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Schematic representation of four states of matter and generation of plasma by increasing applied energy.
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... and it varies with different sources of plasma generation ( Korachi & Aslan, 2013 ). Plasma can be generated under a considerable amount of pressure and temperature. A plasma is produced by employing energy to the gas to alter the electronic configuration of atoms and molecules and create exciting species and ions ( Conrads & Schmidt, 2000 ). Fig. 1 shows the schematic representation of the fourth state of matter and plasma generation by increasing applied energy. This applied energy can be in any form: thermal, radical, mechanical, or nuclear. These energies impart gaseous molecules in various forms, such as ions, electrons, neutral gas, free radicals, and photons ( Nehra et al., ...
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... 2 summarizes the microbial inactivation of different food products by NTP treatment published by various researchers. The gram-positive ( Staphylococcus aureus ) and gram-negative ( E. coli ) bacteria are efficiently inactivated by NTP treatment ( Han et al., 2016 ). The gram-positive bacteria inactivated due to intracellular damage, whereas gram-negative bacteria inactivated due to DNA cleavage and cell damage. ...
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... to the interaction of reactive species during PAW treatment, food ingredients are altered, eventually altering their functional characteristics substantially or not at all. The breakdown of a specific bond and side chain modifications brought on by ROS of the PAW promote conformational changes in protein (Herianto et al., 2021). The degradation of food quality is negatively impacted by enzymes, including peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase, which results in unfavorable alterations in sensory and nutritional qualities (Sharma et al., 2021). ...
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... This approach harnesses the unique properties of PAW to achieve the desired effects in a controlled manner, often by exposing biological samples to the treated solution. In recent times, plasma-activated water enriched with nitric oxide (NO-PAW) has found widespread use in various biological applications [33,34]. This is attributed to the role of NO radicals, which function as signaling molecules, triggering apoptosis in cancer cells. ...
Oral cancer presents significant challenges with available treatment options; therefore, innovative treatment strategies are urgently needed. Nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NAPP) is well known to be effective against various cancers. However, the effect and underlying mechanism of NAPP on YD-10B oral cancer cells are widely unknown. We have selected the oral cancer YD-10B cell line because the effect of NAPP on this particular cell line has not been investigated before. This study explored the therapeutic potential of NAPP via both direct and indirect NAPP treatments and their underlying mechanism on YD-10B cells for the first time. The viability of the oral normal HGF cells remained unchanged while significantly decreased in YD-10B cells using direct and indirect NAPP treatments. Direct treatment significantly increased intracellular reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), while indirect treatment mainly elevated RNS levels, with a modest but significant ROS increase in the NO-PAW15. The DNA damage and apoptosis markers are significantly upregulated in both direct and indirect treatments in YD-10B cells, though the expression levels are different. The western blot analysis confirms that both NAPP treatments (direct/indirect) are effectively inducing apoptosis in YD-10B cells. Furthermore, the utilization of N-Acetyl Cysteine and cPTIO as inhibitors confirms that the ROS/RNS are mainly responsible for inducing DNA damage and promoting apoptosis. Interestingly, both NAPP treatments are effective and follow the same molecular pathways to induce apoptosis. This study presents a promising avenue for the development of novel and targeted oral cancer treatments, with molecular insights providing valuable guidance for future investigations in the field.
... Referring to the so-far proposed mechanisms behind the phenomenon of CAPPmediated microbial inactivation, there are often listed cell etching due to reactive species, the volatilization of intrinsic compounds from the cell, and the destruction of genetic material [50]. Furthermore, interactions between ROS, RNS, and macromolecules inside or on the surface of the microbial cell lead to denaturation of proteins and leakage of the cell contents [51]. ...
Abstract
In view of a constant growth in the human population on Earth, the provision of a necessary amount of high-quality food looks challenging. As over 10% of the crop yields are annually lost due to the presence of phytopathogens, the development of novel, eco-friendly methods of pest eradication might contribute to avoiding nutritional shortages. Here, we propose a controlled application of cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP) generated in the form of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ), for which we conducted multivariate optimization of the working parameters with the use of the design of experiments (DoE) in addition to the response surface methodology (RSM). After estimating the optimal operating conditions of APPJ, we determined the inactivation rates caused by 2 min CAPP exposure towards bacterial phytopathogens from three species Dickeya solani, Pectobacterium atrosepticum and Pectobacterium carotovorum artificially inoculated on the surface of plant seeds from four species. Logarithmic reductions, as a key result of this work, were enclosed in the range of 1.61–4.95 in the case of Cucumis sativus, Pisum sativum, and Vigna radiata, while for the bacteria-inoculated Zea mays seeds, lower antibacterial properties of APPJ equaling 0.86–1.12 logs were noted. The herein applied exposure to APPJ did not reveal any statistically significant detrimental effects on the germination of plant seeds, seed coat integrity, or early plant growth. Even plant growth promotion by 20.96% was observed for the APPJ-exposed Zea mays seeds. By applying colorimetric assays and optical emission spectrometry (OES), we determined the oxidative potential in addition to identifying the reactive oxygen species (ROS) •OH, •HO2, •O2−, O3, and 1O2 and the reactive nitrogen species (RNS) N, NO2, and NO3 responsible for the antibacterial properties of APPJ. In summary, universal antiphytopathogenic properties of the APPJ treatment reached due to proper optimization of the working conditions were revealed against three bacterial strains from the family Pectobacteriaceae inoculated on the seeds from diverse plant species. The data presented herein may contribute to future development of the plasma agriculture field and provide alternatives to pesticides or the prevention-based control methods towards plant pathogenic bacteria.
... Alteration in chemical structure could be due to intense surface oxidation, which affects the antioxidative and functional properties of the fraction. Hydroxylation reactions that cause structural modification in benzene rings owing to the reactive species result in a gush of related interreactions, such as the formation of carbonyl radicals and generation of phenoxyl radicals altering the phenolic content and functional activity of the samples (28). For instance, superoxide radicals formed by the dissociation of oxygen molecules in the plasma environment exhibit oxidative degradation as well as double-bond structural disruption in different phenolic compounds owing to the formation of carboxylic and carbonyl compounds (29). ...
Consumption of plant-based food is steadily increasing and follows an augmented trend owing to their nutritive, functional, and energy potential. Different bioactive fractions, such as phenols, flavanols, and so on, contribute highly to the nutritive profile of food and are known to have a sensitivity toward higher temperatures. This limits the applicability of traditional thermal treatments for plant products, paving the way for the advancement of innovative and non-thermal techniques such as pulsed electric field, microwave, ultrasound, cold plasma, and high-pressure processing. Among these techniques, cold plasma would be an operative choice in plant-based applications due to their higher efficacy, greenness, chemical exclusivity, and quality retention. The efficiency of the plasma process in ensuring the bioactive potential depends on several factors, such as feeding gas, input voltage, exposure time, pressure, and current flow. This review explains in detail the optimization of process parameters of the cold plasma technique, ensuring greater extractability or retention of total phenols and antioxidant potential. Response surface methodology (RSM) is one of the common techniques involved in the optimization of these course factors. It also covers the convention of artificial intelligence-based methods, such as artificial neural networks (ANN) and genetic algorithms (GA), in evaluating the data on process parameters. The review critically examines the strengths of each optimization tool in determining the optimal process parameters for maximizing phenol retention and antioxidant activity. The ascendancy of these techniques was mentioned in the studies regarding fruit, vegetables, and their products, and they can also be applied to other food products.
... In summary, it can be stated that with the increase in the discharge power, the densities of the atomic oxygen, molecular nitrogen ion, and nitrogen ion in air plasma increases. As a result, this will stipulate the formation of higher concentrations of nitrates and nitrates in plasma-activated waters [6,12,23,25,27]. Additionally, the production of the higher concentrations of NO and NO 2 in the gasses will lead to the formation of the plasma-activated water/medium with higher NO 3 − and NO 2 − concentrations [5,12,23,28]. ...
... In recent years, research on developing novel atmospheric plasma systems-both non-thermal and thermal-has surged significantly. Plasma applications in medicine, environmental, energy sectors, and agriculture are expanding, including wound treatment, wastewater treatment, the creation of synthetic gas, waste utilization, treatments for seeds and plants, the creation of plasma-activated water, etc. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Various thermal and nonthermal plasma sources are used to produce NO x from air, air-nitrogen, or oxygen-nitrogen gas mixtures [8][9][10][11]. ...
In this work, gliding arc discharge (GAD) was used to produce air plasma and investigate the influence of the discharge parameters on the composition of the air plasma, vibrational temperatures, and the production of NOx. It was demonstrated that the main particles obtained in the GAD air plasma were N2*, N2+, N+, NOγ, and O. It was observed that the reduction in the discharge frequency increased the intensity of the excited nitrogen molecules lines and reduced the nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas concentrations. The increase in the output voltage prolonged the duration of arc discharge and enhanced the intensities of the emission lines of the N2+, O, and NOγ species and the concentrations of NO and NO2 gasses. It was shown that the increase in the air flow rate from 6.7 L/min to 15.6 L/min decreased the concentration of the produced NO gas by 24%. Additionally, the line intensities of all main species in air plasma were enhanced. Studies have shown that the NO and NO2 gas concentrations (selectivity of NO and NO2) can be controlled by varying the air flow, output voltage, and discharge frequency. The highest NOx concentration of 2380 ppm was produced at 250 V, when the direct air flow was 11.2 L/min.
... The similar trend was also found in FRAP assay (µg/g of DW) ranged from 114.30 ± 3.47 to 256.01 ± 11.8, whereas its control recorded 96.34 ± 2.13. The generation of reactive species, such as ROS and RNS (RON), enhances the antioxidant activity [31]. It was observed that DPPH activity (79.61 ± 1.83) and FRAP assay (256.01 ± 11.08) showed higher values at maximum soaking time (204.85 ...
The immense waste generated from sweet orange ( Citrus sinensis ) peel during processing poses significant challenges in waste management, contributing to environmental pollution and health hazards. This study explores the impact of plasma-activated water (PAW) on sweet orange peel, focusing on polyphenols total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total terpenoid content (TTC), flavonoids (hesperidin, naringin), limonin, antioxidant activity 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and anti-nutritional factors (tannin, phytic acid, and saponin), with an emphasis on optimization. The central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was employed, resulting in 13 experimental runs with independent parameters set at 7–13 kV (voltage) and 60–180 min (soaking time). PAW treatment significantly enhanced total polyphenols 112.52-± 4.63-to 170.56-± 5.78-mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g, total flavonoids (621.26-± 25.15-to 972.69-± 80.29-mg QE/100 g), and antioxidant activities (DPPH 37.59% ± 3.71% to 79.61% ± 1.83% and FRAP 96.34-± 2.13-to 256.01-± 11.8-μg AA/g) in sweet orange peel powder (SOPP). Conversely, TTC, naringin, limonin, and anti-nutrients decreased compared to control samples. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis revealed characteristic peaks, confirming the alteration of polyphenolic functional groups. This study presents strategies for valorizing SOPP, enhancing its polyphenols and antioxidant properties for potential applications in nutraceuticals and novel functional foods.
... This non-thermal technology generates ionized gas (plasma) [208] that contains reactive oxygen and nitrogen species capable of killing bacteria, yeasts, and molds [209]. Cold plasma is studied in fresh produce, meats, and packaging materials [210]. ...
Foodborne pathogens are microorganisms that cause illness through contamination, presenting significant risks to public health and food safety. This review explores the metabolites produced by these pathogens, including toxins and secondary metabolites, and their implications for human health, particularly concerning cancer risk. We examine various pathogens such as Salmonella sp., Campylobacter sp., Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes, detailing the specific metabolites of concern and their carcinogenic mechanisms. This study discusses analytical techniques for detecting these metabolites, such as chromatography, spectrometry, and immunoassays, along with the challenges associated with their detection. This study covers effective control strategies, including food processing techniques, sanitation practices, regulatory measures, and emerging technologies in pathogen control. This manuscript considers the broader public health implications of pathogen metabolites, highlighting the importance of robust health policies, public awareness, and education. This review identifies research gaps and innovative approaches, recommending advancements in detection methods, preventive strategies, and policy improvements to better manage the risks associated with foodborne pathogens and their metabolites.
... The combined effects of these factors disrupt the stability of food products throughout their storage. [51][52][53] In the end, the preservation of bioactive substances (TPC and TAC) in kiwifruit juice treated with CP was more effective than that of thermally treated juice. ...
This study examined the quality changes and shelf life of cold plasma (Cold plasma-optimized, S2: 30 kV/5 mm/6.7 min and Cold plasma-extreme, S3: 30 kV/2 mm/10 min) and thermally-treated (S4: 90°C/5 min) kiwifruit juice packed in glass and polyethylene terephthalate bottles stored at 5, 15, and 25°C. Cold plasma and thermally treated juice samples were analyzed for peroxidase activity, microbial enumeration, bioactive compounds degradation, and sensory quality for up to 120 days. The residual activity of peroxidase enzyme in S2 sample after cold plasma treatment was 23.85%, decreasing with increase in storage time and temperature. After cold plasma and thermal treatment, the aerobic mesophiles and yeasts and molds count were below detectable limits in kiwifruit juice. Aerobic mesophiles and yeasts & molds emerged in S2, S3, and S4 samples stored at 5°C after 70, 70, and 90 days, respectively. The total color change increased with increase in storage time and temperature, whereas ascorbic acid, total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity, and overall acceptability decreased. The shelf life of S2 in glass bottles was 100, 80, and 60 days at 5, 15, and 25°C based on total color change ≥ 12, ascorbic acid loss ≥ 50%, microbial count ≥ 6 Log CFU/mL, or overall acceptability < 5. Quality indices, including total color change, overall sensory acceptability, and ascorbic acid, were modeled, and zero-order model performed better than first and second-order reaction models. Furthermore, Arrhenius, Eyring, and Ball models were employed to model temperature-dependent reaction rates, and the Ball model performed better. So, the zero-order reaction and Ball model were combined to predict kiwifruit juice’s shelf life.
... Notably, these solvated reactive species have antimicrobial properties as well as some of them are suitable for plant growth. Several recent publications have reported and reviewed the application of PAL for disinfection, agriculture, cleaning of industrial processing equipment, nanomaterial synthesis, and so on [26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. The applications of PAW in precision agriculture and hydroponics were recently disclosed [33]. ...
This review explores the engineering and design aspects of plasma activated water (PAW) systems, focusing on their application in food safety and agriculture. This review aims to bridge the gap between research and practical application, paving the way for the development of robust and efficient PAW systems for enhancing food safety and agricultural productivity. By examining a variety of activation methods, including direct gas ionization, underwater discharges, and dynamic interactions of ionized gases with liquids, this work discusses the mechanical designs that facilitate these processes, highlighting their scalability and efficiency. The discussion is grounded in a comprehensive relevant scientific and patent literature, offering a critical overview of the systems’ design parameters that influence the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). The designs reported in literature have employed three major approaches, viz. direct underwater discharges, gas ionization followed by introduction of plasma into the liquid, creation of gas liquid mixtures and subsequent ionization. The laboratory systems have relied on natural convective diffusion of the RONS into water, while most of the patents advocate use of forced convective diffusion of RONS to increase transfer rates. Despite widespread laboratory-scale research in PAW, the transition to industrial-scale systems remains underexplored.
... (E) Long-term effect of PAW on plant growth. Images of (E) tomato and (F) pepper plants on 60th day after sowing [91] tion methods and meet the growing demand for safe food products as research in this area progresses [137][138][139][140]. ...
Sustainable agriculture requires the exploration and development of eco-friendly technologies to increase crop production. From the last few decades, nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTAPP) based technology appears as an encouraging frontier in this quest. NTAPP with low temperature and energetic gas-phase chemistry offers potential applications to promote seed germination rate and plant growth. It initiates a cascade of biological responses at molecular levels inside the seed as well as in plants, greater nutrient uptake, elevated antioxidant activity, and pathogen control to ensure improved germination, seedling growth, plant growth, and increased harvesting. NTAPP technology has become more popular and convenient in agriculture due to its potential to produce plasma-activated water (PAW), which harnesses useful reactive species with PAW irrigation to promote plant growth. Recent advancements in NTAPP technology and its applications to promote seed germination, seedling growth, plant growth, and metabolite synthesis were summarized in this review. We delve deeper to examine the possible mechanisms that underlie the involvement of reactive species from NTAPP, surface interactions, and gene expression regulation. We also have discussed the applications of NTAPP in seed priming, pre-planting treatments, and disease control for food preservation. For sustainable agriculture, NTAPP stands out as an eco-friendly technology with the potential to revolutionize crop production of the modern age. Many researchers proved that NTAPP reduces the need for agrochemicals and presents a viable path toward sustainable agriculture. This review will provide recent progress by outlining major challenges and shaping future directions for harnessing the potential of NTAPP in agriculture.
... The changes in bioactive compounds (TPC and TAC) in S2, S3, and S4 during storage are intricately linked to the processing method, storage temperature, enzyme activity, microbial proliferation, Maillard reactions, degradation of ascorbic acid, and alterations in the packaging film's barrier properties [67]. Together, these factors collaborate to disrupt the stability of food products during their storage duration [25,41]. Eventually, CP treatments proved more efficient in maintaining bioactive substances (TPC and TAC) when contrasted with pineapple juice subjected to thermal treatment. ...
