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Schematic representation of the reported ILs and DES applied for enzyme and protein stabilization. (A) Reported ILs for the stabilization of enzymes and proteins. (B) Reported DES for the stabilization of enzymes and proteins. *ILs/DES not able to stabilize proteins/enzymes. **ILs/DES able to both stabilize and destabilize proteins/enzymes
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Advances towards the development of a sustainable economy must address the exploitation of bio-based products combined with the use of greener solvents and manufacturing processes that can preserve natural resources and the environment. To address the growing demand for proteins, their production must focus on non-animal sources, such as vegetal bi...
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Citations
... Deep eutectic solvents (DES), meaning "easily melted solvents," are formed by mixing a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and a hydrogen bond donor (HBD) in a specific molar ratio (Kopilovic et al., 2023;Shishov et al., 2020). Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) are a subclass of DESs, but they are specifically prepared from primary metabolites such as sugars and sugar alcohols (glucose, fructose, sorbitol, etc.) or biocompatible organic acids (oxalic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, etc.) as HBDs with choline chloride (ChCl) as a HBA. ...
... Deep eutectic solvents (DES), meaning "easily melted solvents," are formed by mixing a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and a hydrogen bond donor (HBD) in a specific molar ratio (Kopilovic et al., 2023;Shishov et al., 2020). Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) are a subclass of DESs, but they are specifically prepared from primary metabolites such as sugars and sugar alcohols (glucose, fructose, sorbitol, etc.) or biocompatible organic acids (oxalic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, etc.) as HBDs with choline chloride (ChCl) as a HBA. ...
Crocin, a major bioactive compound in saffron stigmas, is highly valued for its antioxidant properties and diverse applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries. An ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method combined with natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) was developed as a green and efficient approach. Besides, cryogenic grinding was introduced as an innovative pretreatment method, demonstrating superior performance in preserving the color, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant capacity of saffron compared to conventional grinding technique. Among the tested NADESs, choline chloride-sorbitol (ChCl-Sor, 1:1 mol/mol) showed the highest yield. The optimization of the UAE-NADES extraction variables, including particle size (0.1–0.3 mm), water content in NADES (10–50% w/w), ultrasonic power (80–200 W), and extraction time (1–30 min) was performed using response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD). The optimal extraction variables were as follows: 0.1 mm particle size, 43.7% (w/w) water content in NADES, 200 W ultrasonic power, and the extraction time of 10 min. The predicted optimum values for crocin yield, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant capacity (IC50) of saffron extract were 216.638 mg/g DW, 145.681 mg GAE/g DW, and 0.968 mg/mL, respectively. The optimum value for crocin yield was verified using HPLC analysis. Finally, the second-order kinetic model successfully showed the UAE process of crocin from saffron compared to the first-order model. This study highlights the combined potential of cryogenic grinding and UAE-NADES as efficient technologies for enhancing the extraction yield of bioactive compounds such as crocin and TPC with high antioxidant capacity from saffron stigmas.
Graphical Abstract
... The global demand for sustainable protein sources is steadily rising due to factors like population growth, environmental concerns in protein production, and health considerations regarding proteins of animal origin (Henchion et al., 2017). Proteins are increasingly used in developing new food items like vegan foods and protein beverages (Pojić et al., 2018), and they are extracted from biomass using alternative solvents (Kopilovic et al., 2023). ...
Sustainable development integrates social, economic, technological, scientific, and environmental challenges through the framework of 17 Sustainable Development Goals. Industry 4.0 (and future technological advancement levels), digitalisation, plant-based processing, environmental challenges and alternative protein sources are vastly researched and present foundation of innovative processing in the food processing industry. The exploitation of agroindustrial discards and plant-based byproducts as an alternative source of valuable nutrients, including proteins, highlights the potential of upcycling (new economic value) while addressing sustainability challenges. Within the idea of nonthermal extraction of proteins and its process digitalisation, it is crucial to innovate, connect elements of the industry 4.0 and valorise the term sustainability. Innovative approaches in extractions such as ultrasound, plasma, pulsed electric fields, high-intensity pulses, and others, have an energy-saving effect with limited use of toxic chemicals and/or solvents. Usage of software for solvent selection, incorporating digitalisation, and development of proteins and peptides databases can help in the prediction, optimisation, and efficiency of nonthermal extractions of proteins from agroindustrial discards. It is also important to select optimal delivery systems like electrospinning, electrospraying, or encapsulation as useful and efficient processes. The environmental, economic, and societal impact of innovative processing needs to be monitored and valorised using specific tools. Life cycle assessment methodology assesses the environmental impact throughout the life cycle of a commercial product, service, or process. The current review shows that extracting protein from agroindustrial discards and byproducts of plant and animal origins is a complex matter. The need for a comprehensive approach that considers various viewpoints on extraction is suggested.
... Therefore, there is a significant need of non-toxic solvents that minimize protein degradation. In this regard, DESs are considered suitable solvents due to their advantages as discussed in Section 3. Protein extraction via DESs has shown successful applications from different biomass (Kopilovic et al., 2023;Olalere and Gan, 2023). Protein extraction via DES categorized into two types: one is the solid-liquid extraction, and the other is the liquid-liquid extraction. ...
Pretreatment process is considered as the most important step for effective microalgae biomass refining and has gained more interest since last decades. However, the main obstacles to commercialize microalgae products are recalcitrant cell wall and lack of cost-effective, green, and sustainable pretreatment approaches. Till now, various microalgae pretreatment approaches have been applied prior to extraction steps to enhance the accessibility of solvent inside the cells. However, high energy consumption and the hazardousness of solvents are considerable problem for these pretreatment methods. In this regard, deep eutectic solvents are recognized as sustainable and green solvents possessing great potential for microalgae biomass processing due to their low toxicity, low cost, biodegradability, easy recycling, and reuse. This article provides the fundamentals of DES composition, synthesis, properties, and the current advances in the application of microalgae biomass process.
... The system's polarity is adjustable with the help of solubilizers. This raises the relevance for Countercurrent Chromatography, as the partition coefficient for the samples of a given separation task becomes adjustable [16][17][18][19][20][21]. Further advantages are high loading capacities and total recovery of the products. ...
Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (CPC) utilizes a two-phase liquid–liquid system as mobile and stationary phases. During operation, the latter continuously drains out of the rotor, despite it being in fact stationary, leading to decreasing separation efficiency over time, a phenomenon still poorly understood today because neither simulations nor extensive experimental investigations have addressed this so-called bleeding. With the model presented in this study, the underlying hydrodynamics are discussed in detail. This model can simulate bleeding over 60 s and is verified experimentally for different operating points (volumetric flow rates of 5, 12, and 20 mL⋅min−1) of the Centrifugal Partition Chromatograph utilizing an aqueous–organic phase system. We simulated two interconnected chambers at the rotor inlet and analyzed the loss of the stationary phase over time. The results of the simulated second chamber are closely aligned with the experimental validation results. Thus, the prediction of bleeding utilizing the simulation of hydrodynamics was successful. Moreover, we highlighted the benefits of the two-chamber setup modeled in this study compared to single-chamber models.
... 20 A nuts-and-bolts example of the use of green metrics for solvent selection was reported by Kisanthia et al. 21 Additionally, ESs are green extractants for natural products, pollutants, added value products from biomasses, waste etc., 22 thus calling for the denition of sustainable protocols for analytical chemistry and principles of green analytical chemistry (GAC) 23 anking the well-assessed green chemistry principles (GCPs). 24 The 12 GCPs and the 12 GAC principles are summarized in Tables S1 and S2, † respectively. ...
Eutectic solvents (ESs) have received a great deal of attention due to their advantageous physicochemical properties, low cost and high sustainability. Immobilization in gels greatly expands the combinatorial playground offered by these materials. Among the different strategies, the obtainment of supramolecular eutectogels by ES self-assembling in the presence of low molecular weight organic gelators is one of the most flourishing. This critical review highlights the advances in the last five years, introducing the different types of emerging supramolecular eutectogels and their main applications. A judicious analysis of opportunities and challenges is also discussed, identifying future optimisation directions. The recent literature is critically reviewed in light of the connection between the theory/practice of Green chemistry and the achievements of the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
All-aqueous immiscible systems derived from liquid-liquid phase separation of incompatible hydrophilic agents such as polymers and salts have found increasing interest in the biomedical and tissue engineering fields in the last few years. The unique characteristics of aqueous interfaces, namely their low interfacial tension and elevated permeability, as well as the non-toxic environment and high water content of the immiscible phases, confer to these systems optimal qualities for the development of biomaterials such as hydrogels and soft membranes, as well as for the preparation of in vitro tissues derived from cellular assembly. Here, we overview the main properties of these systems and present a critical review of recent strategies that have been used for the development of biomaterials with increased levels of complexity using all-aqueous immiscible phases and interfaces, and their potential as cell-confining environments for micropatterning approaches and the bioengineering of cell-rich structures. Importantly, due to the relatively recent emergence of these areas, several key design considerations are presented, in order to guide researchers in the field. Finally, the main present challenges, future directions, and adaptability to develop advanced materials with increased biomimicry and new potential applications are briefly evaluated.
This study presents a comprehensive sustainability framework, showing the concept's different sides or perspectives and its derivatives based on extensive literature and industry experience. A common and broad concept of sustainability, its origin, drivers, agenda, benefits, risks, and how it meandered its way through various fields of study and industry is still patchy in extant literature. Consequently, a complete framework like this, which illustrates all sides of sustainability, is essential. This provides valuable information for business managers and broadens sustainability (and its derivatives) research. This study systematically discovered and validated the various components of sustainability with the aid of literature and sustainability experts. The result is a comprehensive framework termed “sustainability onion.” This model gives practitioners and scholars a holistic or panoramic perspective of sustainability's various sides or components. To the best of the researcher's knowledge, this “sustainability onion” is the first attempt by a single study to comprehensively structure the various components of sustainability and derivatives in an integrated framework.
