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Global warming and the desire to increase the use of clean energy have led to increasing the installation and operation of renewable energy power plants (REPPs), especially large-scale photovoltaic (PV) farms (LPFs). Given that the LPFs are added to power system or replace conventional power plants, they must be able to perform the basic tasks of s...
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... Potential locations of solar energy[180]. ...
... In particular, electromechanical modes might be affected by these converter-interfaced units, although their specific impact depends on many factors, such as their location, level of penetration, and mode of operation [9]- [11]. Hence, in recent years other damping strategies based on Power Oscillation Damping (POD) controllers have been proposed for FACTS [12], [13], wind turbines [14]- [16], PV generators [17], [18], energy storage systems (ESS) [19] and VSC-HVDC systems [20]- [22]. However, all the publications above deal with POD controllers in GFOL VSCs. ...
Inter-area oscillations have been extensively studied in conventional power systems dominated by synchronous machines, as well as methods to mitigate them. Several publications have addressed Power Oscillation Damping (POD) controllers in grid-following voltage source converters (GFOL). However, the performance of POD controllers for Grid-Forming voltage source converters (GFOR) in modern power systems with increased penetration of power electronics requires further investigation. This paper investigates the performance of GFORs and supplementary POD controllers in the damping of electromechanical oscillations in modern power systems. This paper proposes POD controllers in GFORs by supplementary modulation of active- and reactive-power injections of the converter and both simultaneously (POD- P, POD-Q and POD-PQ, respectively). The proposed POD controllers use the frequency imposed by the GFOR as the input signal, which has a simple implementation and it eliminates the need for additional measurements. Eigenvalue-sensitivity methods using a synthetic test system are applied to the design of POD controllers in GFORs, which is useful when limited information of the power system is available. This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of POD controllers in GFOR converters to damp electromechanical oscillations, by small-signal stability analysis and non-linear time-domain simulations in a small test system and in a large-scale power system.
... Factors such as seasonality, tilt, latitude, and longitude all contribute to how much sunlight reaches the Earth. Trends in solar energy around the World are highlighted in Figure 2 (10). In summary, the trends are quite simple to understand hotter areas receive more solar energy. ...
Renewable and sustainable energy Book series aims to bring together leading academic scientists, researchers and research scholars to publish their experiences and research results on all aspects of Renewable and sustainable energy. It also provides a premier interdisciplinary platform for researchers, practitioners and educators to present and discuss the most recent innovations, trends, and concerns as well as practical challenges encountered and solutions adopted in the specified fields. High quality research contributions describing original and unpublished results of conceptual, constructive, empirical, experimental, or theoretical work in all areas of Renewable and sustainable energy are cordially invited for publication. The content of the book is as follows.
... Moreover, addressing small signal stability concerns is advocated through the application of the IEEE PSS4C multi-band power system stabilizer [32]. In addition, research detailed in [33] delves into the examination of a power oscillation damper (POD) based on a minimax Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) approach for mitigating power oscillations in a PV-integrated power plant. Similarly, dynamic stability analysis of a DFIG is conducted through nonlinear control design in the work presented in [34]. ...
... These modes are primarily related to the structure of the converter, internal limitations, and protection issues. MGs with one or more buses are in the second rank of network complexity when studying the performance of the GFMC [55,58,62,[65][66][67]72,73,78,81,86,90,95], and [97][98][99]. At last, they have been studied on the scale of a distribution or transmission grid, which deals with the impact of their penetration and their cooperation with the other network equipment [63,64,82,83,87], and [96]. ...
... The excitation system is therefore the governing factor. Particularly for low-frequency oscillations, adding an amplifier excitation circuit is less effective at stabilizing the system [1,2,3]. Change at low frequencies between 0.2 and 2.0 Hz . ...
... Equation (1), where VDC is the voltage in the capacitor DC link, D is the duty cycle, and VSM is the voltage in the SMES coil, represents the SMES charging mode. SMES is current is represented by (3), while SMES discharging mode is represented by (2). The energy delivered and stored by SMES is represented by(4), while energy stored in the SMES coil is represented by (5). ...
Generator instability, which manifests as oscillations in frequency and rotor angle, is brought on by sudden disruptions in the power supply. Power System Stabilizer (PSS) and Energy Storage are additional controllers that enhance generator stability. Energy storage types include superconducting magnetic (SMES) and capacitive (CES) storage. If the correct settings are employed, PSS, SMES, and CES coordination can boost system performance. It is necessary to use accurate and effective PSS, SMES, and CES tuning techniques. Artificial intelligence techniques can replace traditional trial-and-error tuning techniques and assist in adjusting controller parameters. According to this study, the PSS, SMES, and CES parameters can be optimized using a method based on particle swarm optimization (PSO). Based on the investigation's findings, PSO executes quick and accurate calculations in the fifth iteration with a fitness function value of 0.007813. The PSO aims to reduce the integral time absolute error (ITAE). With the addition of a load-shedding instance, the case study utilized the Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) technology. The frequency response and rotor angle of the SMIB system are shown via time domain simulation. The analysis's findings demonstrate that the controller combination can offer stability, reducing overshoot oscillations and enabling quick settling times.
... Researchers have developed several efficient techniques to examine the low-frequency oscillation issue [10][11][12]. Among these, the linearised state matrix's modal analysis offers a fundamental technique for analysing low-frequency oscillations. ...
... The damping constant KD denotes the swing characteristics of the synchronous machine, and it is described using the second-order differential equation in (10). The undamped natural frequency (ωn) and the damping coefficient (ζ) required to fully reduce the oscillation amplitude are given in (11) and (12), respectively. Since the inertia constant and the oscillation frequency are indirectly proportionate, a power network that is equipped with a high constant of inertia is less prone to faults and vice versa. ...
... The damping constant K D denotes the swing characteristics of the synchronous machine, and it is described using the second-order differential equation in (10). The undamped natural frequency (ω n ) and the damping coefficient (ζ) required to fully reduce the oscillation amplitude are given in (11) and (12), respectively. Since the inertia constant and the oscillation frequency are indirectly proportionate, a power network that is equipped with a high constant of inertia is less prone to faults and vice versa. ...
Integration of renewable energy sources is important in limiting the continuous environmental degradation and emissions caused by energy generation from fossil fuels and thus becoming a better alternative for a large-scale power mix. However, an adequate analysis of the interaction with the alternating current (AC) network during network disturbance, especially during inter-area power (IAP) oscillations is needed. Insufficient damping of oscillations can significantly impact the reliability and effective operation of a whole power system. Therefore, this paper focuses on the stability of the modified Kundur two-area four-machine (MKTAFM) system. A robust secondary controller is proposed and implemented on a line commutated converter (LCC)-based multi-terminal high voltage direct current (MTDC) system. The solution consists of a local generator controller and the LCC MTDC (LMTDC) system, voltage-dependent current order limiter, and extinction angle controller. The proposed robust controller is designed for the LMTDC systems to further dampen the inter-area power oscillations. Three operational scenarios were implemented in this study, which are the local generator controller and double circuits AC line, local generator controller with LMTDC controllers, and local generator controller with LMTDC controllers and secondary controller. The simulation result carried out on PSCAD/EMTDC recorded better damping of the inter-area power oscillation with LMTDC. A considerable improvement of 100% damping of the IAP oscillations was observed when a secondary controller was implemented on the LMTDC.
... Also, due to the stochastic nature of communication systems, the dynamics of the PV plant may become difficult to predict. In [13], the impact of the communication channel delay on the performance of POD controllers was studied. The results show that this delay has an overall negative impact, although it varied depending upon the POD controller structure. ...
Low-frequency oscillations are an inherent phenomena in transmission networks and renewable energy plants should be configured to damp them. Commonly, a centralised controller is used in PV plants to coordinate PV generators via communication channels. However, the communication systems of PV plants introduce delays of a stochastic nature that degrade the performance of centralised control algorithms. Therefore, controllers for oscillation damping may not operate correctly unless the communication channel characteristics are not considered and compensated. In this paper, a centralised controller is proposed for the oscillation damping that uses a PV plant with all the realistic effects of communication channels taken into consideration. The communication channels are modelled based on measurements taken in a laboratory environment. The controller is designed to damp several modes of oscillation by using the open-loop phase shift compensation. Theoretical developments were validated in a laboratory using four converters acting as two PV inverters, a battery and a STATCOM. A real-time processing platform was used to implement the centralised controller and to deploy the communication infrastructure. Experimental results show the communication channels impose severe restrictions on the performance of centralised POD controllers, highlighting the importance of their accurate modelling and consideration during the controller design stage.
... Grid inertia decline can also lead to changes in the characteristics of the grid oscillatory modes and their sensitivities to operational conditions [5]. Therefore, system integration studies of emerging IBRs in the NEM frequently involve the exposure of electromechanical modes (for conventional generators) and electrical control instabilities of power electronic connected devices [6]. ...
... As the control bandwidth of the grid-interfacing inverters is much higher than the frequency range of inter-area oscillations, the risk of an undesirable control interaction at such low frequencies is not obvious. In fact, most studies that examine the interaction of IBR controls on inter-area oscillations focus on the potentially bene cial properties of IBR control and assume that IBRs are connected in close electrical proximity to the SG that they are displacing [6], [12], [13]. These studies generally show a positive impact of IBR on system modes. ...
... Low-frequency oscillations (LFO) of power system operation parameters pose a threat to the stability and reliability of power system operation [1][2][3][4][5]. The presence of these oscillations leads to a forced limitation of total transfer capacity, which in turn has a negative impact on economic indicators with the required reliability level being ensured. ...
... Data express-analysis is performed to detect LFO in measurement arrays including the inception of oscillations, duration, and parameters in real-time mode or the closest mode to real-time. Splitting the problems of express analysis and the analysis of LFOs is widely practiced worldwide [4,28] The reason for it is that the methods are processing all PMU data, which requires enormous computation capabilities to process in real-time. ...
This study aims to develop and test a new accelerated method for analyzing low-frequency oscillations in power systems using phasor measurements. The proposed method is based on the use of mathematical statistics methods that do not require significant computing power and have high reliability. Changes in the structure of power generation and integration of control devices based on power electronics cause low-frequency oscillations of power system operation parameters that present a threat. These changes result in a reduction in the total inertia of power systems with the subsequent impact on the operation of automatic voltage regulators and power system stabilizers, the purpose of which is to damp low-frequency oscillations. We conduct a careful review of the existing methods for low-frequency oscillations analysis in power systems to identify the gaps in the literature and design a new method to address the issues. The proposed method is tested on real-life data that was obtained during a disturbance with a transient event. Estimation of the low-frequency oscillation parameters was carried out, and the potential threat posed by these phenomena was examined. The implementation of the proposed algorithm for analyzing low-frequency oscillations is done using the Matlab programming language. Evaluation of the proposed algorithm is performed on physical data obtained during real transient processes occurring at large power plants.
