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Bioretention systems are increasingly being used in urban stormwater management systems, whereas quarry materials are used as filter media; however the use of quarry materials in this application reduces valuable natural resources. Such a novel approach of using recycled waste materials would significantly conserve valuable natural resources. A ser...
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... bioretention systems control pollutants by filtering distracted stormwater runoff through vegetation followed by vertical filtration into filter media. Schematic diagram of a typical bioretention system is shown in Figure 1. The treatment process is obtained through different systems such as sedimentation, sorption fine filtration and biological uptake (PGC, 2002). ...
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... According to the Australian Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population, and Communities (DSEWPC), the typically used size range for D10 particles was ≥ 0.25 mm, while the D90 should be ≤ 19 mm [12]. Similarly, the MSMA also reported a maximum value of 19 mm to be selected for the particle size of the filter media [3]. ...
... The typical requirements and comparisons for well-graded filter media components[12]. ...
In this research, the appropriateness of alkali pre-treatment on coconut by-products was managed by exposing coconut husk and shell to 2M NaOH. The powdered samples were analysed for morphology observation, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), and water quality tests. Weakening the hemicellulose structure resulted from subjecting the coconut shell to alkali pre-treatment shown in the morphology observation. Furthermore, the FTIR analysis exhibited the presence of O-H stretch in all pre-treated samples representing an indication for occurring the lignin breakdown, while an absence of the C=O functional group was shown in both additive samples after their subjection to alkali pre-treatment. In PSA analysis, the particles of all samples were found finer than the particle size distribution standards, in which the smallest D50 was obtained for the treated coconut shell (TCS), followed by untreated coconut shell (UCS), untreated coconut husk (UCH), and treated coconut husk (TCH). Among all the powdered samples (TCS, UCS, UCH, and TCH) analysed in this study, only TCH values met the ranges provided and recommended by the Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia (MSMA) and the Australian Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population, and Communities (DSEWPC). Meanwhile, a poor removal rate for total suspended solids (TSS) was attained due to the contribution of TSS by the filter media which caused the TSS rates to surpass the inlet values. Additionally, the presence of a high concentration of total phosphorous (TP) in all the tested samples indicated their capabilities to provide PO43 in the bioretention cell, which is a vital nutrient for the plant’s growth. In contrast, Ammoniacal Nitrogen (AN) with a concentration rate as low as 4 mg/L was observed throughout the test periods which showed a significant reduction compared to the rate of AN at the inlet samples ranged between 5.2 and 11.4 mg/L. The findings indicated that coconut by-products, when subjected to an alkali pre-treatment process, are appropriate for incorporation as additives in bioretention filter media.
... For instance, the gradation of C&D waste can affect the water infiltration and consequently change the functioning of landfill covers and affect the stability of slopes using capillary barriers. Concrete-based C&D waste used in bio-filters can also potentially adsorb contaminants because of its high pH, apart from it being a well-drained material [128,148]. In this context, the knowledge of material properties of C&D waste and the seasonal variation of properties due to degree of saturation can help practitioners design economic and efficacious geoenvironmental infrastructures. ...
... Bioretention system, also known as rain gardens and biofilter in the field of sustainable urban drainage systems, utilizes a landscaped depression to reduce runoff volume, delay peak flow, and improve water quality [148]. Bioretention ponds allow for stormwater infiltration, retention, filtration through vegetation, filter media, transition and drainage layer by sedimentation, fine sorption filtration and biological uptake [128,148]. Egemose et al. [37] investigated the suitability of different crushed RCAs as filter materials in infiltration ponds for phosphorus and heavy metals removal in stormwater runoff. Their investigations revealed that the phosphorus retention rate of crushed concrete decreases with grain size due to an increased surface area for binding. ...
... Rahman et al. [128] investigated the suitability of recycled aggregates (RAP and CB) as filter media in a bioretention pond by studying their physical properties, hydraulic performance, and pollutants removal efficiency. Their investigation showed that the physical properties of RAP and CA satisfied the requirement for filter media. ...
The use of recycled construction demolition (C&D) waste in geo-environmental infrastructure as a carbon neutralization strategy has gained traction recently. This review aims to provide a state-of-the-art on the un-saturated hydro-mechanical properties of C&D waste and its unexplored application in possible geo-environmental infrastructures. More than 100 studies comprising theoretical and numerical modelling, laboratory investigation, and field tests on the use of C&D waste have been discussed in this review systematically. The effects of particle size distribution, water absorption capacity, abrasion index, flakiness index, pH, reactivity index and microstructural cracks of C&D waste on its unsaturated hydro-mechanical properties were evaluated. Due to its porous nature and the presence of adhesive ettringite and needle-like minerals on the C&D waste's surface, its water absorption capacity is usually 2.3-4.6 times higher than natural aggregates. The applications of soil-recycled aggregates composite in geo-environmental infrastructures, such as slopes, landfill cover system, subgrade in pavements, geosynthetic reinforced backfill soil, green roof, are discussed in the context of unsat-urated soil behaviour. From this review, the effects of freeze-thaw cycling, high precipitation events, and extreme desiccation on the performance of C&D waste based geo-environmental infrastructure were seen to be lacking in literature. Even though the C&D waste is deemed to be a suitable adsorbent due to its chemical composition, very few studies have explored C&D waste as a filter material for heavy metal retention in geo-environmental infrastructure. The thermodynamic properties of C&D waste as an adsorbent indicated that the sorption process is exothermic, and the entropy and Gibbs free energy being positive and negative, respectively. The review identifies new research themes for developing C&D waste as an adsorbent by optimizing the C&D waste particle size, adsorbent concentration, imparting surface functionality, contact time and making C&D waste compatible with other geo-materials. The feasibility of C&D waste for geo-polymerisation and application in slope stability measures is discussed by highlighting its recent progress in concrete industry application. The potential of bio-mediated techniques such as microbial and enzyme induced calcite precipitation to amend C&D waste based geo-environmental infrastructure has been put forward.
... There are numerous global drivers for increasing the sustainability of construction materials, whether that be to meet net-zero carbon targets [10] or to prevent materials being sent to landfill [11]. As bioretention media comprise a mixture of sands, natural soils and organic matter, there is potential for significant natural resources to be consumed in their creation. ...
... However, there has been less exploration of waste products as the main mineral component of bioretention fill media. Rahman et al. [11] concluded that appropriately processed reclaimed asphalt and crushed brick met the stringent requirements of various environmental protection authorities. It was therefore recommended that recycled waste materials could be reused viably as alternative mineral components in bioretention systems [11]. ...
... Rahman et al. [11] concluded that appropriately processed reclaimed asphalt and crushed brick met the stringent requirements of various environmental protection authorities. It was therefore recommended that recycled waste materials could be reused viably as alternative mineral components in bioretention systems [11]. ...
Bioretention systems are a popular type of Sustainable Drainage System (SuDS). However, their largest single component, the fill media, is often a non-sustainably sourced material. This study evaluates a bioretention fill media comprising 100% recycled waste components. The fill media components come from multiple waste streams, quarry waste from the construction sector, crushed glass and green waste compost from domestic waste, and sugar-beet washings from the food processing sector. The hydraulically important physical characteristics of the recycled fill media were evaluated against reported literature examples of bioretention fill media, alongside UK and international guidance documentation. The particle size distribution of the recycled fill media was found to be unlike that seen in the literature and was also not compliant with the UK’s CIRIA ’The SuDS Manual’ guidance (d≥6 mm = 45% vs. 0% target). However, this did not result in any additional non-compliance, with laboratory-derived saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks=101 mm/h) and porosity (ϕ=44%) within recommended ranges (100≤Ks≤300 mm/h, ϕ>30%). SWMM was used to predict the performance of a bioretention system installed with the recycled fill media compared to UK guidance configured systems. It was found that the recycled fill media would have similar performance to a UK guidance compliant system, irrespective of its particle size distribution. Further work is required to validate the predicted performance of the recycled media.
... They found that the addition of crushed newspaper significantly improved the total nitrogen (TN) removal effect of bioretention by 80.4%. Recycled asphalt materials and broken bricks are used in bioretention areas, which represents research attempts to cope with the challenges imposed by resource depletion and develop a low-carbon economy (Rahman et al., 2016). This type of waste materials meets the requirements of the hydraulic performance and pollutant removal efficiency of bioretention areas, and offers important social and economic benefits. ...
Bioretention uses natural features to improve rainwater quality by enhancing permeation and evaporation, thus replicating the pre-development hydrological state. As an on-site treatment technology for urban rainwater, it has been applied for decades. Bioretention provides an optimized solution for the traditional rainwater pipe network system to alleviate urban waterlogging and rainwater pollution, especially in excessively impervious areas affected by advanced urbanization. However, despite the in-depth research and wide application of bioretention, the design and evaluation of this system remain challenging. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the latest developments in the design of bioretention areas and relevant models used to evaluate the performance of bioretention areas. This analysis is aimed to inspire research toward optimizing the design and application of bioretention. First, the definitions and treatment processes of bioretention are summarized. Then, the design options of bioretention areas are presented, including types of filler, plant species, filler depths, internal water storage, water depth, and structural settings. The most commonly used simulation tools to evaluate the performance of bioretention areas are also discussed. Finally, future research directions are proposed to further improve both the performance and stability of bioretention areas and increase the accuracy and comprehensiveness of evaluation models.
... Sobh et al. (2015) used data mining (DM) algorithms for development of an efficient decision support approach for manufacturing engineering. Rahman et al. (2016) used recycled crushed brick as filter media in bioretention applications and developed a model to investigate the effectiveness of reclaimed asphalt material (RAP). Hossain et al. (2017) conducted a study to assess the environmental sustainability of concrete slurry waste (CSW) management by life cycle assessment (LCA) techniques, with the aim of identifying a resource-efficient solution for utilisation of CSW in the production of partition wall blocks. ...
There was a need develop a model to determine the optimum proportion of waste materials which ensure the quality of designed micro surfacing mix. Artificial neural network (ANN) has been used to create a model for prediction of the optimum proportion of mineral filler and additive due to non-linearity of data. In the present study, since there are five inputs (dimensions) and two outputs having nonlinear relationship, ANN modelling suits to be best for output prediction. The Bayesian regularisation algorithm was used to train the network. The micro surfacing characteristics are a function of five input performance parameters namely mixing time, cohesion (30 min), cohesion (60 min), setting time and wet track abrasion test. The two output parameters are filler proportion and control additive balance. The model tool developed shall ease in determining the mix design parameters, i.e. filler content and additive percentage to achieve the desired effect.
In a world of rapid urbanization, impervious surfaces continue to expand, resulting in a decrease in soil infiltration and an increase in surface runoff. This runoff causes an alteration of the natural hydrological regime and the degradation of aquatic environments. In particular, runoff from urban roads and pavements, known for their high impermeability and their high contamination by organic and metallic micropollutants. Alternatives to traditional stormwater management, SuDS (Sustainable Drainage Systems) that promote infiltration and evapotranspiration, can be installed along roads. They aim at treating or pre-treating runoff water but also at returning to a hydrological functioning closer to the natural balance. The hydrological functioning of these systems in urban areas, particularly along roadways, is not yet sufficiently understood. This thesis aims to understand the hydrological functioning of this type of structure and to analyze the consequences in terms of design. The structures studied are two filter strips and a bioretention swale located along a departmental road in the Paris region.
The second part of this work consists in the implementation of measurement instruments allowing the continuous monitoring of a vegetated system for the inflow, outflow and soil storage. It also includes an experimental work of characterization of soil hydrodynamics and calibration of water content probes. A significant spatial variability - horizontal and vertical - of the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity has been demonstrated. It is dominant relative to measurement uncertainties and affects the volumes and peak flows leaving the system. Soil-specific calibration equations and associated uncertainties for two capacitive water content sensors are provided in this section.
An evaluation of the hydrological performance and water balance of the biorétention swale at different time scales was carried out on the basis of the experimental results. Factors affecting the system hydrological functioning as well as uncertainties related to water balance calculation are also analyzed. The biorétention swale showed promising hydrological performances (runoff reduction, peak flow attenuation, ...). Regarding the water balance, calculation uncertainties as well as possible in situ water losses are not negligible and represent 20 % of the volume entering the structure.
The fourth part of the thesis, consists of a modeling approach, in order to test the potential of a physics-based modeling tool to analyze the hydrological functioning of vegetated filtration devices. By means of this model, water balances and hydrological performances for different configurations of vegetated filter strips are established. The results show that model validation based on water content data alone is not sufficient if the objective is to model water balances, and in particular surface runoff. The filter strip plays an important role in the hydrological performance of the stormwater management system. Indeed, this strip is able to completely reduce runoff volume and peak flow generated by the road.
This research highlights the benefits of SuDS (Sustainable Drainage Systems) in managing road runoff. It also provides suggestions for the design and hydrological evaluation of these systems.
Over the past decade, there have been multiple studies into how bioretention systems perform in field, rather than laboratory, conditions, and into the quality of stormwater coming off urban catchments, yet in Australia standards, guidelines and software models have remained relatively static.
A review of 15 field studies of bioretention systems, collectively covering 513 storm events, found a weighted average volumetric loss of 51% despite many of the systems having impermeable liners or were on clayey soils. The loss of water is about 17 times higher than is predicted by MUSIC when configured in accordance with standard guidelines. Some of the studies found increased pollutant concentrations in the effluent, with volumetric loss being the primary mechanism for pollutant load reduction.
This research shows that bioretention systems perform more like sponges than filters and can have a potentially large impact on urban hydrology by reducing the volume and frequency of runoff, and helping attenuate minor flood events. Ultimately, this could lead to a better integration of the quality and quantity aspects of urban stormwater management.
Bioretention cells are a type of low-impact development technology that, over the past two decades, have become a critical component of urban stormwater management. Research into bioretention has since proliferated, with disparate aims, intents and metrics used to assess the "performance" of bioretention cells. We conducted a comprehensive, systematic scoping review to answer the question of "How is the field performance of bioretention assessed in the literature?", with the aim of understanding (1) how is the performance of bioretention defined in the literature? (2) what metrics are used to assess actual and theoretical performance? A review of 320 studies (mostly peer reviewed articles) found that performance was defined in terms of hydrologic controls, while investigations into water quality pathways and mechanisms of contaminant transport and fate and the role of vegetation were lacking; additionally, long term field and continuous modelling studies were limited. Bioretention field research was primarily conducted by a small number of institutions (26 institutions were responsible for 50% of the research) located mainly in high income countries, particularly Australia and the United States. We recommend that the research community (I) provide all original data when reporting results, (II) prioritize investigating the processes that determine bioretention performance and (III) standardize the collection, analysis and reporting of results. This dissemination of information will ensure that gaps in bioretention knowledge can be found and allow for improvements to the performance of bioretention cells around the world.
Evaluation of innovative ways is necessary to use a huge amount of recycled construction and demolition materials generated in Bangladesh and require satisfaction considering environmental, economic and engineering perspectives. In that sense, this study evaluates the outcomes when stabilized with locally available ordinary Portland cement. Furthermore, this study evaluates the research laboratory characterization of
physical, geotechnical, and strength properties of unbound construction and demolition materials, for example, reclaimed asphalt from the pavement (RAP), recycled crushed concrete (RCA) and crushed brick (CB). The results advocated that cement can be a feasible alternative for the stabilization of unbound construction and demolition materials. Based on the test outcomes, RAP, CB, and RCA were found to require 2% of cement to
meet the requirements for stabilization with a curing duration of 7 days.