Schematic representation of the CNR2 locus position and its neighbourhood in the human, chicken, budgerigar, zebra finch and kakapo genomes. CNR2 and its closest human, chicken and zebra finch neighbouring genes, FUCA1 and PNRC2, are marked in red. The recombination breakpoint in CNR2 is indicated by a broken line, a curved arrow indicates the inversion event that occurred in the budgerigar evolutionary lineage, while a straight arrow indicates the translocation event that putatively occurred independently in the kakapo evolutionary lineage.

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... all parrot relatives, including falcons (Falconiformes), seriemas (Cariamiformes) and passerines (Passeriformes). According to Ensembl, the CNR2 gene is located on the 23rd chromosome in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) and chicken (Gallus gallus) genomes, being directly adjacent to the FUCA1 gene (upstream) and the PNRC2 gene (downstream; Fig. 2). In the budgerigar genome, we found both these genes on chromosome 14; however, there was a ~5.5 Mbp insertion with inverted gene order directly between FUCA1 and PNRC2 (Fig. 2). Using BLAST, we identified short gene fragments showing 28% similarity to the barn owl (Tyto alba) CNR2 and 10% similarity to the bluecrowned manakin ...

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... in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) and chicken (Gallus gallus) genomes, being directly adjacent to the FUCA1 gene (upstream) and the PNRC2 gene (downstream; Fig. 2). In the budgerigar genome, we found both these genes on chromosome 14; however, there was a ~5.5 Mbp insertion with inverted gene order directly between FUCA1 and PNRC2 (Fig. 2). Using BLAST, we identified short gene fragments showing 28% similarity to the barn owl (Tyto alba) CNR2 and 10% similarity to the bluecrowned manakin (Lepidothrix coronata) CNR2, 6 072 bp downstream of PNRC2. Interestingly, in the kakapo genome, different genes were situated downstream of the PNRC2 gene (on the 15th chromosome; Fig. ...

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... PNRC2 (Fig. 2). Using BLAST, we identified short gene fragments showing 28% similarity to the barn owl (Tyto alba) CNR2 and 10% similarity to the bluecrowned manakin (Lepidothrix coronata) CNR2, 6 072 bp downstream of PNRC2. Interestingly, in the kakapo genome, different genes were situated downstream of the PNRC2 gene (on the 15th chromosome; Fig. 2) and no sign of any remaining CNR2 gene or pseudogene sequence. To confirm the absence of the CNR2 gene in parrot genomes, we designed conservative CNR1 and CNR2-specific primers and sequenced the budgerigar gDNA-derived PCR amplicons by Sanger sequencing (Table ...

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... resulting tissue-specific and time-dependent dynamics (MAM1, Table 2, Fig. S2), indicated that, compared to controls, relative IL1B expression increased in both the brain and other tissues (skin, ileum) following LPS stimulation in treated birds (Fig. 4A, SMAM1-4; p<<0.001, TableS7). In contrast, expression of CNR1 was independent of LPS treatment (MAM2, Table 2, Fig. S3; Table S7). Table S8). In comparison, we ...