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Sections of a fresh (control) M. oleifera seed (cotyledons). (A) Epidermis with fewer protein bodies and a thick external cell wall. (B) Epidermal and sub-epidermal cell. (C and D) Sub-epidermal cells filled with large protein and lipid bodies. Note the electron-dense nucleus (n in D) of irregular shape with well-defined membrane squeezed between storage materials. Lipid bodies (lb), protein bodies (pb), nuclear membrane (nm). Scale bars: A –C (5 m m); D (10 m m).
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Seed ageing during storage is one of the main causes of reduction in seed quality and this results in loss of vigour and failure to thrive. Finding appropriate storage conditions to ameliorate deterioration due to ageing is, therefore essential. Ultrastructural changes in cellular organelles during storage, and seed germination rates are valuable i...
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... small in size and have a uniform grey interior. Protein bodies occupy most of the cytoplasm volume. Globoid inclusions were present occasionally (Fig. 4D). Most organelles were not noticeable in the cotyledon as the entire cytoplasm was filled with storage materials, except for the irregularly shaped nucleus with a well-defined nuclear membrane (Fig. ...
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Moringa oleifera Lam. due to its multiple uses, it has an enormous potential as an alternative for sustainable cultivation to be implemented in the central area of the state of Veracruz. The present work evaluates the vegetative and reproductive response of the species to organic fertilization after pruning in this region. The experimental design w...
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Citations
... In the PGR-free modified MS medium, the seeds germinated at a 100 % rate, with the roots appearing first after 3-4 days of inoculation. A slight decrease in the in vitro germination rate of seeds was observed during experiments with the time of collection, which supports the earlier finding of the rapidly lost viability of Moringa seeds [24]. The frequency and competency of shoot induction were affected by the type of explants [17]. ...
... They also have a relatively long juvenile phase [10]. In addition, the viability of seeds tends to decline rapidly [11]. The use of stem cuttings, on the other hand, is not practical because of the limited number of moringa trees currently available for use as mother plants. ...
... W mfo : Weight of the main fixed oil (g). W rfo : Weight of recovered fixed oil (from seed'cake), g W rc = Weight of residual cake after extraction. 1 Moisture content of seed, 2 Seed content of fixed oil, 3 Yield of the main fixed oil, 4 Yield of recovered fixed oil, 5 Extraction loss, 6 Efficiency of fixed oil extraction, 7 Specific gravity, 8 Iodine number, 9 Saponification value, 10 Acid value, 11 and Yield of fatty acid. ...
... Eleven physical properties of the four fixed oils, namely the moisture content of the seed, 2 seed content of the fixed oil, 3 yield of the main fixed oil, 4 yield of recovered fixed oil, 5 extraction loss, 6 efficiency of fixed oil extraction, 7 specific gravity, 8 iodine number, 9 saponification value, 10 acid value, 11 and yield of fatty acid were determined and are presented at Table 2. Furthermore, the chemical properties of these oils, namely iodine number (IN), saponification value (SV), acid value (AV), and pH were also investigated and included in Table 2. * Each value is an average of 5 samples ± standard deviation, 3 Yield of the main fixed oil, 4 Yield of recovered fixed oil, 5 Extraction loss, 6 Efficiency of fixed oil extraction, 7 Specific gravity, 8 Iodine number, 9 Saponification value, 10 Acid value, 11 Yield of fatty acid, and 12 . ...
... In addition, examining Figure 7a 1 -d 1 , the cells are configured in a rectangular shape which can be better packaged than spherical cells in the endosperm [3]. These results were from the approach found by other researchers [3][4][5][6]. ...
A microwave hot pressing machine (MHPM) was used to heat the colander to produce fixed oils from each of castor, sunflower, rapeseed, and moringa seed and compared them to those obtained using an ordinary electric hot pressing machine (EHPM). The physical properties, namely the moisture content of seed (MCs), the seed content of fixed oil (Scfo), the yield of the main fixed oil (Ymfo), the yield of recovered fixed oil (Yrfo), extraction loss (EL), six Efficiency of fixed oil extraction (Efoe), specific gravity (SGfo), refractive index (RI) as well as chemical properties, namely iodine number (IN), saponification value (SV), acid value (AV), and the yield of fatty acid (Yfa) of the four oils extracted by the MHPM and EHPM were determined. Chemical constituents of the resultant oil were identified using GC/MS after saponification and methylation processes. The Ymfo and SV obtained using the MHPM were higher than those for the EHPM for all four fixed oils studied. On the other hand, each of the SGfo, RI, IN, AV, and pH of the fixed oils did not alter statistically due to changing the heating tool from electric band heaters into a microwave beam. The qualities of the four fixed oils extracted by the MHPM were very encouraging as a pivot of the industrial fixed oil projects compared to the EHPM. The prominent fatty acid of the castor fixed oil was found to be ricinoleic acid, making up 76.41% and 71.99% contents of oils extracted using the MHPM and EHPM, respectively. In addition, the oleic acid was the prominent fatty acid in each of the fixed oils of sunflower, rapeseed, and moringa species, and its yield by using the MHPM was higher than that for the EHPM. The role of microwave irradiation in facilitating fixed oil extrusion from the biopolymeric structured organelles (lipid bodies) was protruded. Since it was confirmed by the present study that using microwave irradiation is simple, facile, more eco-friendly, cost-effective, retains parent quality of oils, and allows for the warming of bigger machines and spaces, we think it will make an industrial revolution in oil extraction field.
... Moringa oleifera seeds stored for three months before sowing was bought from a local shop in Selangor. All seeds were sterilised for 25 mins with 1% (w/v) sodium hypochlorite, then washed twice with distilled water (Fotouo-M, 2015). The sterile seeds were treated with hydropriming (distilled water), osmopriming (KNO 3 ) at 1% (w/v), and nutripriming (Humic acid and TE) at 1% (w/v) for 4, 8, and 12 hrs, respectively, with unprimed seeds, served as the control treatment. ...
Seed priming is the treatment of seeds with various priming substances to improve germination and seedling quality, and plant growth. The procedure entails advancing the seed to an equivalent stage of the germination process to achieve rapid and uniform emergence when planted, which is required in the case of Moringa oleifera to reduce the damage of ageing seeds, stimulate their performance, and overcome uneven germination rate due to seedcoat hardening, that leads to wide variation in terms of commercial qualities in the planting field. Therefore, a series of seed priming experiments were conducted to determine the optimal methods of priming treatments that maximise Moringa oleifera total germination, germination rate, and seedling vigour. Moringa oleifera seeds were treated with hydropriming, osmopriming (KNO3), and nutripriming (SeedActivator) for 4, 8, and 12 hrs. Germinability was improved by priming treatments. Results indicated that the highest germination percentage was recorded on seeds subjected to hydropriming (63.25%), followed by nutripriming (61.75%) and osmopriming (60%) with the exact duration of 4 hrs soaking time. All pre-germination treatments have significantly early mean germination days (MGT) compared to the unprimed seeds. In the seed pouch study, seeds treated with hydropriming for 4 hrs had shown the best results to improve roots growth in total root length (cm), root volume (cm3 ), the number of forks, and the number of crossings with 240.52 cm vs. 163.64 cm, 0.47 cm3 vs. 0.29 cm3 , 517.80 vs. 271.47 and 59.20 vs. 28.53 respectively when compared to unprimed seeds. The positive effect of priming can also be seen in the seedling growth of M. oleifera grown in a pot with two different growing media.
... Protein bodies of the Moringa oleifera seed cells contain several hydrolytic enzymes and phosphatases and their release into the cytosol causes localized cellular autolysis and membrane deterioration (56). Therefore, the prospect of possible use of phospholipases and phosphatases for the destruction of seed cell membranes and oil body membranes could be a strategy to increase the oil yield during pressing. ...
Oil from oilseeds can be extracted by mechanical extraction (pressing), aqueous extraction, or by extraction with organic solvents. Although solvent extraction is the most efficient method, organic solvents are a potential hazard to the life and health for workers as well as to the environment, when solvent vapors are released and act as air pollutant with a high ozone forming potential. Pressing is safer, environmentally friendly, and it preserves valuable natural components in the resulting oils. The problems associated with pressing are the high energy consumption and the lower yield on oil extraction, because the applied mechanical force does not completely destroy the structural cell components storing the oil. In seed cells, the oil is contained in the form of lipid bodies (oleosomes) that are surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer with a protein layer on the surface. These lipid bodies are further protected by the seed cell walls consisting mainly of polysaccharides such as pectins, hemicelluloses and cellulose, but also of glycoproteins. The use of hydrolases to degrade these barriers is a promising pretreatment strategy to support mechanical extraction and improve the oil yield. It is advisable to use a combination of enzymes different activities when considering the multicompartment and multicomponent structure of oilseed cells. This article gives an overview on the microstructure and composition of oilseed cells, reviews enzymes capable to destroy oil containing cell compartments, and summarizes the main parameters of enzymatic treatment procedures, such as the composition of the enzyme cocktail, the amount of enzyme and water used, temperature, pH, and the duration. Finally, it analyzes the efficiency of proteolytic, cellulolytic, and pectolytic enzyme pretreatment to increase the yield of mechanically extracted oil from various types of vegetable raw materials with the main focus on oilseeds.
... This result suggests that the proteins responsible for flocculation are well protected within the seed and are not easily subjected to physical denaturation, which is an advantage when upscaling the production of flocculant for microalgae harvesting from this seed. Moringa seeds contain ~35-40 oil, commercially called 'Ben oil' [44,45], and it has been reported that the lipid cells surround the protein molecules [45], which could explain the observed resistance to denaturation. Control without the addition of flocculants was also carried out in the same conditions as the assays with the addition of flocculants. ...
... This result suggests that the proteins responsible for flocculation are well protected within the seed and are not easily subjected to physical denaturation, which is an advantage when upscaling the production of flocculant for microalgae harvesting from this seed. Moringa seeds contain ~35-40 oil, commercially called 'Ben oil' [44,45], and it has been reported that the lipid cells surround the protein molecules [45], which could explain the observed resistance to denaturation. Control without the addition of flocculants was also carried out in the same conditions as the assays with the addition of flocculants. ...
Harvesting impacts the costs of microalgae production and affects the characteristics of the final product. Therefore, this study evaluated Moringa oleifera seed powder (MP) as a bioflocculant compared to two chemicals (Aluminium Sulphate—AS and Iron Chloride—IC) to harvest a mixed microalgae culture (Chlorella vulgaris and Desmodesmus sp.) grown on digestate. MP was the most stable flocculant but resulted in the lowest harvesting efficiency of 75%, compared to 94% for AS and 100% for IC. Process parameters such as pH, duration of mixing, grinding method for obtaining the powder, and granulometry had no significant effect on the harvesting efficiency of MP, reinforcing that this is a robust flocculant. The use of a water extraction step increased the harvesting efficiency of MP to 91%, albeit with the need for a higher dosage of flocculant. The algae harvested with MP complied with maximum tolerable levels for swine, cattle, and poultry regarding most trace elements. Nevertheless, all algae samples had Fe and Al contents above the recommended levels, possibly due to the entrapment of metal-rich digestate particles. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the final composition of algae when proposing flocculation as a harvesting method for feed production.
... The well-documented health-promoting potential of Moringa lead to an increase in its cultivation. However, unfortunately, direct seeding, which is among the most adopted propagation methods on account for its easy applicability and cost-effectiveness [43], presents some flaws, which are mostly related to fast decrease of seed viability and slow plant growing [44][45][46][47][48]. A strategy to solve this kind of problems is through plant biotechnology. ...
(1) Background: In recent years, the consumption of sprouts, thanks to their high nutritional value, and the presence of bioactive compounds with antioxidant, antiviral and antibacterial properties, is becoming an increasingly widespread habit. Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringa) seems to be an inexhaustible resource considering that many parts may be used as food or in traditional medicine; on the other hand, Moringa sprouts still lack a proper characterization needing further insights to envisage novel uses and applications. (2) Methods: In this study, a rapid and easy protocol to induce the in vivo and in vitro germination of Moringa seeds has been set up to obtain sprouts and cotyledons to be evaluated for their chemical composition. Moreover, the effects of sprouts developmental stage, type of sowing substrate, and gibberellic acid use on the chemical characteristics of extracts have been evaluated. (3) Results: Moringa seeds have a high germinability, both in in vivo and in vitro conditions. In addition, the extracts obtained have different total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. (4) Conclusions: This research provides a first-line evidence to evaluate Moringa sprouts as future novel functional food or as a valuable source of bioactive compounds.
... During seed storage, internal and external factors induce deterioration. Despite being a natural process, seed deterioration is complex, affects the germination rate, and progressively decreases seed vigor (Fotouo-M. et al. 2015;Fatokun et al. 2022). ...
... c acid damage, protein and enzyme synthesis, consumption of reserves, and membrane integrity loss (Waterworth et al. 2015;Boniecka et al. 2019;Fleming et al. 2019). The loss of membrane integrity is one of the main causes of the decrease in germination rate and vigor, resulting in the exudation of intracellular electrolytes and affecting longevity (Fotouo-M. et al. 2015). ...
Storage of desiccation-tolerant seeds is one of the most effective germplasm conservation strategies; however, several species of tropical and subtropical humid forests have seeds that are sensitive to desiccation, and recalcitrant seeds, making conservation a challenge. Recalcitrant seeds deteriorate during storage due to high respiration rates and metabolic activity, and protocols employing osmoprotective solutions aim to minimize those effects to maintain seed viability for a more extended period. Hancornia speciosa , a fruit tree considered a priority for research in Brazil, is a desiccation-sensitive species. Thus, this study aimed to assess the physiological parameters of viability, vigor, and enzymatic activity of H. speciosa seeds stored in an osmoprotective solution. Germination percentage, water content, electrical conductivity, shoot, root, seedling length, peroxidase activity, and heat-resistant protein concentration were determined for seeds collected during summer and winter harvests. In addition, gene sequences were explored through gene ontology using Blast analysis to identify the biological and molecular processes associated with enzymatic action during storage. Summer-collected seeds performed better in viability and vigor and are recommended for storage in the osmoprotective solution. After being stored in the solution, seeds collected in the winter improved germination and vigor. H. speciosa seeds harvested in the summer or winter and stored in the osmoprotective solution remain viable for up to 90 days. Peroxidase and heat-resistant proteins are active; these enzymes' expression regulation should be investigated in future studies.
... (2018) mencionaron que las reservas energéticas que posean las semillas se vinculan con el peso de ésta, posibilitándole una rápida germinación, adecuado crecimiento y desarrollo de la plántula. 76 De igual forma se podría esperar que, el número de semillas, ancho del fruto en conjunto con el peso de la semilla se relacionen con el ancho del tallo, al respecto Fotouo et al., (2015), señalaron que semillas almacenadas dentro de los frutos tienen un tiempo de conservación mayor, y preserva la integridad de membranas imposibilitando el escape de soluto y de esta forma garantizar plantas vigorosas con finos y alongados tallos. En este sentido, Valdés-Rodríguez et al., (2014) señalaron que en plántulas de Moringa es característico un crecimiento inicial acelerado con protrusión del tallo, y que la longitud de éste podría relacionarse con la longitud de la semilla, lo cual puede tener relación con la longitud del embrión, sin embargo, esta hipótesis carece de sustento biológico. ...
The species Moringa oleifera Lam. It is a deciduous tree that is used in food and treatment of human and animal diseases. The objective of the present study was to characterize the growth, production, development, stomatal morphology and biochemical composition of M. oleifera Lam. inoculated with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) (Bacillus niacini (Y11), Moraxella osloensis (Y13), Bacillus cereus (A11) and Azospirillum brasilense Cd (DSM 1843)) under greenhouse conditions. The stomatal morphology results, the leaves of plants inoculated with B. cereus presented smaller stomata, compared to the rest of the inoculums and control (CT). In the case of M. osloensis, this induced changes (P≤0.001) in the length and width of the stomata; the leaves were hypostomatic with wavy anticline walls and anomocytic stomatal apparatuses. In the evaluation of the growth and development of plants inoculated with PGPR, A. brasilense promoted a greater height in the plant (67.17 cm) (P≤0.01) compared to the control. (43.54 cm); M. osloensis and B. cereus as a whole, increased (P≤0.001) the number of leaves (11.45 and 11.85, Vs 8.68 of the TC, respectively). Regarding the dry biomass yield (DBY) of leaves and whole plant (WP). The plants inoculated with B. cereus led to higher (P≤0.01) yields of dry biomass of leaves (0.80 Vs 0.26 t DBY ha-1 of the control) and WP (12.92 Vs 5.52 t DBY ha-1 of the control). Regarding the morphophysiology of the plant, B. cereus promoted (P≤0.01) the development of leaf area
(LA) (20.28 cm2); leaf area index (LAI) (21.13) and duration of leaf area (DLA) (4.78 cm2day-1) with respect to TC (13.9 cm2; 14.71; -1.57 cm2day-1, for LA, LAI and DLA, respectively), absolute growth rate (AGR) and relative (RGR) growth rate were higher with the A. brasilense and M. osloensis inocula in AGR (1.037 and 0.93 cm2 day-1 Vs 0.12 cm2 day-1 of the CT) and RGR (0.014 cm day-1 * 10-3 with both inoculums Vs 0.002 cm day-1 * 10-3 of the CT). Bacterial inocula did not promote differences (P≥0.05) in the
concentration of photosynthetic pigments or total polyphenols, but did (P≤0.001) in the content of total flavonoids with respect to TC (6.22 mg equivalent of Quercetin g extract-1). Regarding the mineral composition of the plant, the concentration of mineral elements in leaves only showed significant differences (P≤0.001) in the content of Mg2+ and K+ promoted by B. niacini. Through principal component analysis (PCA) of the mineral content of roots, it was possible to explain 79.1% of the variance in two components, the PGPR facilitated the increase of the content of K+, Br+ and P3+, and for the analysis of leaves, it was observed in the PCA with three components and 80.24% of the variance explanation, the presence of Mn2+, Zn2+, Si4+ and Al3+. In conclusion, the inocula of PGPR inoculated to Moringa plants under greenhouse conditions modified the morphology of leaves and stomata, highlighting B. cereus, all the inoculars stimulated growth as a function of height with respect to CT, prevailing the effects of A. brasilense; in the diversification of the antioxidant profile B niacini promoted concentrations of total flavonoids and differentiated the content of Mg2+ and K+ in the order of minerals, in the concentration of photosynthetic pigments and total polyphenols the PGPR were not effective.
... However, seeds having a relatively longer juvenile phase and being heterogeneous in nature are not preferred (Jun-jie et al., 2017). In addition, the viability of seeds tends to decline rapidly (Fotouo-M et al., 2015). This phenomenon has been improved through vegetative propagation as Moringa can be propagated by stem cuttings where branch cuttings approximately one meter long are rooted and established in moist soil Ridzuan et al., 2020). ...
Moringa oleifera Lam. is a multipurpose medicinal plant of the family Moringaceae which has been widely utilized as a pharmaceutical remedy to treat a wide range of diseases. In addition, the tree has several applications in human nutrition as well as livestock feeding. M. oleifera is easily multiplied through epigeal germination (recalcitrant) but seed propagated plants are heterogeneous and take longer to reach fruit-bearing age. As an alternative, branch cuttings have been used but their establishment is erratic and often leads to reduced growth of the mother plant. Thus, to produce superior planting materials, in-vitro propagation has become paramount. As a result, several studies using a limited range of cytokinin have been undertaken to multiply M. oleifera through tissue culture. Otherwise, a study was conducted to examine the effect of five different cytokinins on in-vitro regeneration of this tree species. Results showed that nodal explants cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and subsequently rooted on basic MS media was the most optimal treatment. Furthermore, acclimatization of plantlets in sterile soil substrate and perlite (1:3; v/v ) under transparent polythene sheet for 7 days resulted in survival rate of 100%. Assessment of genetic fidelity using flow cytometry revealed that surface sterilization alongside cytokinin treatments produced plantlets that were genetically stable regardless of the growth regulator used. Thus, the in-vitro protocol developed in this study can be utilized for in-vitro studies and mass propagation of this imperative plant species.
