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Schematic drawings of the most common types of collenchyma. (A) Angular collenchyma. (B) Tangential collenchyma. (C) Annular collenchyma. (D) Lacunar collenchyma. This type often occurs as an intermediate type with angular and lamellar collenchyma, in which the size of the intercellular spaces can vary from minute spaces (1) to large cavities surrounded by collenchymatous walls (2).
Source publication
Background
Collenchyma has remained in the shadow of commercially exploited mechanical tissues such as wood and fibres, and therefore has received little attention since it was first described. However, collenchyma is highly dynamic, especially compared with sclerenchyma. It is the main supporting tissue of growing organs with walls thickening duri...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... angular and annular col- lenchyma is often difficult, especially when massive thicken- ing occurs causing the lumen to lose its angular appearance (Fig. 2F). Therefore, some authors ( Esau, 1965;Fahn, 1990;Beck, 2005) do not recognize this type. Several textbooks also distinguish lacunar (or lacunate) collenchyma (Müller's 'Lückencollenchym') ( Fig. 3D) when thickened cell walls occur adjacent to intercellular spaces (Esau, 1965;Mauseth, 1988;Dickison, 2000;Beck, 2005;Evert, 2006). Duchaigne (1955) and Fahn (1990) did not distinguish this type, as they state that intercellular spaces often occur in other collenchyma types. Therefore, intermediate forms occur where, for example, ...
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Citations
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... The collenchyma tissue consists of living cells that are longer than parenchymal cells with an uneven and elastic thickening of the primary wall (Figure 9). The chollenchyma is a very dynamic tissue and is the main supporter of the organ in the growth phase, with walls that can thicken during and after elongation (Leroux, 2012). Collenchyma specifically supports young plant stems, leaves, leaf bones, petioles, as well as root parts, especially on hanging roots (Hawkes, 1997). ...
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... Thus, they are rigid and tend to break if bent (Figures 10a and 10b) (Leroux, 2012). Sclerenchymal tissue is widespread in most vascular plants (Leroux, 2012). Sclerenchyma is characterized by a thick, long, narrow fibrous cell wall, and its cells undergo death in adult plants. ...
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... Our anatomical results using toluidine blue O staining showed that the vascular bundle arrangement was more circular in scapes than in petioles, with blue-stained xylem arranged more regularly than in petioles ( Figure 12). These tissues contain lignin in their walls, which cannot be bent or broken, and the relative amount of these tissues determines whether the plant will bend or stand under strong pressure (Moysset and Simoń, 1991;Paiva and Machado, 2003;Leroux, 2012). Therefore, the scape of F. japonicum var. ...
Adaptation of Farfugium japonicum (L.) Kitam. var. japonicum (Asteraceae) to the strong wind environment of coastal areas has been shown to reduce lamina size and shorten petioles; however, their effects on other traits of this species remain unknown. Our morphological analyses showed that shortening of the scape of this species is correlated with shortening of the petiole in coastal areas. The results suggested that when the height of the scapes became higher than that of the petioles, the wind stress on the scapes became stronger and their growth was suppressed. Therefore, the populations in coastal areas with strong winds had significantly shorter scapes than inland populations, and the height of petioles and scapes in the coastal populations were correlated. Further mechanical analysis by three-point bending tests revealed that the scapes had higher strength than the petioles. This species is evergreen and can produce new leaves regardless of the season, even if it loses its leaves by strong winds; however, because scapes only develop above ground for a limited period of the year, the loss of the scapes by strong winds has a significant impact on reproduction in that year. Therefore, even though the scapes were stronger than the petiole, shortening the scapes plays an important role in reducing strong wind stress in coastal areas.
... In of P. echinata leaves, the palisade to spongy parenchyma ratio (PP:SP) was higher in the dry season, indicating enhanced light capture efficiency and utilization as previously reported in this species [45]. Leaf SP is a dynamic tissue that plays a vital role by helping maintain the water balance in situations of high transpiration rates, such as that undergone in high light and higher temperatures [46,47]. Since the mesophyll is the leading site of photosynthesis, adjustments on SP and the PP:SP ratio are associated with regulation of light absorption surface and CO 2 diffusion surface. ...
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This article describes detailed and novel data on the anatomy and histochemistry of leaves, stems, and roots of Camonea umbellata (L.) A.R.Simões & Staples in different environments for the identification of characters with taxonomical value and of ecological importance, with provision of light and scanning electron microscopy images. To analyze the characters, we collected samples of the vegetative organs of three individuals in each of three populations, which were in a grazing area, an urban environment, and a biological reserve. The main diagnostic anatomical markers for the identification of C . umbellata include amphistomatic leaves, tetracytic and brachyparatetracytic stomata, peltate trichomes, long simple trichomes, epidermis with striated cuticle ornamentation, mesophyll with acute borders, presence of druses, secretory channels, angular collenchyma, fibrous pericycle in the stem, intraxylary phloem in the vegetative organs, oil bodies throughout the midrib, petiole, stem and root, and epicuticular waxes of the crust and coiled rodlet types. Since the characters above did not show variation in the environments evaluated, we consider these characters taxonomically useful for the identification of C . umbellata .
Research Highlights
The anatomy of the aerial vegetative organs of Camonnea umbellata retains common Convolvulaceae characters.
The sinuosity of the epidermal cell walls and the density of trichomes in the epidermis of the petiole were visually variable characters among the analyzed individuals.
Amphistomatic leaves, tetracytic and brachyparatetracytic stomata, peltate trichomes, epidermis with striated cuticle ornamentation, dorsiventral mesophyll with border acute, presence of druses, secretory structures, angular collenchyma, fibrous pericycle in the stem, intraxillary phloem, presence of oil bodies in all organs, and epicuticular waxes of the crust type and coiled rods were considered important anatomical markers for the recognition and correct identification of Camonea umbellata .
... With regard to the supporting tissues, the collenchyma present in the leaves is functionally important because it confers resistance to plants that are vulnerable to forced flexion and traction movements (Leroux, 2012). As C. umbellata has a voluble/climbing habit, the elastic and flexible nature of this tissue can help the plants to intertwine or adhere to other surfaces without the risk of ruptures of the parenchymal or vascular tissue (Müller, 2006). ...
This article describes detailed and novel data on the anatomy and histochemistry of
leaves, stems, and roots of Camonea umbellata (L.) A.R.Simões & Staples in different
environments for the identification of characters with taxonomical value and of ecological
importance, with provision of light and scanning electron microscopy images.
To analyze the characters, we collected samples of the vegetative organs of three
individuals in each of three populations, which were in a grazing area, an urban environment,
and a biological reserve. The main diagnostic anatomical markers for the
identification of C. umbellata include amphistomatic leaves, tetracytic and brachyparatetracytic
stomata, peltate trichomes, long simple trichomes, epidermis with striated
cuticle ornamentation, mesophyll with acute borders, presence of druses, secretory
channels, angular collenchyma, fibrous pericycle in the stem, intraxylary phloem in
the vegetative organs, oil bodies throughout the midrib, petiole, stem and root, and
epicuticular waxes of the crust and coiled rodlet types. Since the characters above
did not show variation in the environments evaluated, we consider these characters
taxonomically useful for the identification of C. umbellata.
... From the mechanical considerations, the location of the cells with a mechanical function at the periphery of an organ is the most effective position in axial organs when they are either mainly supported by turgor-based mechanisms (Niklas 1992), or by structural elements such as fibers (Wainwright et al. 1976). This mechanical solution is manifested by the hypodermal sterome in ferns (Rowe and Speck 2004;Mahley et al. 2018), collenchyma (Leroux 2012), and phloem fibers in seed plants (Gorshkova et al. 2012). Thus, the fiber-like cells in non-seed land plant species appeared in the outer stem part, despite the widely accepted hypothesis that angiosperm fibers have originated from tracheids, as suggested by the study of secondary xylem development in gymnosperms and angiosperms (Bailey and Tupper 1918;Fahn 1990). ...
... Such a situation resembles the different layers (S1, S2, and S3) of secondary cell walls in angiosperms, which are also distinguished by their various cellulose microfibril orientation while having similar matrix components (Timell 1967;Kim and Daniel 2012;Arnould and Arinero 2015). Concentric layers with different orientation of cellulose microfibrils are also known in the thickened primary cell walls of the collenchyma in angiosperms (Leroux 2012). Thus, the sharp changes in the orientation of cellulose microfibrils may be among the basic principles of cell wall construction in thickened cell walls, which had already emerged in the early stages of mechanical tissue evolution. ...
Main conclusion
Fiber-like cells with thickened cell walls of specific structure and polymer composition that includes (1 → 4)-β-galactans develop in the outer stem cortex of several moss species gametophytes.
Abstract
The early land plants evolved several specialized cell types and tissues that did not exist in their aquatic ancestors. Of these, water-conducting elements and reproductive organs have received most of the research attention. The evolution of tissues specialized to fulfill a mechanical function is by far less studied despite their wide distribution in land plants. For vascular plants following a homoiohydric trajectory, the evolutionary emergence of mechanical tissues is mainly discussed starting with the fern-like plants with their hypodermal sterome or sclerified fibers that have xylan and lignin-based cell walls. However, mechanical challenges were also faced by bryophytes, which lack lignified cell-walls. To characterize mechanical tissues in the bryophyte lineage, following a poikilohydric trajectory, we used six wild moss species (Polytrichum juniperinum, Dicranum sp., Rhodobryum roseum, Eurhynchiadelphus sp., Climacium dendroides, and Hylocomium splendens) and analyzed the structure and composition of their cell walls. In all of them, the outer stem cortex of the leafy gametophytic generation had fiber-like cells with a thickened but non-lignified cell wall. Such cells have a spindle-like shape with pointed tips. The additional thick cell wall layer in those fiber-like cells is composed of sublayers with structural evidence for different cellulose microfibril orientation, and with specific polymer composition that includes (1 → 4)-β-galactans. Thus, the basic cellular characters of the cells that provide mechanical support in vascular plant taxa (elongated cell shape, location at the periphery of a primary organ, the thickened cell wall and its peculiar composition and structure) also exist in mosses.
... The collenchyma cells of A. vulgaris were larger and consisted of more than one layer of cells. According to Leroux (2012), in stem and petioles, collenchyma typically occurs in a peripheral position and can be found immediately beneath the epidermis (Leroux, 2012). The cortex which is composed of circular parenchyma cells, was not the largest tissue that composes the stem. ...
... The collenchyma cells of A. vulgaris were larger and consisted of more than one layer of cells. According to Leroux (2012), in stem and petioles, collenchyma typically occurs in a peripheral position and can be found immediately beneath the epidermis (Leroux, 2012). The cortex which is composed of circular parenchyma cells, was not the largest tissue that composes the stem. ...
Artemisia vulgaris L. belongs to Asteraceae, is a herbal plant that has various benefits in the medical field, so that its use in the medical field can be explored optimally, the plant must be thoroughly identified. This study aims to identify A. vulgaris both in terms of descriptive morpho-anatomy and DNA barcoding using BLAST and phylogenetic tree reconstruction. The morpho-anatomical character was observed on root, stem, and leaf. DNA barcoding analysis was carried out through amplification and alignment of the rbcL and matK genes. All studies were conducted on three samples from Taman Husada (Medicinal Plant Garden) Graha Famili Surabaya, Indonesia. The anatomical slide was prepared by the paraffin method. Morphological studies revealed that the leaves of A. vulgaris both on the lower-middle part and on the upper part of the stem have differences, especially in the character of the stipules, petioles, and incisions they have. Meanwhile, from the study of anatomy, A. vulgaris has an anomocytic type of stomata and its distribution is mostly on the ventral part of the leaves. Through the BLAST process and phylogenetic tree reconstruction, the plant sequences being studied are closely related to several species of the genus Artemisia as indicated by a percentage identity above 98% and branch proximity between taxa in the reconstructed phylogenetic tree.