition, there are privacy concerns as IoT data may contain personally identifiable information. To address the above challenges, this paper presents a novel semantic technology-based framework that enables data sharing in a GDPR-compliant manner while ensuring that the data shared is interoperable, contains required context information, is of acceptable quality, and is accurate and trustworthy. The proposed framework also accounts for the edge/fog, an upcoming computing paradigm for the IoT to support real-time decisions. We evaluate the performance of the proposed framework with two different edge and fog-edge scenarios using resource-constrained IoT devices, such as the Raspberry Pi. In addition, we also evaluate shared data quality, interoperability and veracity. Our key finding is that the proposed framework can be employed on IoT devices with limited resources due to its low CPU and memory utilization for analytics operations and data transformation and migration operations. The low overhead of the framework supports real-time decision making. In addition, the 100% accuracy of our evaluation of the data quality and veracity based on 180 different observations demonstrates that the proposed framework can guarantee both data quality and veracity.
... The integration of Blockchain in construction projects significantly contributes to the sector's decentralization and digitalization. Utilizing a distributed public ledger with a shared and synchronized database, Blockchain records transactions while ensuring robust data provenance for BIM-supported projects [38]. ...
Investigating Industry 4.0 technologies and studying their impacts on various aspects of the construction industry, including stakeholders and the lifecycle, is vital to enhance novel applications of such technologies in an industry that is known as Construction 4.0. The main objective of the current state-of-the-art review is to provide a comprehensive literature review on three widely used Industry 4.0 technologies, Building Information Modeling (BIM), Blockchain, and LiDAR, which have strong potential to promote and optimize different activities of the project, and also, the integration of them can greatly impact the construction industry in the whole project lifecycle. A bibliometric analysis of keyword co-occurrence and citations revealed a significant number of publications from 2014 to 2023 investigating the selected technologies. Recent trends indicate that the majority of papers have considered the selected technologies in the integration with each other. However, a specific gap exists in the literature regarding the interactions and potential synergies among these technologies. This gap limits the understanding of how these integrations can address challenges unique to the construction industry and hinders the development of comprehensive solutions. The review has been analyzed and discussed in reference to the type of article, single or multi technologies, the lifecycle, and their applications. The study showed that the integration of BIM, Blockchain, and LiDAR, as a recent trend and as a beneficial solution to automate the whole construction process, has considerable capacities to improve the productivity of the construction industry. Finally, some application areas for the integration of these three technologies are concluded and are suggested, and therefore, an advantageous reference has been provided for scholars to plan their future research in this sector.
... In terms of user acceptance, the prototype application clarified the image of handling tokens and confirmed that the barrier to use was not high within the prototype. On the other hand, there were many questions about the need to use blockchain (so-called "Why Blockchain?" problem [19]), ① Purchase a product ② Transfer/Save the token ③ Select the recipient ④ Show your transaction because they perceived no difference in operation from the existing system. Additionally, there were some comments that "it would be nice to have a sense of holding tokens" and "it would be nice to visualize what GFT is used for in the process of agricultural products from production to consumption" as a sense of trial use. ...
... At the same time, EVs get reward points for participating in energy trading. The cost of electricity is higher during the peak hours and lower during slack hours [4]. The vital advantage of V2G is that individual EVs may participate in energy trading without building any transmission network. ...
... 3) During energy trading time, EV owners have to wait a longer time, which requires to have proper scheduling mechanism. 4) Various e-MSP schemes are available that need to be integrated with blockchain for better security and transparent transaction [9] [10]. ...
... Related works have shown that customization and modification in the current DLT architecture is important to fit the purpose of using it since it does not fit all applications [59]. For example, IoT applications require fast responses to keep the whole operations run smoothly which will not work if the bitcoin operation of the blockchain is running. ...
Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) has been introduced using the most common consensus algorithm either for an electronic cash system or a decentralized programmable assets platform which provides general services. Most established reliable networks are unsuitable for all applications such as smart cities applications, and, in particular, Internet of Things (IoT) and Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) applications. The purpose of this paper is to provide a suitable DLT for IoT and CPS that could satisfy their requirements. The proposed work has been designed based on the requirements of Cyber Physical Systems. FlexiChain is proposed as a layer zero network that could be formed from independent blockchains. Also, NodeChain has been introduced to be a distributed (Unique ID) UID aggregation vault to secure all nodes' UIDs. Moreover, NodeChain is proposed to serve mainly FlexiChain for all node security requirements. NodeChain targets the security and integrity of each node. Also, the linked UIDs create a chain of narration that keeps track not merely for assets but also for who authenticated the assets. The security results present a higher resistance against four types of attacks. Furthermore, the strength of the network is presented from the early stages compared to blockchain and central authority. FlexiChain technology has been introduced to be a layer zero network for all CPS decentralized applications taking into accounts their requirements. FlexiChain relies on lightweight processing mechanisms and creates other methods to increase security.
... Blockchain, also known as distributed ledger technology, known for its important role in shaping the cryptocurrency space such as Bitcoin and Ether, is a transparent, decentralized, tamper-proof, traceable, publicly accessible digital database that provides integrityprotected data storage and can also be better seen as a convergence of several existing technologies: peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, cryptographic hash functions, trusted timestamps, fault-tolerant consensus, and digital signatures [9,25]. Blockchain allows mutually untrusted entities to exchange financial values and interactions without relying on trusted third parties, while decentralized security and data storage is the purpose of blockchain development [26,27]. The security issues associated with centralized Cluster Computing authorization and centralized storage can be addressed to some extent using blockchain technology. ...
The centralized storage and centralized authorization approach in medical information systems can lead to data tampering and private information privacy leakage, while the traditional access control model has an overly simple authentication approach, relies excessively on trusted third-party organizations for the enforcement of access control policies, and has low efficiency in processing access requests. To address these problems, this paper proposes an access control model based on the collaboration of blockchain main and side chains, AC-BMS. Firstly, a password-based authentication scheme is designed based on doctors’ identity information; then Polygon side chain is designed to enhance the storage scalability of the blockchain; finally, the access node information on the main Ethereum chain is located on the side chain, and resources are obtained by executing Roll-up contracts deployed on the side chain. It is confirmed by simulation experiments in Hyperledger Fabric that the access efficiency and throughput of the blockchain access model proposed in this paper are improved when the number of accesses is multiplied, the average access time is saved by 2–3 s, the latency time is floating and stable, and the security, scalability, and availability are enhanced.
... The blockchain was designed initially as a financial solution but due to its characteristics like immutability, security and consensus based updates. However, it has been explored as potential applications in many different fields including IoT [6]. A common shared ledger is the one important logical component in the blockchain which helps every node to have its own copy of the transaction ledger. ...
