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Screenshot of the game, showing the picture of a familiar object (here, a ball) on the left and a red cross on the right, with the cartoon character in the middle.
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During the first years of life, children rapidly learn to process speech from a continuous acoustic signal, and soon become able to understand and produce the sounds, words and structure of their native language. Children growing up in a bilingual environment face an additional challenge: they must simultaneously discover and separate their bilingu...
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Abstract
The importance of the working document is that it allows analyzing the information and the status of the cases associated with (SARS-CoV-2) COVID-19 as data open to the municipal government and especially in the Totonacapan Zone in Mexico, from the registry patient diary, according to age, sex, comorbidities and condition of (SARS-CoV-2) C...
Grammatical knowledge guarantees successful and pertinent communication in any language. A diagnosis was carried out on thirty high school students, in the State of Mexico, for three years. It consisted of two parts; the teaching practice and the learning obtained by the students, to identify what are the methodologies used in the teaching of Frenc...
Citations
... The results of discrimination tasks with young infants depend on the naturalness of the speech stimuli as well as on talker variability in the stimulus set. Recent computational work, testing the contribution of sub-lexical cues (acoustic/phonetic, phonotactic, and prosodic) to language discrimination (Carbajal, 2018) suggests higher discriminability with natural than with filtered speech. An i-vector model trained on 25 min of speech (French in most experiments) representing a listening experience of a 5-days old infant (Carbajal, 2018, p. 66) yielded higher discriminability with natural stimuli than with low-pass filtered stimuli, and with singlespeaker stimuli compared to multiple speakers. ...
... Thus, in line with Carbajal's (2018) simulations, empirical studies confirm a single-talker advantage over multiple-talker stimuli in early language discrimination and confirm the natural speech over synthetic speech advantage in older infants. These developmental trends might be explained be the infants' growing experience with the ambient language(s). ...
This article reviews empirical methods and findings on early language discrimination, questioning rhythm‐class based hypotheses on language discrimination in infancy, as well as the assumption that early language discrimination is driven primarily (or solely) by temporal prosodic cues. The present work argues that within‐rhythm class discrimination which – according to the rhythmic hypothesis – is not applicable very early in life, has not been sufficiently tested with infants under 4 months of age, that familiarity with a language is not a prerequisite for its discrimination from another rhythmically similar language, and that the temporal rhythm properties may not universally be the primary cues to language discrimination. Although rhythm taxonomy is now by many understood as outdated, some developmental literature still draws on the assumption that rhythm classification determines infants' language discrimination; other studies consider rhythm along a continuous scale and only a few account for cues to language discrimination other than temporal ones. It is proposed that studies on early language discrimination systematically test the contribution of other than temporal rhythm cues, similarly to recent work on multidimensional psychoacoustic salience in the acquisition of segmental categories.
... I-vectors based systems have been shown to reproduce key findings in language discrimination experiments: the ability to detect a change in language within a bilingual speaker (language discrimination) (Carbajal, Dawud, Thiollière, & Dupoux, 2016), the distance effect between different language pairs, with close languages being harder to discriminate than more distant languages (Carbajal, 2018), and the ability to discriminate based on prosody (Martinez, Lleida, Ortega, & Miguel, 2013;Carbajal, 2018). However, they also resulted in an intriguing prediction that has not so far been verified experimentally. ...
... I-vectors based systems have been shown to reproduce key findings in language discrimination experiments: the ability to detect a change in language within a bilingual speaker (language discrimination) (Carbajal, Dawud, Thiollière, & Dupoux, 2016), the distance effect between different language pairs, with close languages being harder to discriminate than more distant languages (Carbajal, 2018), and the ability to discriminate based on prosody (Martinez, Lleida, Ortega, & Miguel, 2013;Carbajal, 2018). However, they also resulted in an intriguing prediction that has not so far been verified experimentally. ...
The language discrimination process in infants has been successfully modeled using i-vector based systems, with results replicating several experimental findings. Still, recent work found intriguing results regarding the difference between monolingual and mixed-language exposure on language discrimination tasks. We use two carefully designed datasets, with an additional "bilingual" condition on the i-vector model of language discrimination. Our results do not show any difference in the ability of discriminating languages between the three backgrounds, although we do replicate past observations that distant languages (English-Finnish) are easier to discriminate than close languages (English-German). We do, however, find a strong effect of background when testing for the ability of the learner to automatically sort sentences in language clusters: bilingual background being generally harder than mixed background (one speaker one language). Other analyses reveal that clustering is dominated by speakers information rather than by languages.
Bilingualism and the study of speech sounds are two of the largest areas of inquiry in linguistics. This Handbook sits at the intersection of these fields, providing a comprehensive overview of the most recent, cutting-edge work on the sound systems of adult and child bilinguals. Bringing together contributions from an international team of world-leading experts, it covers all aspects of the speech perception, production and processing of bilingual individuals, as well as surveying cross-linguistic influences on the phonetics and phonology of bilingualism. The thirty-five chapters are divided into thematic areas covering the theoretical foundations and methodological approaches employed to investigate bilingual speech, overviews of major findings and developments in child and adult bilingual phonology and phonetics, descriptions of the major areas of research within the speech perception, production and processing of the bilingual individual, and examinations of various predictors of cross-linguistic influence and variables affecting the outcomes of bilingual speech.
