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We present a design approach for a long-distance optical camera communication (OCC) system using side-emitting fibers as distributed transmitters. We demonstrate our approach feasibility by increasing the transmission distance by two orders up to 40 m compared to previous works. Furthermore, we explore the effect of the light-emitting diode (LED) m...
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Citations
... In particular, it limits the bandwidth of the RS-OCC system. Therefore, high-resolution cameras, large LED transmitters, and telephoto lens [31,32] are helpful to enhance the free-space reach of RS-OCC system. ...
Rolling shutter based optical camera communication (RS-OCC), a promising candidate of optical wireless communication (OWC), has the advantage of unlicensed spectrum and no electromagnetic interference. Since RS-OCC can use the built-in camera of a smartphone as a receiver, it can provide flexible, low-cost, and timely private information exchange between mobile users. However, the enhancement of data throughput for the RS-OCC is challenging. Light emitting diode (LED) strips can be designed as both a smartphone accessory and a transmitter of RS-OCC. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate the LED strip based spatial division multiplexing (SDM) technique. In order to enhance the aggregated data throughput, we investigate and optimize the operation parameters of LED strips and a smartphone camera. Consequently, when the least mean square-based feedforward equalizer (LMS-FFE) with 5 taps is employed, eight LED strips modulated with 8-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-8) signals can realize a record data throughput of 201.96 kbit/s, indicating of an alternative flexible data transfer scheme between two smartphones.
... Recently, side-emitting optical fibers have been introduced as distributed transmitters for OCC [17,18]. Side-emitting fibers differ from conventional optical fibers by gradually emitting light along the side-emitting fiber length [19]. ...
This paper presents an experimental evaluation of two types of light-emitting diode (LED)-based distributed transmitters, namely an LED strip and an LED-coupled side-emitting optical fiber, in both laboratory and wearable optical camera communication (OCC) systems. We study the system performance in terms of success of reception (SoR) with regard to the transmission distance. The best value of SoR is achieved when the camera is facing directly to the transmitter (T x ) from a close distance of 1 m. Additionally, we compare the power consumption, the signal-to-noise ratio performance (SNR) and all the obtained values under optimal conditions are better than the forward error correction (FEC) limit in OCC systems.
... Optical Camera Communication (OCC), as one of the Optical Wireless Communication (OWC) technologies, can be integrated into vehicular communication networks by using vehicle lighting systems as transmitters, and dash cameras as receivers [1,2]. With its advantages of unlicensed spectrum, no radio frequency interference, convenient achievement of Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) functionality, and joint sensing and communication ability, it is considered a promising complement to the majority Radio Frequency (RF)-based Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to further enhance road safety, traffic efficiency, and driving comfort [3]. ...
Optical camera communication (OCC) shows promise for optical wireless communication (OWC) in vehicular networks. However, vehicle mobility-induced angular distortions hinder system throughput by degrading non-isotropic vehicular OCC channel gain. Few of the prior works have ever made a comprehensive analysis of their impact, especially based on the pixel value which reflects the camera imaging features. To address this knowledge gap, a pixel value-described vehicular OCC system model accounting for transmitter imaging location and intensity from the geometry and radiometry aspects is presented in this paper with common types of the offset and rotation angles included. We integrate a MATLAB-based simulated vehicular OCC system with an experimentally designed testbed for validation and performance analysis. For a single-time snapshot, we investigate the impacts of common angular distortion types in vehicular OCC systems on maximum pixel value, imaging location, and communication-related metrics. Furthermore, we statistically analyze their influences by considering two driving scenarios with respective angular distributions. The angular distortion characterization from this work is expected to lay a stepping stone to addressing mobility in vehicular OCC systems.
... OCC is considered distance sensitive because the choice of modulation schemes and its performance is significantly influenced by the communication distance [12][13][14]. Conventionally, OM is preferable for most short distant communication scenarios where the light spot is large enough to cover most pixel rows in the output image [15]. The RS mechanism allows exchanging the redundancy in space or pixel domain for the sampling rate in the time domain, in a manner of "space for time", which supports high-speed data transmission. ...
Oversampled modulation (OM) and undersampled modulation (UM) are two commonly used optical camera communication (OCC) modulation schemes for high-speed communication in short-range and reliable communication at long distances, respectively. However, the relationship between these two schemes and the tradeoff in performance for arbitrary communication distances have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we analyze the impact of distance and modulation parameters on pixel efficiency and packet delivery rate performance, demonstrating the underlying unity of traditional OM and UM schemes. Furthermore, we propose a generalized modulation scheme that allows for achieving predefined link performance at a given distance by adjusting the modulation parameters, such as packet length and repetition counts. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed generalized modulation scheme provides OCC with a unique distance-aware capability other than the traditional OM and UM schemes, which are two special cases focusing on effectiveness and reliability, respectively. This research enhances our understanding of OCC data modulation and establishes a theoretical foundation for achieving efficient and reliable OCC transmission in complex environments.
... Ref. [24] proposed a new approach for OCC using side-emitting fiber transmitters and accomplished an increased communication distance two times that of previous research [25,26]. The proposed OCC-fiber link successfully fulfills the Fuel and Missions Calculator (FEC), Version 3.8 limit for Bit Error Rate (BER) 10 −3 on distances of 35 m (BER = 3.35 · 10 −3 ) and 40 m (BER = 1.13 · 10 −3 ) using fiber with diameters of 2 and 3 mm, respectively. ...
Optical Camera Communication (OCC) is an emerging technology that has attracted research interest in recent decades. Unlike previous communication technologies, OCC uses visible light as the medium to transmit data from receivers and cameras to receive the data. OCC has several advantages that can be capitalized in several implementations. However, the Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a technology with immense potential. Numerous research endeavors support the IoT’s prospective technology that can be implemented in various sectors, including the healthcare system. This study introduces a novel implementation of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) system, using OCC for real-time health monitoring and indoor location tracking. The innovative system uses standard closed-circuit television CCTV setups, integrating deep learning-based OCC to monitor multiple patients simultaneously, each represented by an LED matrix. The effectiveness of the system was demonstrated through two scenarios: the first involves dual transmitters and a single camera, highlighting real-time monitoring of vital health data; the second features a transmitter with dual cameras, focusing patient movement tracking across different camera fields of view. To accurately locate and track the position of LED arrays in the camera, the system used YOLO (You Only Look Once). Data are securely transmitted to an edge server and stored using the REST API, with a web interface providing real-time patient updates. This study highlights the potential of OCC in IoMT for advanced patient care and proposes future exploration in larger healthcare systems and other IoT domains.
... A high-speed VLC system of only a 1 cm link span was studied in [26]. In [27], we reported a transmission system with a link span of up to 40 m with a BER performance below 1.13×10 −3 . In [28], we introduced the only existing exception and investigated the performance of an OCC system with a side-emitting fiber being bent up to 90 • . ...
Wearable communication is one of the key drivers in the Internet of Things (IoT) and body area networks for transmitting vital sensory data. Wearable devices must be lightweight, flexible, and have low energy consumption. In this context, optical wireless communication offers several significant advantages, such as immunity to the radio frequency-induced electromagnetic interference, broad unlicensed spectrum, and enhanced physical layer security. Wearable devices employing light-emitting diodes coupled to side-emitting optical fibers form energy-efficient, lightweight, flexible, and omnidirectional distributed optical transmitters, which are ideal for IoT applications. In this paper, we propose an optical camera communication (OCC)–based wearable system with a unique image processing algorithm capable of detecting and recovering data from distributed transmitters of arbitrary shapes. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed system, where for distances up to 4 m, the bit error rate (BER) performance is well below the forward error correction BER limit with values as low as
. The presented results demonstrate the potential of OCC-based systems using side-emitting fibers for IoT applications.
... Maximum transmission distance was up to 1 m in both reports, whereas both transmission scenarios worked only in the downlink regime, having the side-emitting fiber as a distributed transmitter (Tx). Recently, a transmission distance of 23 m was reported by using a mobile camera with a telescope and long-short-term-memory neural network (LSTM-NN) processing approach [13], whereas results from [11] were improved to 40 m by overall system optimization and enhanced matched filtering processing technique [14]. Furthermore, an interesting report on bi-directional side-emitting fiber application was presented, showing up to 800 Mbit/s data speeds [15]. ...
... The key idea is shown in Fig. 1. Figure 1(a) shows the downlink scheme presented in [11,14]. Data is generated and sent to the LED, modulating its output light. ...
We present a distributed receiver for visible light communication based on a side-emitting optical fiber. We show that 500 kbps data rate can be captured with a bit-error rate below the forward-error correction limit of 3.8·10⁻³ with a light-emitting diode (LED) transmitter 25 cm away from the fiber, whereas by increasing the photodetector gain and reducing the data rate down to 50 kbps, we improve the LED-fiber distance significantly up to 4 m. Our results lead to a low-cost distributed visible-light receiver with a 360° field of view for indoor low-data rate, Internet of Things, and sensory networks.
