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Schematic diagram of (a) sand filtration, (b) sand filtration with coconut shell, (c) sand filtration with rice husk and (d) sand filtration with rice husk and coconut shell.
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Investigation on the potential of sand filter as a pre-treatment of waste water was done in Kangar wet market, Perlis. Besides, the best composition of filter in order to treat wastewater based on BOD, COD, SS, AN, turbidity and pH levels are further examined. In this study, there are four types of sand filter composition which the medias consist o...
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... four types of sand filtrations used in this study. There were sand filtration consist only fine and course sand, sand filtration with additional of rice husk, sand filtration with additional of coconut shell and sand filtration with additional of rice husk and coconut shell. The schematic diagram of all sand filters used in this study is shown in Fig. ...
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Interest in utilization of locally available biomasses as biofilm support media for wastewater treatment in developing countries is increasing. In this study, microcosm experiments on a coconut-fibre biofilm treatment system were carried out to evaluate wastewater treatment efficiencies in the laboratory using two wastewaters, synthetic sewage and...
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... Moreover, the results also revealed that the sand filter added with rice husk almost complied with Standard B of Malaysia Environmental Quality (Sewage) Regulations 2009 as well as gives the highest number of Water Quality Index WQI of 36.81. Overall, WQI obtained in this study are ranged from 12.77 to 36.81 (Saad et al., 2016). ...
... Turbidity values for the RCHP were relatively lower than CCHP due to the adsorbent's low porosity and surface area. Turbidity removal by the Control is consistent with the available literature on turbidity removal by sand filters (Saad et al., 2016) in that sand and gravel grains are known to remove suspended matter in greywater, thereby making wastewater less turbid (Samayamanthula et al., 2019). From an influent of 58 TCU, results obtained for color in the treated effluent were 10 TCU, 69 TCU, and 63 TCU for CCHP, RCHP, and Control. ...
Reclaimed water from wastewater has become a prominent water source option to manage water scarcity. This study explores the potential of coconut husk biomass, a common waste material in Ghana, as a valuable low-cost resource for greywater treatment. Engineered column treatment was applied to investigate the influence of pyrolysis and biochar properties of coconut husk biomass waste on greywater treatment. Coconut husk biomass waste was pyrolyzed at 600°C and characterized using SEM, FTIR, and XRD. Three engineered columns with 1) raw coconut husk powder (RCHP), 2) charred coconut husk powder (CCHP), and 3) sand-gravel filters (control setup) were used. A hydrostatic head of greywater with a throughput of 8.0 ml/min and a hydraulic retention time of 45 min was maintained for engineered columns. The SEM image suggested an increased surface area and pores due to the pyrolysis of the husk biomass. RCHP and CCHP contributed to 63% and 95% turbidity removal, respectively. Experimental results showed high removal efficiencies of 71% COD for CCHP. The nitrate removal efficiency of 78.93%, 88.38%, and 28.65% was observed for RCHP, CCHP, and control respectively. The log removal of faecal coliform by CCHP was two orders of magnitude higher than RCHP. Faecal and total coliform removal was 2.87 log units for CCHP. Significant differences were observed between CCHP and RCHP, p < 0.05 for electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids of effluents. CCHP showed a promising potential for greywater treatment. Pyrolyzed coconut husk powder is a promising adsorbent applicable to greywater treatment.
... Khalaphallah, (2012) ; Wurochekke et al., (2016) ; Saad et al., (2016) , reported that sand filtration using activated carbon is the best method and reduces COD and BOD 5 when the wastewater flows over it. BOD 5 and COD of both filter columns were meeting the ( USEPA, 2005 ) standards for reuse of all selected non-portable uses. ...
... Filter column B was more efficient in the removal of turbidity than filter column A, because of the adsorptive properties (active sites) of GAC that would attract the turbidity in wastewater. ( Khalaphallah, 2012 ;Saad et al., 2016 ) reported that sand filtration using activated carbon can reduce turbidity when the wastewater passes through it. The turbidity of the filtration system after treatment was within the allowable standards, (USEPA, 1992) ( ≤ 5) for reuse of selected non-potable uses except in column A at 36 h which showed a value of 7.3 that was beyond the reuse standards. ...
In this study, we evaluate the performance of a lab-scale filtration system for greywater treatment and reuse using sand and granular activated carbon as filter media. Using a laboratory, Physico-chemical and microbiological parameters are determined. The treatment efficiency comparison is made between lab-scale filtration systems that use gravel + sand and gravel + sand + GAC using pre-filtration and post-filtration mean values at different hydraulic retention times (HRT) and different filter columns. For both filter columns used, the treatment efficiency of the system increased with HRT at 12 h and 24 h and later on it decreased at 36 h. The pollution reduction was from 60.8% - 100% for selected parameters (pH, turbidity, BOD, COD, TC, and FC) in filter column B and from 47.2% - 100% for filter column A. Thus, filtration systems are efficient at improving hygiene, and water shortage at the university. Also, the results of the willingness to use the treated greywater (TGW) revealed that on the average, about 84.75%, 91.75%, and 100% of the respondents are willing to adopt the TGW for toilet flushing, pavement washing, and flower garden watering respectively.
... Turbidity reduces because of the reduction of suspended and dissolved solids. Few research studies reported that the sand filtration using activated carbon is a superior method and reduces mainly pH, TDS, turbidity and COD when the wastewater is passed through it (Prasad et al. 2006;Khalaphallah 2012;Saad et al. 2016). The same has been observed in the present study using the above technique. ...
Sustainable management aims at the governance of natural resources to meet the needs of future generations. The limited resources of freshwater in arid regions have led to the development of alternative water management strategies. To meet the future challenges of water scarcity, an attempt has been made in this study to utilize treated greywater obtained by gravity-governed filtration technique and disinfection for domestic usage. The study addresses the possibilities of groundwater recharge with the treated greywater. The method focuses on a gravity-governed flow through a column containing activated carbon, sand and gravel. The greywater used for the treatment contains a mixture of equal proportions of water collected from three different sources such as kitchen sink, shower and washing machine in Fahaheel, Salmiya and Farwaniya areas of Kuwait. The study concluded that for a volume of 1167 cm³ filtration media used, the designed column was 34% effective for first 1100 mL of greywater. Later, the column was regenerated by washing with distilled water and the regenerated column still proved to be effective with a removal efficiency of 26% for next 600 mL of greywater. The quality of the treated greywater was assessed in terms of physical, chemical and microbiological parameters as per the standard methods to check the suitability for domestic purposes. The results obtained were also compared with the groundwater quality of Kuwait group and Dammam aquifers, and it was inferred to be at par with their quality. The TDS of treated greywater has been reduced from 4910 to 1508 mg/L, which is also lower than the TDS in groundwater of both the aquifers, and pH was reduced from 10.29 to 7.94. The present study proved its efficiency equally to other existing methods, and the efficiency of removal for some of the analyzed parameters was measured as 23%, 95%, 52%, 88%, 100% and 100% for pH, color, TDS, turbidity, total coliform and E. coli, respectively. Hence, the study is simple and cost-effective approach that can be adopted for the treatment and reused greywater for domestic and agriculture and also for recharging the aquifers to prevent saltwater intrusion along the coastal aquifers.
... The sand filter can decrease the amount of total suspended solids, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and total phosphorus (62-99%) (Bosak et al. 2016). A 10-week sand filter treatment can reportedly reduce biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (SS), ammoniacal nitrogen (AN), and turbidity of water samples by up to 86%, 84%, 63%, 88%, and 73%, respectively (Saad et al. 2016). ...
In recent decades, the decline of coastal water quality has promoted the birth of a new industrialized aquaculture mode in China, which involves the cultivation of organisms using underground seawater extracted from various depths below the intertidal zone. In view of the special physicochemical characteristics of underground seawater, the microbial community in this environment has attracted interest. In this study, the microbial community in the underground seawater of an intertidal area of the Qingdao coast of China was investigated. Compared with the upper coastal water, the underground seawater displayed lower numbers of microorganisms (2.7 ± 0.3 × 10⁵ cells mL⁻¹ in underground seawater vs. 5.3 ± 0.4 × 10⁵ cells mL⁻¹ in upper coastal seawater) but displayed much higher microbial diversity. At the phyla level, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, and Actinobacteria inhabited both environments, whereas bacteria in the phyla Planctomycetes, Deferribacteres, and Nitrospirae were recovered only from the underground seawater. Eighty-nine percent of the OTUs in the underground seawater were environmental specific. Furthermore, compared with coastal water, underground seawater displayed significant lower (p < 0.05) concentration of NH3-N, NO2-N, PO4-P, and DOC-C, and contained fewer potentially harmful pathogens (e.g., Verrucomicrobia/Opitutae) and more denitrifying bacteria (e.g., Shewanella denitrificans), thus making it more suitable for aquaculture.
This study presents a filter system for the removal of pathogenic microorganisms from potable water using silver nanoparticle-modified silica sand. While silica sand has potential applications in wastewater treatment, its effectiveness in microbial filtration falls short. Thus, there is a need for an environmentally friendly enhancement method. The silver nanoparticles were synthesized using Commelina maculata leaf extracts, and their diameter ranged from 50 to 80 nm. The Ag NPs were immobilized on silica sand, improving the modified sand's physicochemical properties. The filter system, composed of Ag NP-modified silica sand packed in a glass column, reliably removed 98% of the culturable E. coli population in water. The results suggest that the developed filter system has potential use in drinking water disinfection in remote rural areas. However, further cost analysis is required before scaling up for mass production and real-world use.
Fresh markets or wet markets function as important places for exchanging food stuffs and meeting of local people in many emerging economies. Through many activities in fresh markets, solid waste is substantially generated and becomes a main environmental issue. In Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand, solid waste in fresh markets emerges as an environmental issue with potentials to be improved. Selecting two fresh markets with different ownerships in Ubon Ratchathani, the concepts of waste hierarchy and triad-network model were applied to study and compare ways to improve solid waste management systems. Through focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews, this research reveals that solid waste managements of the two markets are centrally organized by the owners with the emphasis on tidiness with little involvements from other actors. To improve waste managements, moving beyond legal requirements and engaging relevant actors are essential. It is also found that different ownership (public vs. private) affects how fresh markets can organize improvement strategies.
Fresh Market Wastewater (FMWW) is rich with high amounts of suspended solids, organic and inorganic compounds, nutrients, gases and some elements which come from fish entrails and seafood preparation sales, meat cutting, poultry slaughtering, fruits and vegetables sales. The excess of these parameters are harmful to the aquatic life since the FMWW is usually discharged into the drainage systems without any treatment or partial treatment. The FMWW technologies are developed due to some technical factors influencing the designation and construction. There are several projects of fresh market treatment technologies used on site area in small scale which could be replicated to other fresh market, and some case study have been tested in laboratory batch experiments. All the projects exhibited an efficiency to reduce critical parameters in FMWW and give positive impacts to the locals and responsible parties.
