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Industrial solid waste (ISW) is the waste obtained from the industrials activities which include any solid materials that are rendered useless during a manufacturing process. The ISW considers a global environmental problem and serious solutions must be taken to face this problem and decrease its environmental load and impact. Adsorption of heavy m...
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... film of the adsorbate on the surface of the adsorbent [51,[110][111][112][113]. Also, the adsorption process may be defined as removing the substance from liquid or gas by a solid phase which giving higher concentration (or accumulation) of removed adsorbate molecules on the adsorbent surface to that in the bulk of the solution as illustrated in Fig. 4 [114]. The adsorption process was observed in numerous systems including chemical, physical, natural and biological systems. In addition to that; the adsorption process is extensively used in industrial applications such as heterogeneous catalysts, activated charcoal, adsorption chillers, water purification and synthetic resins [114,115]. If ...
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Human population generates enormous amount of solid and liquid waste directly and produces industrial effluent indirectly. Due to usage of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides in the agriculture fields, man inflicts deep wounds on environment. Pollution is defined as undesirable changes occur in water, land and air. Waste generation has been observ...
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... 7 and Fig.5 illustrate the results of the two adsorbents dosage mass. There are direct relation between the mass of the two adsorbents with the R% of radium, this might be because there are more active sites available of adsorption [44,45]. The results show the best mass ratio of MnO2 to Na2SO4@zoylite-NaA composite for 226 Ra and 228 Ra was 1.5 for R% of radium from the liquid sample at 10 in. ...
With the growing demand for petroleum products, a significant amount of contaminated materials are generated each year from the petroleum industries. During production, the extracted fluids from the oil reservoir tend to carry the Technologically-Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM) of the 238U and 232Th decay chains from the earth. Uncontrolled dealing with this extraction can lead to radiological contamination of soil and equipment which is a common problem in oilfields leading to costly remediation and disposal programs. The most important radionuclides of TENORM are 226Ra and 228Ra due to their radiotoxicity and relatively long half-lives that impact the workers in the field, the public surroundings, and the environment. This research aims to determine the radioactivity concentration of soil samples collected from some selected locations of Al Rumaila southern oilfield in Al-Basra government southern Iraq and use suitable methods for treatment to reduce the concentration of radioactive waste within the allowable limits according to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) criteria to reduce the hazard potential for human and environmental. The activity concentrations of radionuclides were determined using a gamma-spectroscopy system with a high-purity germanium detector (HPGe) with a relative efficiency of 65%. 25 soil samples were collected from several locations, and the mean of 226Ra and 228Ra concentrations were found to be 7.67×104±1.5% and 6.26×103±1.43% Bq kg-1, respectively. The remediation of contaminated soil with NORM was carried out using the physical and chemical methods for one soil sample. The first technique is a mechanical separation of particle size of the soil sample to screen the contaminated soil and evaluate the feasibility of particle size separation. In contrast, the second technique is the batch chemical washing by diluted solution of the soil sample using the chemical leaching method to extract radium isotopes, where, HNO3, HCl, H2SO4, C2H4O2, Na2EDTA, and C₆H₈O₇ were used in the chemical washing. It found that acetic acid (C2H4O2) is the most effective solvent in this method with 5:1 ml/g a liquid-to-solid ratio at a temperature of 40˚C and 2-hour contact time, where, 78.4% and 80.6% of 226Ra and 228Ra were removed from the contaminated soil and converted to the aqueous phase. The synthesis of zeolite-NaA composed of Na2SO4 was used as an adsorbent with manganese dioxide (MnO2) by continuous method for removing radium isotopes from the generated radioactive liquid waste from the chemical leaching of the NORM-contaminated soil. At MnO2:Na2SO4@zeolite-NaA mass ratio of 1:0.5 g/g and a pH of 6.3 presents a maximum removal efficiency of 78.7% and 66.7% for 226Ra and 228Ra, respectively.
... A variety of methods are employed in water treatment, encompassing ion exchange, membrane filtration, and adsorption. Adsorption is a process that relies on a broad spectrum of adsorbents, encompassing materials such as clays, zeolites, chitosan, and specialized nanomaterials like carbon-based adsorbents and molecularly imprinted polymers (Soliman & Moustafa, 2020). Several, including natural products (Prashanthakumar et al., 2018), agricultural by-products (Sulyman et al., 2017), industrial by-products (Xie et al., 2020), polymers (Ou et al., 2018), fibers (Xin et al., 2022), fungus (Zazouli et al., 2013), meso-porous silica (Singh et al., 2016), carbon-based materials (Kuśmierek et al., 2015;Nawaz et al., 2024), carbon black (Ajeel et al., 2017), carbon nanotubes (Xu et al., 2017), and graphene (Wei et al., 2019), These adsorbents play a crucial role in effectively eliminating harmful compounds, known as CPs, from water sources. ...
This study focuses on the innovative production of Bio-Graphene Foams (BGFs) from sustainable resources, aimed at addressing the critical challenge of efficiently removing harmful chlorophenols—specifically 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP)—from wastewater. In this investigation, we present an innovative and streamlined methodology to address the constraints encountered in the fabrication of biomass-derived Graphene Foams (bGFs). Our primary focus is on customizing their extensive surface area and structural attributes to align with the specific requirements of environmental applications, particularly for the adsorption of chlorophenols. We developed a distinctive BGF with a highly porous, spongy structure and an impressive specific surface area of up to 805 m²/g through a two-step synthetic process. Our method not only enhances the environmental applicability of BGFs but also demonstrates their superior adsorptive capabilities. The adsorption performance of the BGFs was rigorously evaluated, with a focus on capacity, kinetics, and the influence of pH. Comprehensive studies on the effects of pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and phenolic content were conducted. The adsorption isotherms for DCP and TCP adhered to the Langmuir model, revealing an outstanding adsorption capacity of 245 mg of pollutant per gram of BGF at an optimal pH of 3–4. Remarkably, BGFs reduced the concentration of phenolic derivatives in water to levels below the World Health Organization’s acceptable limit for human use (0.050 mg/dm³). This research highlights the significant potential of Bio-Graphene Foams as highly effective adsorbents for environmental remediation. The challenges associated with synthesizing such high-performance materials and optimizing their application for wastewater treatment were successfully addressed, marking a substantial advancement in the field.
... 2,3 To address this concern, researchers are focused on developing effective techniques for removing toxic metals from wastewater. 4 Various approaches, such as chemical precipitation, electrochemical processes, ion exchange, membrane filtration, and adsorption, are being explored for this purpose. 4 Adsorption stands out as a promising option due to its efficiency, low energy consumption, and reduced potential for secondary pollution. ...
... 2,3 To address this concern, researchers are focused on developing effective techniques for removing toxic metals from wastewater. 4 Various approaches, such as chemical precipitation, electrochemical processes, ion exchange, membrane filtration, and adsorption, are being explored for this purpose. 4 Adsorption stands out as a promising option due to its efficiency, low energy consumption, and reduced potential for secondary pollution. The search for economically viable alternatives remains a priority, aiming to apply this technology in both wastewater and soil treatment. ...
... Mining and smelting, in particular, release heavy metals into the environment by extracting and processing ores [69][70][71]. Industrial processes, like manufacturing, electricity generation, and waste disposal, contribute to heavy metal pollution by releasing them into the environment through air emissions, water discharges, and solid waste [72,73]. Improper disposal of hazardous waste like batteries, electronics, and paint can leach heavy metals into the environment. ...
Heavy metals pose a significant threat to ecosystems and human health because of their toxic properties and their ability to bioaccumulate in living organisms. Traditional removal methods often fall short in terms of cost, energy efficiency, and minimizing secondary pollutant generation, especially in complex environmental settings. In contrast, molecular simulation methods offer a promising solution by providing in-depth insights into atomic and molecular interactions between heavy metals and potential adsorbents. This review highlights the potential of molecular simulation methods for removing types of pollutants in environmental science, specifically heavy metals. These methods offer a powerful tool for predicting and designing materials and processes for environmental remediation. We focus on removing specific heavy metals like lead, Cadmium, and mercury, utilizing cutting-edge simulation techniques such as Molecular Dynamics (MD), Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, Quantum Chemical Calculations (QCC), and Artificial Intelligence (AI). By leveraging these methods, we aim to develop highly efficient and selective materials and processes for environmental remediation. By unravelling the underlying mechanisms, these techniques pave the way for developing more efficient and selective removal technologies. This comprehensive review addresses a critical gap in the scientific literature, providing valuable insights for researchers in environmental protection and human health. Molecular modelling methods hold significant promise for revolutionizing the prediction and removal of heavy metals, ultimately contributing to sustainable solutions for a cleaner and healthier future.
... This attractive force per unit surface area is called surface energy and is accountable for adsorbing the adsorbate on the adsorbent surface. Adsorption process efficiency increases by increasing the adsorbent surface area per unit mass at a particular pressure and temperature [30][31][32] (Fig. 7). The adsorption is influenced by different molecular features such as the size, the hydrophobicity, and the functional groups. ...
The current study describes the use of an extremely effective adsorbent for the removal of dye from an aqueous solution. This work focuses on the prospective use of zinc-doped strontium titanate (Zn²⁺:ST) nano-powder to remove the malachite green (MG) from an aqueous medium. Optimization of experimental conditions to find the maximum dye adsorption is studied in detail. The Zn²⁺:ST nano-powder was synthesized using the low-temperature solution combustion method and extensively characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), FTIR and UV–visible spectroscopy. PXRD analysis revealed a cubic structure of Zn²⁺:ST, closely matching ICDD card No. 35-734, indicating a space group of pm-3 m (No. 221). The average crystallite size was found to be 20–30 nm using the Scherrer formula. SEM images depicted the particles’ irregular shape. UV–visible spectroscopy showed the band gap of 3.1 eV and FTIR confirmed formation of M–O bond at 582 cm⁻¹ and 868 cm⁻¹ for SrO and ZnO, respectively. Optimal adsorption parameters were determined by varying dosage, stirring rate, and pH. Under these optimized conditions, for 10 ppm of stock solution, an impressive 98% adsorption efficiency was achieved with a 10 mg/L dose, 30-min contact time, and pH 10. Adsorption isotherms were fitted to the Langmuir model, showing a favorable correlation between experimental data and the model. This study provides valuable insights into the potential application of zinc-doped ST nano-powder for efficiently removing malachite green from water solutions.
... The activated carbon (AC) was chosen even though alternative materials such as metal-organic frameworks, magnetic nanocomposites, and graphitic material were there, as those materials require more cost, time, and laborious work. However, commercially available AC is expensive (San Miguel et al. 2001), leading to the use of alternative materials such as biowaste (Dural et al. 2011;Tokula et al. 2023), industrial waste (Ali et al. 2012;Soliman and Moustafa 2020), and other substances which can cause damage to the environment if they are not properly addressed. ...
The occurrence of micropollutants and dyes in water sources has sparked alarm due to their significant impacts on aquatic ecosystems and human health. This study aims to utilize the tire pyrolyzed carbon (TPC) as a source of the adsorbent for removing Bisphenol A (BPA) and Methylene Blue (MB). The adsorbent was synthesized by chemical activation of TPC with KOH at 750 °C. The activated TPC was characterized for different physical and chemical characterization techniques such as XRD, FTIR, SEM, BET, XPS, and TPD and exhibits a higher adsorption capacity of 49.2 and 72.1 mg/g respectively for BPA and MB. The effect of initial concentration, dosage of adsorbent, and initial pH are evaluated for BPA and MB. The adsorption is mainly driven by hydrophobic, electrostatic, π-π interactions, and hydrogen bonding. The removal process follows the second order and Langmuir isotherms. The adsorbent shows excellent recyclability which makes it a potential source of removal of different water-borne pollutants. The production of activated carbon from tire waste is advocated for its economic and environmental benefits.
... At low concentrations, higher removal rates are achievable because the number of active sites in the adsorbent exceeds the number of metal ions. However, as the concentration increases, the fixed active sites of the adsorbent become occupied, leaving the remaining metal ions in the solution and reducing the removal rate [50]. ...
This study examined the adsorption capacities of biochars derived from kenaf (KF‐BCs) for the removal of heavy metals such as Cu(II) and Pb(II). The thermal decomposition temperature (300–750°C) significantly influenced the morphology and composition of KF‐BCs, enhancing their surface area, pore structure, and alkalinity. Among them, kenaf pyrolyzed at 750°C (KF‐750) was the most effective in removing Cu(II) and Pb(II), as validated by kinetic, equilibrium, and isotherm model analyses. Adsorption kinetics revealed that equilibrium was attained after 24 h, with chemisorption governing the process rate. Equilibrium adsorption conformed to the Langmuir and Freundlich models for Cu(II) and Pb(II), respectively. KF‐750 exhibited midrange adsorption capacities for Cu(II) and Pb(II) (23.47 ± 0.3 mg/g and 50.07 ± 0.9 mg/g, respectively), compared with the literature. The thermodynamic assessment revealed an endothermic process with positive ∆H⁰, indicating that higher temperatures favor metal adsorption. At low pH, adsorption decreased due to electrostatic repulsion, particularly affecting Cu(II). More than 99.8% of Cu(II) and Pb(II) were removed with a 5.00 g/L KF‐750 dose. The cation effect order on KF‐750 was Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺ > K⁺. Overall, KF‐750 demonstrates promising potential as an adsorbent for the efficient heavy metal removal from aqueous solutions, presenting a viable option for environmental remediation.
... This research shows that Fe 3 O 4 green nanoparticles can have an impact on water treatments through adsorption treatment with a salinity rate up to 67%. In this context, Soliman & Moustafa (2020) proved that increasing the amount of adsorbent will increase the number of active sites, the surface, and the availability of molecules to adsorb the surface. ...
This work presents a new process, based on the green nanoparticles Fe3O4 and magnetization coupling for the treatment of saline well water. In this context, iron nanoparticles were synthesized using Eucalyptus globulus leaves. The nanomaterials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and infrared for identification. Batch experiments were conducted to illustrate the optimal parameters related to contact times and the mass of nanoparticles. The latter marked an optimal contact time of 100 min and a mass of 56 mg/L accompanied by a magnetic treatment for a contact time of 48 min. The results showed a significant (R² = 0.93) water salinity reduction (67%) and a potential for improvement in the germination of tomato seeds (81%) through the investigation of the evolution of the length of the roots, the stems, and the number of germinated seeds.
Graphical Abstract
Coupling MNPs-magnetic field for reducing water salinity
... The decrease in MO removal under UV-C irradiation could be attributed to the heat generated during irradiation conditions. This heat likely led to the desorption of MO molecules from the composite surface [48]. Additionally, UV-C irradiation might have altered altered the CS structure, leading to a lower amount of adsorbed MO. ...
This study reported a novel technique for spray coating zinc oxide (ZnO) on one side of fiberglass (FG) substrate and chitosan (CS) on the opposite side, resulting in the production of ZnO/FG/CS composite. This strategy alters the morphology of the pure FG, creating smooth and rough surfaces on the CS and ZnO sides, respectively. ZnO/ FG/CS demonstrated remarkable photoremoval activity in a combined solution of methylene blue-methyl orange and real wastewater with the addition of hydrogen peroxide and facilitated moderate reusability over five cycles. This strategy revealed an insight for developing an integrated adsorption and photocatalytic process with high-performance capabilities.
... However, at further higher temperatures (beyond 50°C), the attractive force between adsorbate molecules (famotidine) and adsorbent surface (basil seeds) were weakened which resulted in desorption process. [39] Hence, 50°C was considered as optimum temperature for the process. ...
... This was attributed to the increase in number of binding sites as well as surface area for adsorption at fixed adsorbate concentration. [39,45] A further increase of adsorbent amount beyond 0.03 g had no profound effect on the % adsorption that remained nearly constant ( Figure 6). The reason was that as the adsorbate concentration remained constant, the adsorbate molecules interacted with certain number of active site while the surplus sites remained unoccupied with the increase of adsorbent mass. ...
... The reason was that as the adsorbate concentration remained constant, the adsorbate molecules interacted with certain number of active site while the surplus sites remained unoccupied with the increase of adsorbent mass. [39] Hence, adsorbent amount of 0.03 g was considered as optimum. ...
The present study investigated the potential of basil seeds as adsorbent in order to remove famotidine drug from aqueous media. The optimum conditions for the adsorption of famotidine on the basil seeds were found to be 50 min contact time, 50 °C temperature, pH 1, 100 ppm concentration of famotidine, 0.03 g adsorbent mass and 50 rpm agitation rate. Pseudo 2nd order kinetics with a higher correlation coefficient (R²=0.9942) suggested chemisorption as preferable mechanism of adsorption. However, the enthalpy of adsorption (ΔH=+33.67 KJ/mol) was less than that of chemisorption but higher than that of physisorption which was attributed to strong hydrogen bonding between famotidine molecules and basil seed surface. The Langmuir isotherm with higher R² (0.9960) than Freundlich isotherm (R²=0.8798) predicted maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of 99 mg/g while suggesting monolayer and favourable adsorption. The adsorption was endothermic (+ΔH) and spontaneous (−ΔG) in nature. The FT‐IR spectroscopy confirmed that famotidine was adsorbed on basil seed via strong hydrogen bonding. The study proposed that the simultaneous intake of famotidine and basil seeds should be strictly avoided as the drug readily adsorbs on basil seeds in acidic environment (gastric pH) thereby reducing its curing effect.