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Schematic lithostratigraphic profiles of the Oligocene interval in tectonic units in the Carpathians in SE Poland (left) and NW Ukraine (right) (modified after Kotarba et al., 2007), showing the stratigraphic positions of source and reservoir rock units. Abbreviations: Ss-sandstones, Lm-limestones. Note that these profiles are schematic for both vertical and horizontal relationships; the true thicknesses and structural relationships in this complexly-thrusted terrane are not shown.

Schematic lithostratigraphic profiles of the Oligocene interval in tectonic units in the Carpathians in SE Poland (left) and NW Ukraine (right) (modified after Kotarba et al., 2007), showing the stratigraphic positions of source and reservoir rock units. Abbreviations: Ss-sandstones, Lm-limestones. Note that these profiles are schematic for both vertical and horizontal relationships; the true thicknesses and structural relationships in this complexly-thrusted terrane are not shown.

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Article
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The principal source rocks in the Outer Carpathians are organic-rich shales in the Oligocene to Lower Miocene Menilite Formation. The average total organic carbon (TOC) content in the Menilite Formation is 4-8 wt%; the maximum measured is 26 wt%. Organic matter (OM) is oil-prone Type II kerogen derived mainly from algae and cyanobacteria which was...

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Citations

... The interpreted salinity changes are important to acquire a better understanding of the organic matter preservation of the Menilite Formation, which is well known for its hydrocarbon potential (e.g., Wójcik-Tabol et al., 2022). The organic petrography in the Oligocene of the Carpathians' successions has been used only to a minor extent as an indicator of organic matter origin and hydrocarbon potential (Kruge et al., 1996;Wójcik-Tabol, 2015, 2017Wendorff et al., 2017;Kosakowski et al., 2018;Ziemianin, 2018Ziemianin, , 2020Zielińska et al., 2020;Waliczek et al., 2022). ...
... The newer publications of Kotarba et al. (2013Kotarba et al. ( , 2014 also confirmed the best generation potential of menilite shales. Recently, the influence of changes of deposition facies on the generation potential of the Menilite Beds was examined (Kosakowski et al., 2018) and it was found that there is no direct correlation in this case. (Jankowski 2008, Jankowski, Probulski, 2011. ...
... Unfortunately, petrography of organic matter in the case of the Menilite Beds is often either completely marginalized or limited only to vitrinite reflectance measurements. Therefore, publications where the results of microscopic investigations of organic matter are presented are rather rare (Koltun, 1992;Kruge et al., 1996;Kotulva, 2004;Semyrka, 2009;Kosakowski et al., 2009Kosakowski et al., , 2018Zielińska, 2012;Kotarba et al., 2013, Waliczek et al., 2017, Wendorff et al., 2017. ...
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This study investigates the hydrocarbon potential of Oligocene–Miocene shales in the Menilite Formation, the main source rock in the Ukrainian Carpathians. The study is based on the analysis of 233 samples collected from outcrops along the Chechva River in western Ukraine in order to analyse bulk parameters (TOC, Rock‐Eval), biomarkers and maceral composition. In Ukraine, the Menilite Formation is conventionally divided into Lower (Lower Oligocene), Middle (Upper Oligocene) and Upper (Lower Miocene) Members. The Early Oligocene and Early Miocene ages of the lower and upper members are confirmed by new nannoplankton data. The Lower Menilite Member is approximately 330 m thick in the study area and contains numerous chert beds and turbidite sandstones in its lower part together with organic‐rich black shales. The shales have a high content of silica which was probably derived from siliceous micro‐organisms. The TOC content of the shales frequently exceeds 20 wt.% and averages 9.76 wt.%. HI values range between 600 and 300 mgHC/gTOC (max. 800 mgHC/gTOC). The Middle Member contains thin black shale intervals but was not studied in detail. The Upper Member is about 1300 m thick in the study area and is composed mainly of organic‐rich shales. Chert layers are present near the base of the Member, and a prominent tuff horizon in the upper part represents a volcanic phase during shale deposition. The member grades into overlying molasse sediments. The average TOC content of the Upper Menilite succession is 5.17 wt.% but exceeds 20 wt.% near its base. Low T max and vitrinite reflectance measurements for the Lower (419°C and 0.24–0.34 %R r , respectively) and Upper (425°C and 0.26–0.32 %R r , respectively) Menilite Member successions indicate thermal immaturity. Biomarker and maceral data suggest a dominantly marine (Type II) organic matter input mixed with varying amounts of land‐plant derived material, and indicate varying redox and salinity conditions during deposition. Determination of the Source Potential Index (SPI) shows that the Menilite Formation in the study area has the potential to generate up to 74.5 tons of hydrocarbons per m ² . The Chechva River outcrops therefore appear to have a significantly higher generation potential than other source rocks in the Paratethys realm. These very high SPI values for the Menilite Formation may explain why a relatively small area in Ukraine hosts about 70% of the known hydrocarbon reserves in the northern and eastern Carpathian fold‐thrust belt.