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In recent years, devices based on the Peltier effect, which is the basis for solid-state thermoelectric cooling, have evolved rapidly to meet the fast-growing electronic industry. The Peltier effect corresponds to the heat extraction or absorption occurring at the contact between two different conducting media when a direct current (DC) electric cu...
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... Peltier effect can be used to create a refrigerator (see Figure 1) that is compact and has no circulating fluid or moving parts; such refrigerators are useful in applica- tions where their advantages outweigh the disadvantage of their very low efficiency (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). ...
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... additional assumptions will be introduced. Let us consider first the n-n contact between nondegenerate semi- conductors ( Figure 10). If the momentum scattering in both semiconductors is the same, then (see eq. 2): Figure 6. ...
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... the case of a contact between two degenerate n-or p-type semiconductors (or two metals), the Peltier effect depends on the contact properties again (see Figure 11 and eq. 4), and the work of the built-in electric field jointly with the work of the valence forces occurs. ...
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... a p-n structure is used to make a thermo- electric refrigerator (5, 6, 9, 41) because of the thermo- electric drift fluxes directed (at a corresponding direction of a current from the n-region to p-region) from the interface toward the edge in both layers of the p-n structure that strengthens the cooling phenomenon (22). Traditionally, the studies of the Peltier effect do not consider the non- equilibrium charge carriers, so that only majority charge carriers and their electric current are taken into account in the expressions for heat fluxes in n-and p-regions, even though the current of minority charge carriers near the p-n junction has the same order of magnitude than the current of majority charge carriers (25, 42) (see Figure 12). ...
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... us examine the p-n junction ( Figure 13). It is easy to see From Figure 13 that Figure 12. ...
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... us examine the p-n junction ( Figure 13). It is easy to see From Figure 13 that Figure 12. Distribution of currents in p-n junctions. ...
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... us examine the p-n junction ( Figure 13). It is easy to see From Figure 13 that Figure 12. Distribution of currents in p-n junctions. ...
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... follows from Figure 14 that under the chosen current direction cooling of the junction switches to heating in absence of recombination. ...
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... equivalent electric circuits are presented in Figures 15 and 16 for the two limiting cases, very strong and weak recombination, respectively. ...
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... problem is reduced to the calculation of the currents in the electrical circuit composed of two circuits connected in parallel (see Figure 16). One of them is composed of two n-type semiconductors connected in series with the con- centrations n n and n p , whereas the other is composed of two p-type semiconductors connected in series with the concentrations p n and p p . ...
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Citations
... A comprehensive study of the mechanisms of heating and cooling originated by an electrical current in semiconductor devices; the Peltier effect depends strongly on the junction surface thermal conductivity. The contribution of this effect to the total effect of thermoelectric cooling increases with an increase in surface thermal conductivity and it slackens with a decrease in surface thermal conductivity (Gurevich and Velázquez-Pérez, 2014). ...
The issue of water scarcity in many parts of the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, is a major dilemma. The amount of moisture for plants is not comparable to rain, but in arid areas, it is a huge contribution to plant water supply. In this research, the effect of using Peltier to improve soil condensation by performing several tests was studied in order to investigate the possibility of increasing soil capacity and reducing surface evaporation. Due to the Peltier cooling effect, with copper, iron and aluminium plates, results were evaluated in normal water, saline water and soil texture. The results showed that by using the copper plates in Peltier module, temperature dropped and it was 10% more than iron and aluminium one. It showed that there were significant differences in the results.
... The PE is defined as the cooling of one junction and the heating of the other when electric current is passed through a circuit containing dissimilar conductors or semiconductors. Therefore, studies of the non-equilibrium thermodynamics of thermoelectric phenomena related to the PE in semiconductors have been conducted [32]. In low-dimensional semiconductor system, in quantum point contacts, the Peltier coefficient (PC) oscillates under the influence of a magnetic field [33]. ...
The Photo-stimulated thermo-magnetoelectric effect in cylindrical quantum wires (CQW) under the effect of confined optical phonons (OP) is investigated. Analytical expressions of the Ettingshausen coefficient (EC), the Peltier coefficient (PC) and the temperature difference are obtained. The limitation for unconfined OP case and bulk semiconductor case could be achieved. Numerical evaluation for GaAs CQW with an infinite potential reveals that confined OP increase the EC about 2.5 times and decrease the PC about 1.01 times compared with the unconfined OP case. The appearance of an EMW with amplitude 107V.m−1 could rise the EC about 3.35 times and reduce the PC about 1.02 times. The EC and the PC start changing rapidly as the CQW radius is smaller than 20nm. The values of temperature difference are the same order as that measured for pure bismuth crystal and its changing sign is connected to previous experimental result.
... Such explanation, while greatly simplified, is given in short time available as one of the topics within the course described at the beginning of this article, and is also presented in this article. Additionally, the use of a proper actuator, a Peltier element [8], cable of heating and cooling is presented. ...
An experiment on temperature regulation was prepared and is regularly conducted in a laboratory course on electronic at the faculty level. The experiment demonstrates the use, problems and solutions with feedback introduced for temperature regulation. The plans for hardware and complete software to run the experiment are freely available at author’s web page. The hardware consists of easily obtainable and cheap components. Temperatures are measured by widely used semiconductor thermometer chips DS18B20 and results are presented on a PC connected to the experiment. The experiment with heating and cooling can be implemented already at a secondary school level, but the theory behind the experiment requires better understanding of mathematics (differential equations) available at faculty level. The experiment is complemented with software simulation to be used in lectures.
... This effect allowed achieving both thermoelectric cooling and heating. The first Peltier device could lower the bismuthantimony junction temperature by 4.5 K at an ambient temperature of 30 • C. The Peltier effect was confirmed four years later by Emil Lenz, a Russian scientist [6,7]. ...
The primary reason behind the search for novel organic materials for application in thermoelectric devices is the toxicity of inorganic substances and the difficulties associated with their processing for the production of thin, flexible layers. When Thomas Seebeck described a new phenomenon in Berlin in 1820, nobody could have predicted the future applications of the thermoelectric effect. Now, thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are used in watches, and thermoelectric coolers (TECs) are applied in cars, computers, and various laboratory equipment. Nevertheless, the future of thermoelectric materials lies in organic compounds. This paper discusses the developments made in thermoelectric materials, including small molecules, polymers, molecular junctions, and their applications as TEGs and/or TECs.
... A thermoelectric element is formed by making junction between P-and N-type semiconductor pallets using copper tabs. [8] When an electric current is passed in the appropriate direction through the junction, both types of charge carriers, electrons in N-type and holes in P-type semiconductor pallet, move away from the junction and convey heat away, thus cooling the junction. Several such elements are arranged between two rectangular plates with connecting wires to form a TEC module which connects the thermoelectric elements electrically in series and thermally in parallel. ...
The sampling and measurement of airborne tritium is an essential component of workplace monitoring at heavy water handling facilities and nuclear reactors using heavy water as coolant and moderator. Tritium being an internal hazard, its workplace monitoring and assessment of internal exposure of workers is a regulatory requirement for the facility. The conventional tritium air sample collection methods are condensation, bubbling, and trapping with appropriate media such as dry ice, water, and desiccants, respectively. A novel method for rapid collection of moisture in the air for the estimation of tritium is presented and discussed in this article. It involves condensation of tritium oxide in the air using a commercially available thermoelectric cooling module which has removed uncertainty in the availability of dry ice or desiccant. The instrument is capable of collecting 2–3 ml of sample in 30 min at a relative humidity level of about 60% and temperature of about 25.5°C. The quantity of sample collected is sufficient for the estimation of tritium concentration in air. The Peltier module-based low-cost, simple, and reliable system has been successfully implemented for workplace tritium in air sampling at radiological facilities.
... Following a similar approach described earlier, expressions can be derived for Π. For example, for the nondegenerate (ND) and strongly degenerate (D) cases, the Peltier coefficient takes the following forms [22]: ...
The thermoelectric effect forms the basis of Peltier cooling that has attracted interest for solid state refrigeration for more than a century. The dearth of materials level efficiency in converting between heat and electricity has limited widespread applications. With renewed focus on energy technologies in the past three decades, the thermoelectric effect has been intensely explored in new materials using state of the art advances in materials fabrication, characterization techniques and theory. This review aims to navigate the complex landscape of these studies to identify credible advances, pinpoint continuing problems, and lay out future prospects for both research and applications, with emphasis on electronics cooling.
... It is important to note that Eq. (10) does not contain thermoelectric heating or cooling (Peltier effect). They arise at the interface between two media due to a change in the drift component of the heat flux dr q [40,41]. According to the Le Chatelier-Braun principle in the irreversible thermodynamics, "some internal fluxes appear in the system in the stationary state when an external influence affects this system, and these internal fluxes weaken the results of this influence" [42]. ...
A detailed analysis of the influence of thermal nonequilibrium on transport in semiconductors was carried out. It is shown that the transport of heat and electricity in bipolar semiconductors are interdependent and self-consistent. In a general case, the distribution of the temperature in homogeneous semiconductors cannot be constant or a linear function with respect to the coordinate even in a linear approximation. The roles of nonequilibrium charge carriers and the recombination in the heat transport are established.
... Several studies have been presented for hotspot mitigation using thermoelectric coolers (TEC) [50][51][52][53][54][55]. The thermoelectric cooling is based on the principle of Peltier effect [56,57], that is, when the electric current is maintained in a closed circuit consisting of two dissimilar semiconductors or conductors, heat is released at one junction and absorbed at the other, which increases the temperature at the former junction and reduces at the later junction. Although it is an excellent approach for hotspot mitigation, its widespread application is limited due to the low coefficient of performance, complex design, and contact parasitic resistance [54,55]. ...
A novel microchannel heat sink with an excellent die-level hotspot mitigation capability has been introduced for electronic cooling applications. The basic concept of the proposed composite design is based on the dissimilarity in the thermal conductivities of materials. The microprocessor area was divided into multiple zones of different heat fluxes and the heat sink was developed using dissimilar materials for each zone. Silicon was used for the low-heat-flux zone and diamond with substantially higher thermal conductivity (ten times higher than silicon) was used for the high-heat-flux zone. The non-composite design was completely made of silicon with the same geometric parameters. A comprehensive numerical analysis of the composite heat sink was carried out and the results were compared with that of the non-composite heat sink. Both heat sink designs were assessed at various flow rates, heating schemes, and hotspot sizes. The thermal resistance, temperature non-uniformity, and pumping power were calculated to assess the performance of both heat sinks. The proposed design exhibited a substantial performance enhancement without any increase in the pressure drop or pumping power. Besides, the composite design was analyzed by varying the diamond zone size while keeping the hotspot size fixed which showed further enhancement in its performance.
... There are many kinds of thermal displays based on a Peltier pump heat source that can either heat or cool the surface based on the Peltier effect [17], see e.g. in haptics [18], [19], [20]. Our soft robot skin uses thermal transfer through water flow [7], and our idea builds on the structural design of our robot skin. ...
Physical human-robot interaction (pHRI) enables to achieve various assistive tasks for people by robots such as collaborative robotics or motion assistance. It pertains both planning-control and hardware considerations. We propose a new soft robot skin that can detect human contact through thermal features. An electrically conductive pipe is interposed between graphite sheet that has high heat conductivity and soft material for cover compliance. Then the temperature of the water pipe is controlled by a heat source and a small water pump. Besides, an observer for estimating heat flow is implemented; it can detect human interaction by measuring the temperature change of the water pipe. Hence, there is no need to attach sensors to the robot skin's surface, which can be kept soft and eventually textured with a desired pattern. We assessed the validity of the prototype in experiments of contact detection by human fingers.
... The device maintains the thermistor in thermal balance with the TEC utilizing the Peltier effect. 17,18 During power-up initialization, the sensor measures the ambient temperature and uses this as a set point for the control loop. As the expired breath heats the thermistor, the thermal balance is disrupted and this generates a feedback signal via the control loop. ...
Introduction:
There is a paucity of non-invasive respiratory monitors for patients outside of critical care settings. The Linshom respiratory monitoring device is a novel temperature-based respiratory monitor that measures the respiratory rate as accurately as capnography.
Objectives:
Determine whether the amplitude of the Linshom temperature profile was an accurate, surrogate and qualitative metric of the tidal volume (VT ) that tracks VT in healthy volunteers.
Methods:
Forty volunteers breathed room air spontaneously through a tight-fitting continuous positive airway pressure mask with a Linshom device mounted in the mask. VT was measured contemporaneously using a stand-alone Maquet Servo-i ICU ventilator. The amplitudes of the Linshom temperature profiles were paired with the contemporaneous VT measurements using least-squares linear regression analysis and the coefficient of variation (R2 ) was determined.
Results:
Forty volunteers completed the study. The data from thirty of the volunteers were analyzed and are presented; data from ten volunteers were not included due to protocol violations and/or technical issues unrelated to Linshom. The fluctuations in the amplitude of the Linshom temperature profiles mapped closely with the measured VT using least squares linear regression analyses yielding a mean R2 (95% CI) value of 0.87 (0.84-0.90).
Conclusion:
These results support the notion that the Linshom temperature profile is an accurate and reliable surrogate that tracks changes in VT in healthy volunteers. Further studies are warranted in patients in clinical settings to establish the effectiveness of this monitor.
