Figure 1 - uploaded by Lonnie Stevans
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Competition is a very important preconditionwhich affects the effectiveness of development of national economy under the conditions of globalization. In classical economics, the competitiveness of countries is determined through production inputs. In the modern era of globalization, it appears that, besides quantifiable factors, qualitative influen...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... can retain only the first p components ( 173 p ) that explain a significant portion of the variation in the original data. The best method of selecting these components is through the use of a "scree" plot, which is a graph of the eigenvalues (variances) of each component plotted against the component number (see Figure 1). From this plot, it may be seen that the line "drops-off" to zero after about the sixth eigenvalue, so we have retained six components which together explain about 63 percent of the variation in the original data. ...
Similar publications
- [...]
Global climate change has significantly impacted waterbird communities in the warming and humidifying wetlands of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. However, further research is needed as these wetlands transition to warmer and drier states. This study focused on the diversity and richness of wintering birds in the alpine wetlands of the Yamzho Yumco Lake....
Citations
... In the current context of globalization, the ability of a country successfully compete on the international market affects its effectiveness in the development of the national economy (Stevans et. al., 2012;Zeibote et al., 2019). This economic competitiveness, in turn, depends, among other things, on the country's productivity level (Seki, 2008). Productivity can be understood as a measure of how efficiently production inputs, such as labor and capital, are being used in an economy to produce a given level of output. Thus, the ability to pr ...
Purpose
This paper aims to investigate the performance of OECD countries' long-term productivity during the period of 1975–2018.
Design/methodology/approach
This study employed different approaches to evaluate how efficiency scores vary with changes in inputs and outputs: Data Envelopment Analysis (CRS, VRS and FDH), TOPSIS and TOPSIS of these scores.
Findings
The findings suggest that, during the period of this study, countries with higher freedom of religion and with Presidential democracy regimes are positively associated with higher productivity.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that uses efficiency models to assess the productivity levels of OECD countries based on several contextual variables that can potentially affect it.
... The scientific literature on the subject offers various definitions that emphasize some of the multiple factors that may be related. Sustained economic growth, political stability, financial and banking infrastructure, the strength of exports, natural resources, the soundness of the government, and the education system, among others, affect a country's competitiveness [1]. ...
This paper reviews the methodology used by the World Economic Forum (WEF) to create the Global Competitiveness Index (WEF-GCI). We propose an alternative competitiveness index that only includes the objective data (hard data) from the WEF-GCI and is created by applying a multivariate statistical procedure (Exploratory Factor Analysis) that allows us to determine the weights from the implicit data structure. The rankings obtained from this index have a high degree of association with those provided by the WEF. The main benefit of this index over the WEF index is that it does not include valuations from opinion surveys given to business executives and/or entrepreneurs of the countries included in the index (soft data). Consequently, the rankings from this alternative index are not affected by political biases or individual interests as it is elaborated only including officially published objective data.
... Competitiveness of an economy has been explained in numerous ways by a number of studies, but the most accepted definition is, "The degree to which a country can, under free and fair market condition, produces goods and services which meet the test of international markets, while simultaneously maintaining and expanding the real incomes of its people in the long term" given by the OECD (Stevans et al., 2012). Competitiveness is one of the most widely used terms in global economics and considerable efforts have been made to enhance the perceptive of competitiveness in economic theory. ...
The aim of this study is to examine the export performance and competitiveness of Pakistan's toy exports by using different indices of revealed comparative advantage. The data were looked at from the International Trade Centre (ITC) for Pakistan’s toys exports during 2004-2020. The results of this study show that Pakistan enjoyed a comparative advantage in exporting toys to the world market during 2004-2020, because the RCA index is greater than 1. The positive values of RSCA and LnRCA indicate that Pakistan had a CA in the concerned sector during 2004-2020. The study also observed that Pakistan had a competitive advantage by employing Vollrath index (RCA#). In addition, the revealed competitiveness index (RC) indicates that Pakistan experienced competitiveness in the toy export sector. The RMA index shows that Pakistan also enjoyed a comparative advantage in the imports of toys during 2004-2020. This means that Pakistan also imports these products from other economies of the world. The index of RTA describes that Pakistan had a net comparative advantage in this sector during analysis. TBI illustrates that Pakistan is the net-exporter in the toys and games sector in the global economy. Pakistan's toy manufacturers need to find new innovative and technologically advanced methods to stimulate domestic toy production and exports.
... Las naciones y las regiones compiten, sea para la búsqueda de mayores mercados comerciales de exportación, la captación y retención de inversión extranjera directa y de mano de obra calificada, así como en la creación y asimilación de innovaciones tecnológicas. Esto es, las naciones y regiones no operan de forma aislada del resto del mundo y el papel del Estado se ha orientado al desarrollo e impulso de diferentes ventajas competitivas que les permita mantenerse sólidas frente a otras economías (Stevans, Neelankavil, Mendoza y Shankar, 2012;Kitson, Martin y Tyler, 2004;Turok, 2004;Camagni, 2002;Porter, 1990Porter, y 1991. ...
Más allá de los enfoques que centran los esfuerzos competitivos en la reducción de costos de producción o balanzas comerciales favorables, la literatura reciente sostiene que la competitividad debe ser definida como la habilidad para crear bienestar. De tal manera, este trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar si los niveles de competitividad se reflejan en el bienestar de la población que habita en los municipios de la región Frontera en el Estado de Sonora; para ello, se estima un índice de competitividad municipal con el método de componentes principales y también se utilizan las líneas de bienestar calculadas por el Coneval (2016). Los resultados muestran que la región Frontera observó un alto índice de competitividad -como el Estado de Sonora-; sin embargo, la región tiene una mayor proporción de población cuyo ingreso no le permite alcanzar su bienestar económico y, de igual manera, la región tiene la mayor proporción de personas con un ingreso que no permite adquirir la canasta alimentaria para alcanzar su bienestar mínimo, así destine todo su ingreso para tal propósito. En conclusión, igual que el Estado de Sonora la región Frontera tiene un índice de competitividad alto, pero el bienestar de la población regional es menor que el bienestar registrado por la población en el Estado.
... This opinion is also supported by L. K. Stevans, J. P. Neelankavil, R. Mendoza, S. Shankar. Researchers, describing the most important factors for creating competitiveness in the global world, consider it through the prism of developing national economic stability and availability of productive resources (Stevans, Neelankavil, Mendoza, Shankar, 2012). ...
... Yashin believed that competitiveness in an enterprise is associated with the possibility and dynamics of adapting to the conditions of market competition (Yashin, 1997). L. K. Stevans, J. P. Neelankavil, R. Mendoza, S. Shankar in their scientific work indicated competitiveness as the most important prerequisite for development of the national economy in a globalizing world (Stevans, Neelankavil, Mendoza, Shankar, 2012). ...
Flour is one of the most significant essential commodities, and quality of the final product produced by food enterprises in baking, pasta, confectionery, and catering and modern trade depends on its properties. The aim of the study is comprehensive economic analysis and assessment of competitiveness of premium wheat flour sold by New Family LLC in Perm. Achieving this goal the following tasks were carried out: consideration of theoretical foundations of wheat flour competitiveness, conducting primary and secondary marketing research on the wheat flour market (including sociological survey); quality analysis of premium wheat flour; assessment of competitiveness using economic analysis. The object of research in this article are samples of premium wheat flour of various brands sold in New Family LLC Perm, and directly competing with each other for the final consumer. Within the framework of the article, comprehensive economic analysis was as follows: to conduct an examination of flour quality (determination of organoleptic indicators); assessing quality indicators “quality / price”of flour samples; application of Yudanov method; using the method of integrated competitiveness assessment and Buhl method competitiveness assessment (with the use of point scales). The study showed that the issue of considering competitiveness of products is very important in domestic market. The results of competitiveness assessment indicate that the most competitive premium grade wheat flour is “Tsar”.
... Although the strategic value of CSR for nation's competitiveness has been addressed by European Union (2011), literature review supports the conclusion that the relationships between sustainability/corporate social responsibility and competitiveness have been mainly studied at organizational and business level, with only a few studies addressing these issues at country level (Stevens, Neelankavil, Mendonza & Shankar, 2012;Boulouta & Pitelis, 2014). ...
... Sabapathy & Zadek, 2003;Zadek, 2006;Stevens et al., 2012;Boulouta & Pitelis, 2014) ...
... • CSR can make a significative contribution to countries competitiveness as advanced by MacGillivray et al. (2003), Zadek (2006), Stevens et al. (2012) and Boulouta and Pitelis (2014) that have studied the links between CSR and national competitiveness. ...
Purpose: The studies on links between sustainability, innovation, and competitiveness have
been mainly focused at organizational and business level. The purpose of this research is to
investigate if there is a correlation between these three variables at country level. Using
international well recognized rankings of countries sustainability, innovation, and
competitiveness, correlation analysis was performed allowing for the conclusion that there are
indeed high correlations (and possible relationships) between the three variables at country
level.
Design/methodology/approach: Sustainability, innovation, and competitiveness literature
were reviewed identifying a lack of studies examining these three variables at country level.
Three major well recognized indexes were used to support the quantitative research: The World
Economic Forum (2013) Sustainability-adjusted global competitiveness index, the Global
Innovation Index (2014) issued by Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO and the IMD
World Competitiveness Yearbook (2014).
After confirming the distributions normality, Pearson correlation analysis was made with
results showing high linear correlations between the three indexes.
Findings: The results of the correlation analysis using Pearson correlation coefficient (all
correlation coefficients are greater than 0.73) give a strong support to the conclusion that there
is indeed a high correlation (and a possible relationship) between social sustainability,
innovation and competitiveness at country level.
Research limitations/implications: Further research is advisable to better understand the
factors that contribute to the presented results and to establish a global paradigm linking these
three main constructs (social sustainability, innovation, and competitiveness). Some authors
consider that these measurements are not fully supported (e.g. due to different countries
standards), however, it is assumed these differing underlying methodological approaches, by
being used in conjunction, can be considered as a set of reliable and useful performance
indicators.
Practical implications: The results highlight the simultaneous relationship between social
sustainability, innovation and competitiveness superior performance and the need to take that
these considerations into business and operating models.
Social implications: This research suggests that sustainability and innovation policies,
strategies and practices are relevant for countries competitiveness and should be promoted
particularly in countries ranked low on sustainability and innovation global scoring indexes.
Originality/value: This is one of the few studies addressing the relationships between sustainability, innovation and competitiveness at country level.
... A countries competitiveness has been defined in many ways by different researchers, but the definition that is most accepted is, "The degree to which a country can, under free and fair market condition, produces goods and services which meet the test of international markets, while simultaneously maintaining and expanding the real incomes of its people in the long term" which was developed by the organization for economic cooperation and development (OESD) (Stevans et al., 2012). A country's competitiveness holds a great deal of importance in the development of national economy. ...
This study seeks to investigate the export competitiveness of Malaysian furniture product through the application of a collection of methods, which includes Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Constant Market Share (CMS) and Shift Share. SITC 821, which represents the furniture product under the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) for the period between 2000 and 2011, has been taken into consideration. The RCA method reveals that is an escalation in the countries competitive advantage of furniture product. The results from CMS method indicate that export gain of Malaysian furniture product is to a great extent a result of the size of the market as well as its competitive effect. Furthermore, CMS analysis also illustrates there has been significant improvements in the furniture industry throughout the given period which are Period I and II, Period and II and III and Period III and I. Additionally, shift share analysis shows that countries such as Brunei, Algeria, Norway, Lebanon and Korea are the major markets with the greatest potential. However, major challenges, in terms of competition, still exist mainly with Asian countries.
Ülkelerin sürdürülebilir kalkınmaları, verimlilikleri, etkinlikleri ve performans göstergelerindeki artışlar rekabet edebilirliklerine bağlıdır. Bu yüzden ülkelerin rekabet edebilirlikleri ve mevcut durumlarının belirlenmesi önem arz etmektedir. Bu bağlamda bu çalışmanın temel amacı ülkelerin rekabet edebilirlik faktörlerinin WASPAS ve PROMETHEE yöntemleri kullanılarak değerlendirilmesidir. Çalışma kapsamında Yönetim Geliştirme Enstitüsü (International Institute of Management Development- IMD)’nün 2022 yılında yayımladığı Dünya Rekabet Edebilirlik Raporu’nda yer alan 63 ülke; ekonomik performans, kamu etkinliği, iş etkinliği ve altyapı olmak üzere 4 kritere göre sıralanmıştır. Ülkelerin rekabet edebilirliklerine göre sıralanmasında öncelikle kriterler Entropi yöntemi ile ağırlıklandırılmıştır. Hesaplanan ağırlıklar doğrultusunda 63 ülke WASPAS (Weighted Aggregates Sum Product Assessment) ve PROMETHEE (Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation) yöntemlerine göre sıralanarak IMD Dünya Rekabet Edebilirlik Raporu (2022) ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Yapılan analiz sonuçlarına göre rekabet edebilirlik açısından IMD Dünya Rekabet Edebilirlik Raporu (2022), WASPAS, PROMETHEE olmak üzere her üç durumda da en iyi performansa sahip olan ülkenin Danimarka, en iyi ikinci performansı gösteren ülkenin İsveç, son sırada yer alan ülkenin ise Venezuela olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
In economics, "competitiveness" remains a very general concept, and its use in applied research does not allow combining their results and making unambiguous conclusions. This process is also complicated by the fact that the concept is composite and has two components – the price competitiveness and the value competitiveness. The latter can serve as an indicator of qualitative changes in the economy. However, this aspect of competitiveness in developing countries is still underestimated by researchers. Therefore, it is safe to say that today there are no studies, which, with a high level of accuracy, can analyze the value competitiveness of exports in such countries. Economists usually focus their efforts on the analysis of export price competitiveness and one of its main factors, which is the exchange rate of the national currency. However, this approach has limited cognitive capabilities, because the emergence of new centers of global growth, such as China and India is impossible to explain, based only on the high price competitiveness of their exports. The article attempts to solve some accumulated problems in economic science. In particular, based on the results of the analysis of modern definitions of the concept of "competitiveness", the author proposes to expand its content, generalizing the level of conformity of goods (services) to consumer preferences of market participants. This conceptual position is used to deepen the understanding of the basic, value and price competitiveness of products. A method for assessing the dominant role of value (price) competitiveness of exports in ensuring its dynamics has been developed. According to the results of the of methodology, it was found that in Ukraine’s export markets, the cyclical process of alternating growth of value or price competitiveness of this country’s products is mostly interrupted. The reason for this is the high price competitiveness of raw material exports, which is mainly attained due to low wages in the economy. In international markets, value competitiveness is inherent in a relatively small number of product groups of Ukrainian products. These include: insulated wires, cables and other insulated electrical conductors; fiber optic cables; turbojet engines, turboprop and other gas turbines; weapons, ammunition, their parts and accessories; electric heating devices and apparatus; vessels intended for the carriage of persons or goods; tugs and pushers; parts of aircraft; cars for transportation of passengers, cargoes, including self-propelled ones; water steam turbines and other steam turbines; and women's and men's clothing. It is substantiated that from the point of view of finding a new strategy of economic growth for Ukraine, the most urgent issues are not those of intensifying export activities, but those of updating the composition of the largest export commodity groups. Leading positions among them should be occupied by goods with a large share of value added, and increased technological complexity and value competitiveness. The beginning of this process will mean the emergence of new qualitative changes in the economy, and the effectiveness of public policy of economic reform.
In economics, "competitiveness" remains a very general concept, and its use in applied research does not allow combining their results and making unambiguous conclusions. This process is also complicated by the fact that the concept is composite and has two components – the price competitiveness and the value competitiveness. The latter can serve as an indicator of qualitative changes in the economy. However, this aspect of competitiveness in developing countries is still disregarded by researchers. Therefore, it is safe to say that today there are no studies, which, with a high level of accuracy, can analyze the value competitiveness of exports in such countries. Economists usually focus their efforts on the analysis of export price competitiveness and one of its main factors, which is the exchange rate of the national currency. However, this approach has limited cognitive capabilities, because the emergence of new centers of global growth, such as China and India is impossible to explain, based only on the high price competitiveness of their exports. The article attempts to solve some accumulated problems in economic science. In particular, based on the results of the analysis of modern definitions of the concept of "competitiveness", the author proposes to expand its content, generalizing the level of conformity of goods (services) to consumer preferences of market participants. This conceptual position is used to deepen the understanding of the basic, value and price competitiveness of products. A method for assessing the dominant role of value (price) competitiveness of exports in ensuring its dynamics has been developed. According to the results of the of methodology, it was found that in Ukraine’s export markets, the cyclical process of alternating growth of value or price competitiveness of this country’s products is mostly interrupted. The reason for this is the high price competitiveness of raw material exports, which is mainly attained due to low wages in the economy. In international markets, value competitiveness is inherent in a relatively small number of product groups of Ukrainian products. These include: insulated wires, cables and other insulated electrical conductors; fiber optic cables; turbojet engines, turboprop and other gas turbines; weapons, ammunition, their parts and accessories; electric heating devices and apparatus; vessels intended for the carriage of persons or goods; tugs and pushers; parts of aircraft; cars for transportation of passengers, cargoes, including self-propelled ones; water steam turbines and other steam turbines; and women's and men's clothing. It is substantiated that from the point of view of finding a new strategy of economic growth for Ukraine, the most urgent issues are not those of intensifying export activities, but those of updating the composition of the largest export commodity groups. Leading positions among them should be occupied by goods with a large share of value added, and increased technological complexity and value competitiveness. The beginning of this process will mean the emergence of new qualitative changes in the economy, and the effectiveness of public policy of economic reform.
