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Sección transversal de las brácteas involucrales de Hopi (A), Havasupai (B), girasol silvestre (Helianthus annuus ssp. annuus, C), DKOP3845 (D), HA89B (E) y la línea androfértil R013 (F). Hp: hipodermis, Lwep: epidermis abaxial, RPp: parénquima en empalizada rudimentario , Sd: conducto secretor, Sp: parénquima esponjoso, Tr: tricoma, Upep: epidermis adaxial, Vb: haz vascular. Escala: 200 μm.
Source publication
The involucral bracts (IB or phyllaries) of the sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) capitulum constitute an example of photosynthesizing organs that contribute to the photosynthesis budget during the generation of crop yield. The anatomy of IB was analyzed in two domesticated primitive sunflower genotypes, Havasupai and Hopi, in the sunflower line HA8...
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Citations
... Particularly interestingly, two cp genome regions have a higher inversion frequency in the sunflower family (Asteraceae) compared to most eudicots. One region locates the SSC (small single copy) and the other region locates between the trnC-GCA to trnG-UCC in the LSC (large single copy) region, which maybe help shape our understanding of Compositae evolution and the adaptive versus non-adaptive processes for cellular and genomic complexity [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. To date, over 2400 sequenced cp genomes (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/) are available. ...
... The difference of the sequence length was mainly due to the difference of length of the LSC region and there was no significant differences in the SSC and IRs regions' length. It is important to note that the SSC regions of A. annua and T. mongolicum are completely different from C. carinatum Schousb because of the inversion in most of the Asteraceae species, whereas the inversion region in LSC compared to other eudicots is relatively constant [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. In order to illustrate this, we compared the cp genomes between 129 species of Asteraceae and some cp genomes of non-Asteraceae species using the mVISTA software to confirm the structural changes (Data not shown). ...
... completely different from C. carinatum Schousb because of the inversion in most of the Asteraceae species, whereas the inversion region in LSC compared to other eudicots is relatively constant [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. In order to illustrate this, we compared the cp genomes between 129 species of Asteraceae and some cp genomes of non-Asteraceae species using the mVISTA software to confirm the structural changes (Data not shown). ...
Chrysanthemum carinatum Schousb and Kalimeris indica are widely distributed edible vegetables and the sources of the Chinese medicine Asteraceae. The complete chloroplast (cp) genome of Asteraceae usually occurs in the inversions of two regions. Hence, the cp genome sequences and structures of Asteraceae species are crucial for the cp genome genetic diversity and evolutionary studies. Hence, in this paper, we have sequenced and analyzed for the first time the cp genome size of C. carinatum Schousb and K. indica, which are 149,752 bp and 152,885 bp, with a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) (24,523 bp and 25,003) separated by a large single copy (LSC) region (82,290 bp and 84,610) and a small single copy (SSC) region (18,416 bp and 18,269), respectively. In total, 79 protein-coding genes, 30 distinct transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, four distinct rRNA genes and two pseudogenes were found not only in C. carinatum Schousb but also in the K. indica cp genome. Fifty-two (52) and fifty-nine (59) repeats, and seventy (70) and ninety (90) simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were found in the C. carinatum Schousb and K. indica cp genomes, respectively. Codon usage analysis showed that leucine, isoleucine, and serine are the most frequent amino acids and that the UAA stop codon was the significantly favorite stop codon in both cp genomes. The two inversions, the LSC region ranging from trnC-GCA to trnG-UCC and the whole SSC region were found in both of them. The complete cp genome comparison with other Asteraceae species showed that the coding area is more conservative than the non-coding area. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the rbcL gene is a good barcoding marker for identifying different vegetables. These results give an insight into the identification, the barcoding, and the understanding of the evolutionary model of the Asteraceae cp genome.
The genus Solidago is one of the most complex taxa in the Asteraceae, with a large number of species mostly from North America. Solidago chilensis Meyen is a South American species with a wide distribution, known mainly for its medicinal properties. Due to the scarce information on the reproductive structures, we studied the morphoanatomy of the inflorescence and flowers with conventional histological techniques of light and scanning electron microscopy. The floral axes show abundant fascicular and interfascicular fibres. The leaves exhibit an isobilateral mesophyll, and in the phyllaries and the bracts of the peduncle, the mesophyll contains numerous fibres. There are schizogenous secretory spaces associated with the vascular bundles of leaves, stems, receptacle, bracts, phyllaries, ovaries and corolla of the disc florets. The latter present an annular nectary at the base of the style. The indumentum of the florets is represented by biseriate glandular trichomes in the corollas and ovaries, and twin hairs on the ovaries; in the rest of the organs, the trichomes are biseriate glandular and eglandular conical, whip-like, and biseriate only on the phyllaries and bracts. The predominant crystals in the floral parts are druses, and raphides and styloids in the rest of the inflorescence. The general morphological features agree with those reported for Astereae, while several other anatomical features are described for the first time for the species and may have taxonomic value for the genus and the tribe. Likewise, these characteristics also contribute to the quality control of the species as a crude drug.
