Schematic overview of the wastewater treatment process using Chlamydomonas-bacterial consortia.

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... can be polluted by a variety of sources, each with a different intensity. Wastewater can originate from a variety of sources including domestic, commercial, residential, industrial, surface runoff, recreational, institutional, and agricultural ones (Figure 1). The composition of wastewater varies considerably depending on the source and the industrial processes involved and comprises a diverse mixture of organic, inorganic, and synthetic compounds, with carbohydrates, fats, sugars, and amino acids being among the major contaminants [73]. ...

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... anthropogenic activities increase, leading to more complex wastewater compositions, it is essential to develop wastewater treatment methods that are easy to use, effective, and environmentally friendly to reduce water pollution. Traditional wastewater treatment methods include physical, mechanical, chemical, and biological approaches (Figure 1) [78]. Physical methods include sedimentation, screening, and skimming; mechanical methods use filtration techniques; chemical methods include processes such as adsorption, neutralisation, disinfection, precipitation, and ion exchange [79]; and biological methods use microorganisms to break down pollutants [80]. ...

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... anthropogenic activities increase, leading to more complex wastewater compositions, it is essential to develop wastewater treatment methods that are easy to use, effective, and environmentally friendly to reduce water pollution. Traditional wastewater treatment methods include physical, mechanical, chemical, and biological approaches (Figure 1) [78]. Physical methods include sedimentation, screening, and skimming; mechanical methods use filtration techniques; chemical methods include processes such as adsorption, neutralisation, disinfection, precipitation, and ion exchange [79]; and biological methods use microorganisms to break down pollutants [80]. ...

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... the biological methods, phycoremediation, derived from the Greek word for algae 'phyco', is an environmentally friendly approach that uses various types of algae, such as microalgae, macroalgae, or cyanobacteria, to purify wastewater by removing pollutants or extracting products from it ( Figure 1). Notable applications of phycoremediation include the removal of nutrients and xenobiotic compounds, the reduction of excess nutrients in organic-rich wastewater, the reduction of CO2, the treatment of wastewater with heavy metal ions, and the use of algae as biosensors to monitor potentially harmful substances [82]. ...

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... will now outline the different mechanisms and types of molecules that can be bioremediated by Chlamydomonas. Microalgae have the ability to absorb and degrade pollutants such as heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and pesticides using mechanisms such as biosorption, bioaccumulation and biotransformation [87] (Figure 1). In this study, Bhatia and colleagues explore innovative approaches to wastewater treatment, with a focus on microalgae-based technologies for resource recovery and bioenergy production. ...

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... cell wall of Chlamydomonas is not made up of cellulose as in plants but of five dense glycoprotein-rich layers [88]. The cell surface of C. reinhardtii has a net negative charge, with a zeta potential Among the biological methods, phycoremediation, derived from the Greek word for algae 'phyco', is an environmentally friendly approach that uses various types of algae, such as microalgae, macroalgae, or cyanobacteria, to purify wastewater by removing pollutants or extracting products from it (Figure 1). Notable applications of phycoremediation include the removal of nutrients and xenobiotic compounds, the reduction of excess nutrients in organic-rich wastewater, the reduction of CO 2 , the treatment of wastewater with heavy metal ions, and the use of algae as biosensors to monitor potentially harmful substances [82]. ...

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... will now outline the different mechanisms and types of molecules that can be bioremediated by Chlamydomonas. Microalgae have the ability to absorb and degrade pollutants such as heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and pesticides using mechanisms such as biosorption, bioaccumulation and biotransformation [87] (Figure 1). In this study, Bhatia and colleagues explore innovative approaches to wastewater treatment, with a focus on microalgae-based technologies for resource recovery and bioenergy production. ...