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Schematics of the proposed dual-polarized ME-dipole antenna (a) top view, (b) perspective view and (c) side view (All dimensions are in mm).
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A Ka-band dual-polarized low profile magneto-electric (ME) dipole antenna with wide operational bandwidth is proposed in this letter. A thin substrate with two-stage meandered vias is utilized for realization of the proposed antenna. The meandered vias aid in compensation of phase difference caused due to utilization of thin substrate. The thicknes...
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... geometry of the proposed antenna is illustrated in Fig.1 with detailed configuration parameters. ...
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... to have cross-polarization value of around -16 dB in dual-polarized and wideband ME-dipole antennas like in [16,17]. Furthermore, simulated and measured radiation efficiency and total efficiency of more than 91% and 83% respectively is obtained across the entire operational frequency band for both the orthogonal ports respectively as depicted in Fig. 10. ) . In addition to losses contributed within the antenna topology, total efficiency takes into account losses at the input terminals in comparison with radiation efficiency thereby causing a comparatively larger drop in values of total efficiency. III. LOW PROFILE AND WIDEBAND DUAL-POLARIZED ANTENNA ARRAY A 1 × 4 linear antenna array ...
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... PROFILE AND WIDEBAND DUAL-POLARIZED ANTENNA ARRAY A 1 × 4 linear antenna array composed by the proposed dualpolarized ME-dipole antennas discussed in Section II is designed for Ka-band operation, which include 28 and 38 GHz mmWave 5G frequencies. Schematics of the proposed antenna array topology is illustrated in Fig.11. The spacing between antenna elements is 5 mm which corresponds to 0.55 λ0 at center frequency. ...
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... The spacing between antenna elements is 5 mm which corresponds to 0.55 λ0 at center frequency. A via is incorporated in-between the rectangular patches for avoiding parasitic coupling that will lead to impedance mismatch and hence reduces operational bandwidth. The simulated and measured S-parameters of proposed antenna array are depicted in Fig. 13 (a) which are in good agreement with each other. The proposed antenna array operates on whole Ka-band for both the orthogonal ports with simulated and measured impedance bandwidth ranging from 26 -42 GHz. The measured isolation between orthogonal ports is more than 18 dB across the entire operational frequency band. Fig. 13 (b) depicts the ...
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... array are depicted in Fig. 13 (a) which are in good agreement with each other. The proposed antenna array operates on whole Ka-band for both the orthogonal ports with simulated and measured impedance bandwidth ranging from 26 -42 GHz. The measured isolation between orthogonal ports is more than 18 dB across the entire operational frequency band. Fig. 13 (b) depicts the simulated and measured gain of proposed antenna array. Comparatively, a slight gain drop can be noticed which can be attributed to usage of shorting vias between antenna elements. Shorting vias will reduce the coupling between various antenna elements and henceforth increase the isolation, however coupling to vias will ...
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... fluctuating gain performance of the presented ME-dipole antenna array could be attributed to coupling between various antenna elements. The simulated and measured radiation patterns of the proposed antenna array are depicted in Fig.14. Stable unidirectional broadside radiation patterns are achieved in both the principal planes with front-to-back ratio of more than 18 dB. ...
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... increase compared with the single element case. It is because of the longer feeding network with specific bends and discontinuities that cause unwanted radiations. Simulated and measured radiation efficiency and total efficiency of more than 82% and 73% is attained for both the polarizations of proposed antenna array respectively as presented in Fig. 15. Radiation efficiency of Port 1 of proposed antenna array is slightly higher in the lower frequencies than single element dual-polarized MEdipole antenna which is due to comparatively low value of input reflection co-efficient of antenna array at these frequencies. In addition to this, a relative difference of around 0.04% in radiation ...
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... efficiency of Port 1 of proposed antenna array is slightly higher in the lower frequencies than single element dual-polarized MEdipole antenna which is due to comparatively low value of input reflection co-efficient of antenna array at these frequencies. In addition to this, a relative difference of around 0.04% in radiation efficiencies of antenna array over a whole frequency range can be noticed between Port 1 and Port 2. This could be attributed to the additional loss caused by increase in length of feedline of Port 2. Fig.14. Simulated and measured radiation patterns of the proposed antenna array in E-plane (XZ-plane) for Port 1 ("a" and "c") and H-plane (YZ-plane) for Port 2 ("b" and "d"). ...
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Citations
... In [17], loading the notched metal wall around the antenna increases the gain of the antenna by 2 dB at low elevation angles, but the impedance bandwidth of this antenna structure is only 13.3% (2.45~ 2.8 GHz). The total gain of the antenna can be improved by forming an antenna array with antenna units of lower gain [19]- [20]. A 4 × 1 dual-polarized ME-dipole antenna array [19] was designed by a single wideband dual-polarized antenna unit. ...
... The total gain of the antenna can be improved by forming an antenna array with antenna units of lower gain [19]- [20]. A 4 × 1 dual-polarized ME-dipole antenna array [19] was designed by a single wideband dual-polarized antenna unit. The antenna array obtains a gain of 12.06 dBi and a stable radiation pattern, but the design increases the power consumption and reduces the radiation efficiency of the antenna. ...
... However, this design significantly increases the antenna profile height. In [19], a maximum gain of 12.06 dBi and an impedance bandwidth of 47.1% were obtained by forming a 4 × 1 dual-polarized ME-dipole antenna array, but the antenna' s size in the horizontal direction reaches 2.17 λ_0 (where λ_0 is the wavelength of the center frequency in the air), and the design reduces the antenna's radiation efficiency. By loading a ME-dipole director [22] above the ME-dipole antenna, a maximum gain of 13.51 dBi is obtained, but its 29.21% (1.90-2.55GHz) ...
In this letter, a wideband high-gain magneto-electric dipole (ME-dipole) antenna is proposed. A novel director is loaded above the ME-dipole antenna with a horn-like reflector, and a microstrip-line aperture-coupled feed structure is used to excite the antenna. The antenna achieves stable high gain over a wide frequency band. The proposed antenna is fabricated and measured. The results show that the measured impedance bandwidths (S11≤-10dB) is 89.3% (2.35~6.14GHz), the measured in-band maximum gain is 12.3dBi, and the measured 3dB gain bandwidth is 67.9% (2.83~5.74GHz). Cross-polarization below -25dB and stable symmetric radiation patterns are also observed in this antenna.
... The antennas with planar peak gain would be useful for integration with portable devices, reason being the overall size of the radiator with integrated meta-material unit cells would be compact and hence would be device-friendly [10]. It must also be noted that the antennas would radiate away from the user, when integrated with the portable device. ...
... Significant development in the design of dual-polarized antennas has been observed [4,5,6,7,8,9], such as patch antennas [10,11], magneto-electric dipole antennas [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19], and crossed-dipole antennas [20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30]. However, patch antennas are difficult to meet modern wireless communication applications due to their narrow bandwidth. ...
A wideband crossed dipole antenna for dual-polarized applications is presented in this paper. The antenna consists of a printed crossed dipole radiator loaded with periodic slots, four metal posts, four metal sidewalls and a metal reflector. The crossed dipole antenna is directly fed by a simple coaxial cable, achieving stable dual-polarization radiation characteristics. Here, two approaches are adopted to adjust the high and low resonant frequency of the antenna with large freedom. Firstly, four metal posts are introduced into conventional crossed dipole antenna, and their distance from the feeding point can independently adjust the lower resonant mode. Secondly, periodic slots are etched on the crossed dipole arms, and the upper resonant frequency can be controlled independently by altering the length of these slots. Also, the metal sidewalls on the ground are used herein to obtain enhanced gain property. To verify the feasibility of the proposed design, a prototype has been fabricated and measured. The measured results show good performance of a relative bandwidth of 64.3% for VSWR ≤ 2 (1.32-2.57 GHz). Moreover, the antenna has good unidirectional radiation performance and can achieve maximum gain of 9.1 dBi at 2.3 GHz.
... In [29], the authors have designed a thin substrate Magneto-Electric (ME) dipole antenna providing a reflection coefficient below 10 dB over the range 26.5-31 GHz with a gain above 5.5 dBi over the entire operating range. In [14], the researchers have designed a miniaturized dual-polarized wideband ME dipole antenna array that covers the entire Kaband with an operating range from 26 GHz to 42 GHz. This paper proposes a simple low-profile co-axial fed ME dipole antenna operating in the millimeter wave range, specifically covering n257 (26.50-29.50 ...
... However, the differentially driven antennas require balun and differential amplifier to achieve wider impedance bandwidth requiring added hardware and cost. Several magneto-electric dipole antennas in multilayer stackup were designed for wideband performance [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. These antennas have the advantage of manufacturing in highvolume using low-cost standard PCB technologies, however, most of these antennas have narrow bandwidth and some use multiple antenna elements to enhance the impedance bandwidth which requires significant amount physical space. ...
A wideband and dual-polarized dipole antenna design technique is presented. The proposed antenna employs two sets of dipole elements in orthogonal configuration and separated by a dielectric layer. The dipole elements are excited with two separate substrate-integrated-coaxial feeds to achieve high port-to-port isolation and the overall antenna stackup is enclosed in a substrate-integrated-waveguide (SIW) cavity. To validate the proposed substrate-integrated-coaxial fed dual-polarized antenna design method, a prototype antenna was fabricated using standard multilayer printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing technologies to operate in the Ku-band. The measured and simulated results exhibit that the designed antenna has a wide impedance bandwidth of less than -10dB reflection coefficients at 10.28-14.8GHz and the port-to-port isolation between the two orthogonally polarized dipole antenna ports is greater than 20dB at most frequencies, making it suitable for many applications such as satellite communications. The antenna has a relatively stable gain pattern with a gain value of 5.5-6.5dBi and a low cross-polarization level (<16dB) over the operating frequency range.
... In [17], a ME dipole consisting of four shorted patches fed by two pairs of T-shaped probes provided an ultra-wide bandwidth, yet with a large profile of 7.5 mm × 7.5 mm × 1.829 mm. ME dipoles composed of meandered vias and slots [18] offered a large bandwidth of 47%, a small size and a low profile of 0.11 λ. However, the beam scanning range is limited [19]. ...
In this paper, a dual-band dual-polarized antenna array based on magneto-electric (ME) dipoles is proposed, which is simply excited by two orthogonal
L
-shaped strips. The antenna element has a compact size of 4 mm × 4 mm × 1.07 mm. By adding inductive blind vias at the four corners of the ground plane, better impedance matching, larger front-to-back ratio (FBR) and higher gain at the low frequency band are achieved. Due to the resonances of the magnetic dipole and the electric dipole, large bandwidths of 24.4-28.9 GHz and 34.2-43.4 GHz are obtained for the ±45° polarized antennas, covering the n258 and n260 bands for 5G communications. At the same time, a stable radiation pattern is retained, with a high gain of above 5 dBi over the operating band for both polarizations. With the 1 × 4 array, the beam scanning range from -60° to +60° is retained at 26.5 GHz, whereas it is from -53° to +53° at 39 GHz, making it competitive for implementations in mobile handsets.
... An LTCC-based dual-polarized ME dipole antenna covering an overlapping fractional bandwidth of 45% across the entire Ka-band has been reported [196]. Moreover, this wideband antenna type has been implemented in various differ-ent ways on multilayer PCBs at Ka-band [215], [216] and at Q-band [197], [198], respectively. Following a similar design concept as proposed in [198], a wideband ME monopole antenna fed by a SIW port has recently been presented in [217]. ...
Satellite, fifth generation (5G), and sixth generation (6G) mobile communication systems operating at micro- and millimeter wave frequencies are an essential pillar in advanced network architectures for high-throughput low latency services. The decisive factors for this current development were the significant technological advances accomplished over the last two decades, which meanwhile enable highly integrated, feature-rich, and cost-effective realizations of complete phased array transceiver topologies. Motivated through the today's trend for heterogeneous constellation types to provide truly global coverage, this contribution reviews the current state-of-the-art of electronically steerable antennas for terrestrial and non-terrestrial communication systems up to 100 GHz. First, the potential benefits and limitations of the most relevant technologies are contrasted and put into context with recent system architectures for adaptive beamforming. Their operating principles along with various experimental implementation and achievements providing advanced capabilities such as multi-band/multi-beam operation, polarization agility, and wide-angle scanning are thoroughly presented. Particular emphasis is laid on the review of direct radiating arrays, quasi-optical antenna configurations, and metasurface-based antennas.
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... And two orthogonal L-shaped probes are designed as feeding structures using low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) technology to enhance the bandwidth [3]. To compromise size and bandwidth, the meandered vias are introduced on five-layer substrates to compensate for different phases [4]. In addition, folded reflector wall [5] and the meta-columns [6] contribute to increasing its radiation performance on the premise of wide bandwidth. ...
... A comparison of the proposed wideband ME dipole antenna with representative antennas in the literature is listed in Table 1. The designs presented in [2][3][4][5][6] are usually fabricated by adopting complex 3D printing technology, multi-layer PCB manufacturing technology or LTCC technology, which leads to complex structure and high cost. Obviously, the proposed metal-only ME dipole antenna design with asymmetrical structure by using laser-cutting technology is successfully verified to widen bandwidth and enhanced gain, while maintaining a relatively low antenna profile. ...
Abstract A novel metal‐only wideband magneto‐electric dipole antenna is designed and measured in this letter. The antenna consists of two rectangular patches etched with asymmetrical slots as electric dipole, two folded patches as magneto‐dipole, trident‐shaped feeding structure and side‐slotted ground, large metallic ground. The electric dipole is horizontally placed on both sides of the feeding structure, and two folded patches are assembled vertically on the small ground. Two symmetrically sided slots are etched on the small ground to reduce the profile and a trident‐shaped feeding strip is employed to widen the bandwidth, while a lower ground with a large size is designed to suppress the radiation in the backward direction. Finally, the antenna prototype is fabricated and measured. The measured results show that −10 dB impedance bandwidth is achieved up to 75.9% at 2.7 GHz from 2.0 to 4.1 GHz. At 2.7 GHz, the measured peak gain is 9.0 dBi.
This letter introduces a novel high-gain, dual-polarized magneto-electric dipole (ME-dipole) antenna that incorporates a compact dual-polarized ME-dipole director for the first time. The innovative director uses a crossed open cavity with four horizontal metal plates mounted on its open ends, resulting in dual-polarized magnetic and electric dipole directors. The antenna is fed by two cross-positioned Γ-shaped probes of varying heights, providing ± 45° polarization. The measured impedance bandwidths for Port 1 and Port 2 are 34.63% (2.34 - 3.32 GHz) and 36.03% (2.23 - 3.21 GHz), respectively, with a 31.35% overlap. The antenna achieves an average gain of 13.7 dBi for Port 1 and 13.6 dBi for Port 2, with peak values of 14.13 dBi and 14.07 dBi, respectively. Compared with the conventional dual-polarized ME-dipole antenna without loading a director, the proposed design achieved a gain enhancement of more than 4.6 dB. Furthermore, high isolation of over 20 dB between the two ports and a stable radiation pattern and an impressive front-to-back ratio are maintained. These features make the proposed antenna an excellent choice for use in 5G communication systems.
