Fig 1 - uploaded by Lorraine Latchoumane
Content may be subject to copyright.
Schematic representation of healthy (A) and FCR-infected (B) 'Queen Victoria' pineapples. HS: healthy skin, AS, asymptomatic skin, IS: infected skin, HP: healthy pulp, AP: asymptomatic pulp, IP: infected pulp.
Source publication
We studied the metabolomes of 'Queen Victoria' pineapples subjected to the fungi-induced fruitlet core rot (FCR) disease, a major quality issue in the pineapple industry. Analyses were carried out on the pulp and skin of individual fruitlets within healthy or black spotted infructescences, in order to profile three types of samples: healthy, infect...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... Sampling was realized on six pineapples for each of the following three sample classes: (i) healthy fruitlets from pineapples entirely free of necrosis ("Healthy"), (ii) necrotic fruitlets from naturally infected pineapples ("Infected"), and (iii) non-necrotic fruitlets from pineapples containing at least one infected fruitlet ("Asymptomatic") ( Fig. 1). For healthy samples, fruitlets were randomly collected from pineapples showing no signs of necrosis. For infected samples, fruitlets exhibiting necrosis were collected, with most of the surrounding non-necrotic pulp removed. A fruitlet was classified as asymptomatic if it showed no necrosis while being located within a pineapple that ...
Context 2
... analysis confirmed the greater impact of FCR disease on the pulp metabolome than on the skin metabolome by revealing 92 metabolites in pulp and 27 in skin samples displaying significantly different contents in healthy, infected and asymptomatic fruitlets (Supplementary Tables S4 to S9). This contrasting response between pineapple tissues following infection is also illustrated by Venn diagrams in Supplementary Figure S1A. ...
Context 3
... 70 % of the metabolites were significantly increased in infected fruitlets (Fig. 4, cluster 1). Metabolites displaying the strongest increase were found in the cluster 1.1.1. Some were significantly increased exclusively in infected fruitlets (Supplementary Figure S2), including oxoglutarate, p-coumarate, caffeoyl-and vanilloyl-hexosides, caffeoyl aldarates, as well as coumaroyl-, caffeoyl-and feruloyl-glycerol esters, while ...
Context 4
... metabolites accumulated upon infection included succinate and several amino acids: alanine, isoleucine, leucine, proline, serine and threonine (Supplementary Figure S10 and S11). ...
Context 5
... depleted upon infection were mostly mono-, di-and trisaccharides, such as galactose, sucrose, U_gentiobiose_1, U_raffinose_1 and U_maltotriose_1 (Supplementary Figure S12). It is worth noting the decrease in S-p-coumarylglutathione, just as in the pulp, along with a decrease in S-coniferylglutathione. ...
Context 6
... parallel, the increase in glutathione levels could reflect the implementation of oxidative stress control, as it maintains cellular redox balance and detoxifies ROS. Indeed, the redox status of tissues is a major issue in infection processes by pathogenic fungi ( Zhang et al., 2020), as the plant's defenses obey a pro-life logic, including the production of antioxidant molecules counteracting the necrosis (Deng et al., 2018). ...
Context 7
... most remarkable feature in skin metabolic profiles upon infection was the accumulation of amino acids related to abiotic stress, like proline and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) (Fig. 6 and Supplementary Figure S11). The rise of proline is usually a response to osmotic disruption resulting from biotic or abiotic stresses (Verbruggen and Hermans, 2008;Dar et al., 2016) but it has also been related to ROS detoxification, membrane integrity protection and hypersensitive cell death triggering (Zeier, 2013). ...
Context 8
... increase of pipecolate observed after FCR infection suggests the onset of systemic defense mechanisms, especially since its levels in asymptomatic fruitlets were also increased almost two times (p-value = 0.087, Supplementary Table S4). This is consistent with the establishment of SAR, linked to transcriptional activation of salicylate-regulated pathways observed during the preservation of citrus fruit infected with various fungi (Deng et al., 2018). AABA, β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are naturally synthetized in planta and fulfil meaningful though diverse role in plant response subsequent to biotic and abiotic stresses (Shang et al., 2011;Scholz et al., 2015;Thevenet et al., 2017;Wang et al., 2017;Yao et al., 2020). ...
Context 9
... important result of this study was the observation of a systemic response to infection, with the content of 43 pulp compounds and 24 skin compounds significantly affected by FCR disease in asymptomatic fruitlets ( Table 1), showing that the presence of fungal pathogens in some fruitlets affected the entire infructescence. Many trends observed in infected fruitlets were also observed in asymptomatic fruitlets (Supplementary Figure S1B), with 86 % of the compounds significantly altered in the asymptomatic fruitlets pulp being also altered in the infected fruitlets pulp, all but two compounds, notably trehalose, varying in the same direction. The systemic response observed was therefore largely similar to certain responses observed in fruitlets in direct contact to the fungal filaments. ...
Context 10
... Sampling was realized on six pineapples for each of the following three sample classes: (i) healthy fruitlets from pineapples entirely free of necrosis ("Healthy"), (ii) necrotic fruitlets from naturally infected pineapples ("Infected"), and (iii) non-necrotic fruitlets from pineapples containing at least one infected fruitlet ("Asymptomatic") ( Fig. 1). For healthy samples, fruitlets were randomly collected from pineapples showing no signs of necrosis. For infected samples, fruitlets exhibiting necrosis were collected, with most of the surrounding non-necrotic pulp removed. A fruitlet was classified as asymptomatic if it showed no necrosis while being located within a pineapple that ...
Context 11
... analysis confirmed the greater impact of FCR disease on the pulp metabolome than on the skin metabolome by revealing 92 metabolites in pulp and 27 in skin samples displaying significantly different contents in healthy, infected and asymptomatic fruitlets (Supplementary Tables S4 to S9). This contrasting response between pineapple tissues following infection is also illustrated by Venn diagrams in Supplementary Figure S1A. ...
Context 12
... 70 % of the metabolites were significantly increased in infected fruitlets (Fig. 4, cluster 1). Metabolites displaying the strongest increase were found in the cluster 1.1.1. Some were significantly increased exclusively in infected fruitlets (Supplementary Figure S2), including oxoglutarate, p-coumarate, caffeoyl-and vanilloyl-hexosides, caffeoyl aldarates, as well as coumaroyl-, caffeoyl-and feruloyl-glycerol esters, while ...
Context 13
... metabolites accumulated upon infection included succinate and several amino acids: alanine, isoleucine, leucine, proline, serine and threonine (Supplementary Figure S10 and S11). ...
Context 14
... depleted upon infection were mostly mono-, di-and trisaccharides, such as galactose, sucrose, U_gentiobiose_1, U_raffinose_1 and U_maltotriose_1 (Supplementary Figure S12). It is worth noting the decrease in S-p-coumarylglutathione, just as in the pulp, along with a decrease in S-coniferylglutathione. ...
Context 15
... parallel, the increase in glutathione levels could reflect the implementation of oxidative stress control, as it maintains cellular redox balance and detoxifies ROS. Indeed, the redox status of tissues is a major issue in infection processes by pathogenic fungi ( Zhang et al., 2020), as the plant's defenses obey a pro-life logic, including the production of antioxidant molecules counteracting the necrosis (Deng et al., 2018). ...
Context 16
... most remarkable feature in skin metabolic profiles upon infection was the accumulation of amino acids related to abiotic stress, like proline and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) (Fig. 6 and Supplementary Figure S11). The rise of proline is usually a response to osmotic disruption resulting from biotic or abiotic stresses (Verbruggen and Hermans, 2008;Dar et al., 2016) but it has also been related to ROS detoxification, membrane integrity protection and hypersensitive cell death triggering (Zeier, 2013). ...
Context 17
... increase of pipecolate observed after FCR infection suggests the onset of systemic defense mechanisms, especially since its levels in asymptomatic fruitlets were also increased almost two times (p-value = 0.087, Supplementary Table S4). This is consistent with the establishment of SAR, linked to transcriptional activation of salicylate-regulated pathways observed during the preservation of citrus fruit infected with various fungi (Deng et al., 2018). AABA, β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are naturally synthetized in planta and fulfil meaningful though diverse role in plant response subsequent to biotic and abiotic stresses (Shang et al., 2011;Scholz et al., 2015;Thevenet et al., 2017;Wang et al., 2017;Yao et al., 2020). ...
Context 18
... important result of this study was the observation of a systemic response to infection, with the content of 43 pulp compounds and 24 skin compounds significantly affected by FCR disease in asymptomatic fruitlets ( Table 1), showing that the presence of fungal pathogens in some fruitlets affected the entire infructescence. Many trends observed in infected fruitlets were also observed in asymptomatic fruitlets (Supplementary Figure S1B), with 86 % of the compounds significantly altered in the asymptomatic fruitlets pulp being also altered in the infected fruitlets pulp, all but two compounds, notably trehalose, varying in the same direction. The systemic response observed was therefore largely similar to certain responses observed in fruitlets in direct contact to the fungal filaments. ...
