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Schematic diagram of the SARS coronavirus structure (reproduced from ref. 20).The viral surface proteins (spike, envelope and membrane) are embedded in a lipid bilayer envelope derived from the host cell. Unlike group 2 coronaviruses, SARS-CoV does not possess a hemagglutinin esterase glycoprotein. The single-stranded positive-sense viral RNA is associated with the nucleocapsid protein.
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was caused by a previously unrecognized animal coronavirus that exploited opportunities provided by 'wet markets' in southern China to adapt to become a virus readily transmissible between humans. Hospitals and international travel proved to be 'amplifiers' that permitted a local outbreak to achieve global d...
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... these deletions, however, is not clear. Similarly, SARS-CoV in individuals before February 2003 was genetically more diverse than the later isolates 26,34,35 . The spike protein (the viral surface glyco- protein which mediates viral attachment and entry into the cell; Fig. 3) of early isolates contained higher rates of nonsynonymous mutations, probably reflecting the ongoing adaptation to the new host. The relative genetic homogeneity of SARS-CoV isolates from later in the outbreak 34-37 may reflect a virus better adapted to the new host. The fact that much of the global spread arose from one index case in ...
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... using pseudotyped lentiviruses, carrying the spike, membrane and envelope surface glycoproteins of SARS-CoV (Fig. 3) separately and in combination demonstrated that the spike protein is both neces- sary and sufficient for virus attachment on susceptible cells [74][75][76][77] . The SARS-CoV spike protein uses a mechanism similar to that of class 1 fusion proteins in mediating membrane fusion 78,79 . There is no con- sensus as to whether the virus ...
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The healthcare setting was important in the early spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in both Toronto and Taiwan. Healthcare workers, patients, and visitors were at increased risk for infection. Nonetheless, the ability of individual SARS patients to transmit disease was quite variable. Unrecognized SARS case-patients were a primary...
Citations
... COVID 19, with a positive strand RNA as its genetic material is a member of Coronavirus family that cause many diseases in vertebrates including humans. In 2002, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) identified in humans with mortality rate of 15 % all over the world 7 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in 2012 with a mortality rate of 35% 8 are coronaviruses. ...
Tissue specific implications of SARS-CoV-2 encoded accessory proteins are not fully understood. SARS-CoV-2 infection can severely affect three major organs – the heart, lung, and brain. We analysed SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a interacting host proteins in these three major organs. Further we identified common and unique interacting host proteins, their targeting miRNAs (lung and brain), and delineated associated biological processes reanalysing RNA-seq data from the brain (COVID-19 infected/uninfected Choroid Plexus Organoids study), lung tissue from COVID-19 patients/healthy subjects, and cardiomyocyte cells based transcriptomics analyses. Our in silico studies showed ORF3a interacting proteins could vary depending upon tissues. Number of unique ORF3a interacting proteins in brain, lung and heart were 10, 7 and 1 respectively. Though common pathways influenced by SARS-CoV-2 infection were more, unique 21 brain and 7 heart pathways were found. One unique pathway for heart was negative regulation of calcium ion transport. Reported observations of COVID-19 patients with the history of hypertension taking calcium channel blockers (CCBs) or dihydorpyridine CCBs had elevated rate of intubation or increased rate of intubation/death respectively. Also likelihood of hospitalization of chronic CCB users with COVID-19 was more in comparison to long term Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitors/Angiotensin Receptor Blockers users. Further studies are necessary to confirm this. miRNA analysis of ORF3a interacting proteins in brain and lung revealed, 2 of 37 brain miRNAs and 1 of 25 lung miRNAs with high degree and betweenness indicating their significance as hubs in the interaction network. Our study could help in identifying potential tissue specific COVID-19 drug/drug repurposing targets.
... In 2003, a new coronavirus emerged, and was named SARS-CoV (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome -Corona Virus). This virus caused a life-threatening respiratory disease in humans, with a fatality rate of almost 10% [6,7]. In fact, after an initial burst of interest in development of treatment options, interest in this virus waned. ...
Within the context of the standard SIR model of pandemics, we show that the asymmetry in the peak in recorded daily cases during a pandemic can be used to infer the pandemic R-parameter. Using only daily data for symptomatic, confirmed cases, we derive a universal scaling curve that yields: (i) reff , the pandemic R-parameter; (ii) Leff, the effective latency, the average number of days an infected individual is able to infect others and (iii) α, the probability of infection per contact between infected and susceptible individuals. We validate our method using an example and then apply it to estimate these parameters for the first phase of the SARS-Cov-2/Covid-19 pandemic for several countries where there was a well separated peak in identified infected daily cases. The extension of the SIR model developed in this paper differentiates itself from earlier studies in that it provides a simple method to make an a-posteriori estimate of several useful epidemiological parameters, using only data on confirmed, identified cases. Our results are general and can be applied to any pandemic.
... The literature makes it abundantly obvious that a pandemic like Covid-19 will inevitably result in a reduction in economic growth, however, it says less about how pandemics will affect other important economic indices of a country. The existing literature also shows that the fear element played a role in how the world responded to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), a coronavirus that had not previously been identified in humans (Peiris et al., 2004) [27]. The results of the two polls carried out in Taiwan during the SARS outbreak in 2003 demonstrate that the SARS contributes to a higher than predicted willingness to pay to reduce the risk of infection due to its novelty, prominence, and public concern. ...
... The literature makes it abundantly obvious that a pandemic like Covid-19 will inevitably result in a reduction in economic growth, however, it says less about how pandemics will affect other important economic indices of a country. The existing literature also shows that the fear element played a role in how the world responded to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), a coronavirus that had not previously been identified in humans (Peiris et al., 2004) [27]. The results of the two polls carried out in Taiwan during the SARS outbreak in 2003 demonstrate that the SARS contributes to a higher than predicted willingness to pay to reduce the risk of infection due to its novelty, prominence, and public concern. ...
The Covid-19 pandemic led individuals, business community, nations and the world in general to many problems. In the context of Rwanda, Covid-19 pandemic spread rapidly within a short period of time resulted into serious problems including unemployment. This paper aims to assess the effects of Covid-19 pandemic on employment situation in Kigali city, Rwanda focusing on how Covid -19 pandemic cases have been spread in Kigali city, finding out the most affected economic sectors by Covid-19 pandemic and assessing the extent to which Covid-19 pandemic caused unemployment in Kigali city, Rwanda. The study targeted unemployed and laidoff people due to Covid-19 pandemic from whom 96 respondents were selected using Alain Bouchard formula. Data were collected using questionnaire, interview and documentation and analysed using descriptive statics frequency, percentage and Pearson correlation test. The main findings indicated that the spread of Covid-19 has been rapid in kigali city whereby Covid-19 positive cases had reached on 3,452 in Kigali City for the period of almost 9 months. Unemployment caused by Covid-19 pandemic affected people in Kigali city from various sectors in different ways. Construction; education; domestic works; betting games and marriage activities; and industry, tourism and restaurant have been respectively revealed the most affected economic sectors by unemployment due to Covid-19 pandemic in Kigali City. The people in informal and private sectors are the most affected. Moreover, the statistical evidence reveals a significant positive correlation between covid-19 pandemic and unemployment in Kigali city. This implies that the more the Covid-19 confirmed positive cases, the more the cases of unemployment (laidoffs and forced unpaid leaves). There is hence a need for public-private partnership to put in place the measures that can protect people working in informal and private sectors as they are the most affected.
... Furthermore, the most iconic examples of viral spillover to humans occurred in 2002/2003, when a highly pathogenic human CoV causing severe acute respiratory syndrome emerged in China (SARS-CoV), causing outbreaks worldwide [12], and in 2012, when another CoV emerged in the Arabian Peninsula, the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV), also causing severe acute respiratory syndrome [13]. At the end of 2019, another CoV named SARS-CoV-2 emerged in the city of Wuhan, in China and has since then been the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic [14]. ...
The emergence of novel coronaviruses (CoVs) has emphasized the need to understand their diversity and distribution in animal populations. Bats have been identified as crucial reservoirs for CoVs, and they are found in various bat species worldwide. In this study, we investigated the presence of CoVs of four cavernicolous bats in six locations in the centre and south of Portugal. We collected faeces, anal, and buccal swab samples, as well as air samples from the locations using a Coriolis air sampler. Our results indicate that CoVs were more readily detected in faecal samples compared to anal and buccal swab samples. No CoVs were detected in the air samples. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the detected viruses belong to the Alphacoronavirus genus. This study represents the first report of Alphacoronaviruses circulating in bats in Portugal and highlights the importance of continuous surveillance for novel CoVs in bat populations globally. Ongoing surveillance for CoVs in bat populations is essential as they are a vital source of these viruses. It is crucial to understand the ecological relationships between animals, humans, and the environment to prevent and control the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases. Further ecological studies are needed to investigate the factors contributing to the emergence and transmission of zoonotic viruses.
... Coronaviruses are endemic animal pathogens that infect the upper respiratory tract in humans [2]. Human coronaviruses, such as SARS-COV and MERS-COV, have been associated with severe respiratory disease [3][4], which is fatal in the elderly or with weakened immune systems [5][6]. ...
Background: Cytokine storm in severe Covid-19 disease is one of the leading causes of death in these patients. Hemoperfusion is a method used to purify the blood from toxins and inflammatory factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hemoperfusion on mortality and morbidity in patients with severe Covid - 19 disease.
Methods: This was a retrospective study which performed by reviewing the files of 30 patients with severe Covid-19 disease referred to Sina Hospital affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2020. Thirty patients with severe covid-19 disease and positive PCR participated in the study. All patients received routine treatment protocol for covid-19. Hemoperfusion was used for 15 patients in addition to receiving routine care. The remaining 15 patients were included in the control group. Patients in the hemoperfusion group underwent four sessions of hemoperfusion using continuous renal replacement therapy with continuous venovenous hemofiltration.
Results: the ICU length of stay in the control and hemoperfusion groups was 3.40 ± 11.40 and 9.65 ± 16.33 days, respectively (P= 0.075). 8 patients died and 7 patients were discharged in the control group, but 11 patients died and 4 patients were discharged in the hemoperfusion group (P= 0.256). The respiratory rate of patients in the control and hemoperfusion groups decreased from 7.43 ± 29.40 to 4.03 ± 24.60 and from 6.11 ± 31.60 to 5.04 ± 24.46, respectively (P < 0.001). The percentage of arterial blood oxygen saturation in the control and hemoperfusion groups increased from 90.86 ± 5.61 to 93.06 30 4.30 and from 92.33 26 3.26 to 92.06 31 5.31, respectively (P= 0.456).
Conclusion: Hemoperfusion could not prevent the mortality of patients and finally out of 15 patients, 11 patients died and 4 patients were discharged. Also, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of arterial blood oxygen saturation.
... 1 The immune system must trigger cytokine secretion in response to infections to appropriately deal with and ultimately eliminate the threat. 2,3 However, the activation and cytokine secretion levels must be well balanced, as unnecessary and overshooting responses are associated with metabolic costs and tissue damage due to systemic inflammation, known as cytokine release syndrome (CRS). 4,5 Irregular cytokine secretion patterns and CRS have been associated with many diseases and conditions, including COVID-19, HIV, and childhood obesity. ...
Cytokines are important mediators of the immune system, and their secretion level needs to be carefully regulated, as an unbalanced activity may lead to cytokine release syndromes. Dysregulation can be induced by various factors, including immunotherapies. Therefore, the need for risk assessment during drug development has led to the introduction of cytokine release assays (CRAs). However, the current CRAs offer little insight into the heterogeneous cellular dynamics. To overcome this limitation, we developed an advanced single-cell microfluidic-based cytokine secretion platform to quantify cytokine secretion on the single-cell level dynamically. Our approach identified different dynamics, quantities, and phenotypically distinct subpopulations for each measured cytokine upon stimulation. Most interestingly, early measurements after only 1 h of stimulation revealed distinct stimulation-dependent secretion dynamics and cytokine signatures. With increased sensitivity and dynamic resolution, our platform provided insights into the secretion behavior of individual immune cells, adding crucial additional information about biological stimulation pathways to traditional CRAs.
... Since its emergence, it has developed into a global epidemic (Rothan and Byrareddy, 2020). The SARS-CoV-2 is different from earlier corona virus outbreaks, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus in 2002 and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) corona virus in 2012 predominantly due to its extremely high transmission rates (Peiris et al., 2004, Zaki et al., 2012, Sun et al., 2020. The SARS-CoV-2 belongs to genus beta-corona virus and subgenus sarbeco virus with possible origin in bats supported by its similarity to two bat-derived corona virus strains, bat-SL-CoVZC45 and bat-SL-CoVZXC21 , Zhou et al., 2020. ...
Bats are nocturnal mammals which lives in large aggregations as colonies, hang their feet to twig of tree upward side, provide widespread ecological and monetary services via pollination, seed dispersal, rejuvenation of forests, guano as nutrient rich fertilizer and agricultural pest control. Different factors like exposure to heavy metals, pesticides, hunting, diminishing food supply, habitat destruction, forest fires and diseases are responsible for decreasing bat population, but urbanization greatly affects the composition and structure of inhabiting animal communities by transforming the natural habitats into environments dominated by human constructions. Micro bats feed on insect pests and help to reduce pesticide application in agricultural crops, whereas fruit bats feed on horticultural orchards like guava, ber and litchi thus act as pest. Bats are reservoirs of many pathogens like hendra, nipah, tioman, European lyssa and ebola viruses which cause several epidemic diseases among humans and domestic animals. Among 60 countries around the world, more than 200 bat species are considered to be threatened (critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable) by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Using different eco-friendly methods like artificial lights and netting we can save our orchards and conserve fruit bats which will be helpful in the maintenance of ecological balance of nature.
... Coronavirüs kaynaklı olan SARS-CoV ve MERS-CoV salgınlarında tecrübe edildiği gibi COVID-19'da da insan davranışları, etkenin damlacık yoluyla kişiden kişiye doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak aerosol ve fomitlerle ya da temasla salgının yayılmasında etkili olmuştur (Hui et al., 2018;Peiris, Guan, & Yuen, 2004;Riou & Althaus, 2020). ...
... The receptor-binding domain (RBD) and the N-terminal domain (NTD) are two independent domains on the S1 subunit [12]. RBD mediates viral invasion of host cells by strongly binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the host cell surface [10,13,14], making it a key target of mAbs treatment of coronavirus infection [15][16][17][18]. Prior studies have found that ACE2 competitive antibodies occupy most of the RBD-specific antibodies induced by natural infection or vaccination [19], and this strategy is also applied in mAbs development. ...
The monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based treatment is a highly valued therapy against COVID-19, especially for individuals who may not have strong immune responses to the vaccine. However, with the arrival of the Omicron variant and its evolving subvariants, along with the occurrence of remarkable resistance of these SARS-CoV-2 variants to the neutralizing antibodies, mAbs are facing tough challenges. Future strategies for developing mAbs with improved resistance to viral evasion will involve optimizing the targeting epitopes on SARS-CoV-2, enhancing the affinity and potency of mAbs, exploring the use of non-neutralizing antibodies that bind to conserved epitopes on the S protein, as well as optimizing immunization regimens. These approaches can improve the viability of mAb therapy in the fight against the evolving threat of the coronavirus.
... The study of human coronaviruses has seen renewed interest since the beginning of the 21st century, with the emergence of deadly pneumonia occurring as major epidemics in humans [1]. In 2003, a major pneumonia outbreak started in China and spread, within a few months, to 25 countries on five continents, causing 774 deaths (case fatality rate of 9.6%) [2]. The causative agent was a new coronavirus named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) [3]. ...
We used whole genome sequencing to identify and analyze mutations in SARS-CoV-2 in urban settings during the deadliest wave of the COVID-19 epidemic-from March to April 2021-in Senegal. Nasopharyngeal samples testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 were sequenced on the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 sequencing system using the COVIDSeq protocol. A total of 291 genotypable consensus genome sequences were obtained. Phylogenetic analyses grouped the genomes into 16 distinct PANGOLIN lineages. The major lineage was B.1.1.420, despite circulation of the Alpha variant of concern (VOC). A total of 1125 different SNPs, identified relative to the Wuhan reference genome, were detected. These included 13 SNPs in non-coding regions. An average density of 37.2 SNPs per 1000 nucleotides was found, with the highest density occurring in ORF10. This analysis allowed, for the first time, the detection of a Senegalese SARS-CoV-2 strain belonging to the P.1.14 (GR/20J, Gamma V3) sublineage of the Brazilian P.1 lineage (or Gamma VOC). Overall, our results highlight substantial SARS-CoV-2 diversification in Senegal during the study period.
