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![Schematic diagram of a closed-circuit reverse osmosis system. Adapted from Warsinger et al. [39]. RO = reverse osmosis](publication/323750223/figure/fig3/AS:963448573812737@1606715448178/Schematic-diagram-of-a-closed-circuit-reverse-osmosis-system-Adapted-from-Warsinger-et.gif)
Schematic diagram of a closed-circuit reverse osmosis system. Adapted from Warsinger et al. [39]. RO = reverse osmosis
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Purpose of Review
In the face of rising water demands and dwindling freshwater supplies, alternative water sources are needed. Desalination of water has become a key to helping meet increasing water needs, especially in water-stressed countries where water obtained by desalination far exceeds supplies from the freshwater sources.
Recent Findings
R...
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![Figure 1: Available desalination technologies with dominating RO [10].](profile/Yousuf-Jamal/publication/334415082/figure/fig1/AS:779835559383041@1562938694843/Available-desalination-technologies-with-dominating-RO-10_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 5: Stages of Biofilm Development on RO Membranes [23].](profile/Yousuf-Jamal/publication/334415082/figure/fig5/AS:779835559383042@1562938694979/Stages-of-Biofilm-Development-on-RO-Membranes-23_Q320.jpg)
Reverse Osmosis (RO) is the process of separating dissolved salts from water with the help of semipermeable membranes. Membrane based solution are now widely accepted technology to combat safe drinking water shortage. Reverse osmosis has increasing market shares due to reduced cost and improvements in the process. This paper reviews the major issue...
Citations
... Bugungi kunga kelib, dunyo aholisi soni oshib borishi, sanoatning rivojlanishi, iqlim o'zgarishi kabi omillar sabab ichimlik suviga bo'lgan talab keskin oshmoqda. Olimlarning bashorat qilishiga ko'ra, 2030-yilga kelib, inson iste'moli uchun talab etiladigan ichimlik suvining 60 %igina mavjud bo'ladi(Ayaz et al., 2022;Darre & Toor, 2018) Deyarli 1,4 mlrd kub kilometr suv har xil shaklda dunyoning turli qismlarida tarqalgan. Bu suv manbasining asosiy qismi (1,35 mlrd kub kilometr) okean va dengiz suvlari, qolgan 2,5 % esa chuchuk suv manbayidir. ...
Oqova suvlarni tozalash texnologiyalarini takomillashtirish, ularning
energiya sarfini kamaytirish, suv tannarxini tushirish va sifatini oshirish kabi
muammolarning bitta yechimi jarayonni to‘g‘ri boshqarish hisoblanadi. Ushbu
ishda birinchi marta oqova suvlarni ion-almashinish smolalari yordamida tozalash
texnologiyasi ishlab chiqilgan bo‘lib, qurilma Qo‘ng‘irot soda zavodidagi oqova suv
aralashmasini tozalash jarayonida sinovdan o‘tkazilgan. Zavod hududida o‘tkazilgan
sinov natijalariga ko‘ra, oqova suv tarkibidagi umumiy tuz miqdori 1885 mg/l dan
27,3 mg/l gacha tushirilgan. Umumiy qattiqlik esa 9,3 dan 0,27 gacha pasaytirilgan.
pH miqdori 9,5 dan 7,5 gacha kamaytirilgan. Lekin 1 m3 oqova suvni tozalash uchun
1,8–2,5 kWh energiya sarflangan va buni kamaytirish talab etiladi. Mazkur maqolada
oqova suvlarni ion-almashinish smolalari orqali tozalash jarayonini noqat’iy mantiq
asosida boshqarish modeli ishlab chiqilgan. Suv tarkibidagi umumiy tuzlar miqdori,
pH ko‘rsatkichi hamda suvning umumiy qattiqligi asosiy parametrlar hisoblanadi.
Qurilmadan olingan tajriba natijalari bo‘yicha belgilangan miqdorda suv sarfini
nazorat qilish orqali ushbu parametrlarni noqat’iy mantiq asosida boshqarishning
Matlab dasturi yordamida imitatsion modeli qurildi. Natijalar shuni ko‘rsatdiki,
ishlab chiqilgan modelni jarayonda qo‘llab, suvdagi umumiy tuzlar konsentratsiyasini
99 %gacha tozalikda boshqarish, rostlash vaqtini esa 20 sekundgacha kamaytirish
mumkin. Rostlash vaqtini kamaytirish orqali energiya sarfini o‘rtacha 1,8–2,5 kWh
dan 1,2–1,8 kWh gacha oraliqda minimallashtirishga erishilgan.
Kalit so‘zlar: oqova suvlarni tozalash, ion-almashinish smolalari, noqat’iy mantiq,
Matlab modeli.
... The need to reduce reliance on traditional and costly energy sources has led to the evaluation of renewable energy sources that can be implemented. This transition has been gradual with the aim of ensuring a sustainable future for technology [28], ushering in the use of energies such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, geothermal, and hybrid systems. These have been recognised as sustainable energy sources for this process [29]. ...
The provision of potable water or water with physical, chemical, and microbiological characteristics suitable for consumption is essential for human survival. However, numerous communities in the coastal areas of Colombia still lack access to clean and safe water sources. To address this challenge in many communities, desalination emerges as a promising solution. In this regard, this article focuses on the evaluation and proposal of an integrated simulation model for solar-powered water desalination in coastal communities, with particular attention to water quality aspects, as well as potential impacts on health and the environment. To carry out a comprehensive assessment, the intention is to design a simulation model using tools such as Homer Pro, IMSdesign, and MATLAB, leveraging data on living conditions and water quality in La Guajira, as well as publicly available information on the best desalination practices in coastal communities and following current Colombian regulations within the framework of health and environmental care. This model will allow for a detailed analysis of key factors and impacts in the implementation of solar-powered desalination systems, considering the conditions of the case study in Manaure, La Guajira, Colombia. Through this design, it facilitates the understanding of technical and operational aspects, as well as exploring efficient energy solutions through the integration of renewable sources, with the purpose of mitigating the challenges associated with high energy consumption and reducing both costs and the environmental and human health impact inherent in these desalination processes.
... 25 Separations also play a central role in remediating environmental pollution at industrial sites 26 and providing a secure source of potable water for a growing global population. 27 Compared to traditional adsorbent-and membrane-based approaches, electrochemical separations offer substantial advantages due to facile control over process kinetics through modulation of the applied electric potential. 28 Functionalizing electrodes has been shown to improve their efficiency and selectivity toward the adsorption and reduction of targeted ions. ...
Due to their unique physiochemical properties that may be tailored for specific purposes, ionic liquids (ILs) have been investigated for various applications, including chemical separations, catalysis, energy storage, and space propulsion. The different cations and anions comprising ILs may be selected to optimize a range of desired properties, such as thermal stability, ionic conductivity, and volatility, leading to the designation of certain ILs as designer “green” solvents. The effect of counterions on the properties of ILs is of both fundamental scientific interest and technological importance. Herein, we report a systematic experimental and theoretical investigation of the size, charge, stability toward dissociation, and geometric/electronic structure of 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium (EMIM)-based IL clusters containing two different atomic counterions (i.e., bromide [Br⁻] and iodide [I⁻]). This work extends our studies of EMIM⁺ cations with atomic chloride (Cl⁻) and molecular tetrafluoroborate (BF4⁻) anions reported previously by Baxter et al. [Chem. Mater. 34, 2612 (2022)] and Zhang et al. [J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 11, 6844 (2020)], respectively. Distributions of anionic IL clusters were generated in the gas phase using electrospray ionization and characterized by high mass resolution mass spectrometry, energy-resolved collision-induced dissociation, and negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy experiments. The experimental results reveal anion-dependent trends in the size distribution, relative abundance, ionic charge state, stability toward dissociation, and electron binding energies of the IL clusters. Complementary global optimization theory provides molecular-level insights into the bonding and electronic structure of a selected subset of clusters, including their low energy structures and electrostatic potential maps, and how these fundamental characteristics are influenced by anion substitution. Collectively, our findings demonstrate how the fundamental properties of ILs, which determine their suitability for many applications, may be tuned by substituting counterions. These observations are critical in the sub-nanometer cluster size regime where phenomena do not scale predictably to the bulk phase, and each atom counts toward determining behavior.
... In water-stressed nations where desalinated water greatly outweighs freshwater source supplies, desalination has come up as a critical component in helping to fulfill rising water demands. (Darre & Toor, 2018). In the commercial distillation process, fresh water that is almost completely devoid of salt is separated from salt water, with the salts concentrated in the rejected brine stream. ...
Water desalination is crucial for addressing global water scarcity affecting over 2 billion people. By 2050, water demand could rise by 20-30% due to population growth and urbanization. Currently, over 40% of the global population lacks access to clean water due to overexploitation of conventional sources like rivers and groundwater. This report focuses on experimental analysis of brackish water desalination, primarily using reverse osmosis (RO). Desalination plays a vital role in converting seawater or brackish water into drinkable water, especially in coastal areas. The study explores various desalination methods such as ion exchange, membrane distillation, and vapor compression distillation. Technological advancements, particularly in RO distillation process has enhanced efficiency and sustainability. In this report, pre-treatment processes, including filtration, chemical dosing, antiscalant injection, water softening, are also employed to remove contaminants before desalination. The performance of RO is evaluated based on factors like pressure drop, feed flow rate, and recovery ratio, analyzing water flux, salt rejection rate, energy consumption, and system efficiency. The results provide insights into optimizing brackish water desalination and the discussions are carried out for improvement of the ways such as post treatment, membrane cleaning and advancement in membrane materials for sustainable freshwater production.
... Knowing the behavior of thermal desalination units is crucial to optimize their design. 38 Here, we evaluated two case studies to predict the Gain Output Ratio (GOR), which is a measure of the thermal energy utilization efficiency, and the specic heat transfer surface, which will determine the size of the plant of a solar desalination system from the number of effects and the steam temperature. ...
The current generation of large language models (LLMs) has limited chemical knowledge. Recently, it has been shown that these LLMs can learn and predict chemical properties through fine-tuning. Using natural language to train machine learning models opens doors to a wider chemical audience, as field-specific featurization techniques can be omitted. In this work, we explore the potential and limitations of this approach. We studied the performance of fine-tuning three open-source LLMs (GPT-J-6B, Llama-3.1-8B, and Mistral-7B) for a range of different chemical questions. We benchmark their performances against “traditional” machine learning models and find that, in most cases, the fine-tuning approach is superior for a simple classification problem. Depending on the size of the dataset and the type of questions, we also successfully address more sophisticated problems. The most important conclusions of this work are that, for all datasets considered, their conversion into an LLM fine-tuning training set is straightforward and that fine-tuning with even relatively small datasets leads to predictive models. These results suggest that the systematic use of LLMs to guide experiments and simulations will be a powerful technique in any research study, significantly reducing unnecessary experiments or computations.
... For producing high-purity water, additional processes beyond reverse osmosis are required to preserve electrolyzer lifespan (Becker et al., 2023). Key economic barriers to establishing a reverse osmosis seawater desalination plant include high CAPEX and significant electricity consumption (Darre & Toor, 2018), around 5 kWh/m³ (Eke et al., 2020). Energy demands account for over 50% of OPEX, mainly due to the high power needed for pumping water through membranes (Judd, 2017). ...
... Disposing of brine in the ocean, a linear economy strategy, can cause ecological impacts (Panagopoulos et al., 2019), such as increase local seawater salinity, reduce desalination plant efficiency and increase energy consumption (Missimer & Maliva, 2018). Dilution of brine mitigates marine biota impacts, but minor salinity changes can affect ecosystems (Darre & Toor, 2018). In regions like the Persian Gulf, with climates similar to Ceará, brine harms zoobenthos, echinoderms, marine algae, and coral reefs. ...
Introdução
Climate change impacts various aspects of the climate system and holds substantial implications for the biosphere and socioeconomic development. Predominantly caused by the combustion of fossil fuels and the emission of greenhouse gases, a critical solution lies in enhancing energy efficiency and transitioning to cleaner energy sources. Green hydrogen (GH) emerges as a promising clean energy carrier, offering a potential leap in the energy transition and sustainable development.
Problema de Pesquisa e Objetivo
A better in-depth comprehension of water resources is crucial for GH production, especially in semi-arid regions with, which are likely to be severely affected by climate change. Challenges related to climate, and abuse of water resources can further unbalance water availability, exacerbating existing vulnerabilities and potentially creating new ones. this study aims to evaluate the production of green hydrogen comparing the use of two different water sources: recycled water, representing a circular economy approach, and seawater desalination, representing a linear economy approach.
Fundamentação Teórica
Hydrogen can be obtained by electrolysing water. Managing water consumption in the green hydrogen sector is a challenge due to the possible long-term impacts on ecosystems and local water availability. In water management, recycled water for industrial applications is preferable to seawater desalination, a linear economy approach. The circular economy, in contrast to the linear "take-make-dispose" model, minimises resource input, waste and emissions. Brine from seawater desalination contains high salinity and chemicals, which can cause ecological impacts when disposed of at sea.
Metodologia
This research employes System Dynamics (SD), combining qualitative and quantitative methods for exploratory and descriptive purposes. We conducted 11 interviews and analyzed several documents, such as Environmental Impact Assessments. The Causal Loop Diagram was developed from two perspectives: multifaceted interactions among technological, ecological, and social factors, and comparing circular and linear economy approaches. The Stock and Flow Diagram aims to estimate GH production under different water supply assumptions, simulating from 2026, when the first hydrogen plant starts, until 2050.
Análise dos Resultados
Regarding to operational aspects of the GH hub, use solely recycle water shows the best performance due to highest values of GH production and the lowest values of energy consumption, while using 100% of seawater desalination is the second in values of GH production, however, is the one with the highest energy consumption. Considering the impacts, recycle water shows the best performance, demonstrating the benefits of circular economy. Relying solely on seawater desalination worst performance due to the higher values of brine disposal in the surrounding areas of the hub.
Conclusão
Adopting a linear economy approach in a large-scale, export-oriented hydrogen hub could exacerbate social inequalities and increase environmental degradation. We argue that the abundance of renewable energy and an industrial and port infrastructure cannot be decisive arguments for the hydrogen economy. It is imperative to consider the influence of hydrogen production on social and ecological aspects. We recommend that stakeholders adopt a circular economy approach to better address social-ecological-technological systems (SETS) and ensure energy justice for the GH project in Ceará.
... To address upcoming water needs, implementing enduring resource management is crucial (Arsiso et al., 2017). This can be achieved by employing advanced purification methods such as RO, while ensuring the treated water meets high standards (Darre & Toor, 2018). Primary inputs for water purification systems include reclaimed effluents from urban and manufacturing sectors, seawater, and brackish groundwater (Elimelech & Phillip, 2011;Redondo, 2001). ...
... Therefore, in numerous regions facing water shortages, facilities that remove salt from seawater have emerged as a key strategy to address the growing need for fresh water for domestic, and municipal uses to focus on sustainable water resource management (Bremere et al., 2001;Gude, 2017). Water purification and desalination methods have advanced rapidly, however, face-pressing obstacles in meeting the surging demand for potable water (Darre & Toor, 2018;Schiffler, 2004). Therefore, these facilities are designed to tackle multiple water-related issues (Darre & Toor, 2018). ...
... Water purification and desalination methods have advanced rapidly, however, face-pressing obstacles in meeting the surging demand for potable water (Darre & Toor, 2018;Schiffler, 2004). Therefore, these facilities are designed to tackle multiple water-related issues (Darre & Toor, 2018). The quantity and quality of potable water produced by these facilities are influenced by their engineering, operational practices, and monitoring systems (Almulla et al., 2003;Shaffer et al., 2012). ...
In recent decades, securing drinkable water sources has become a pressing concern for populations in various regions worldwide. Therefore, to address the growing need for potable water, contemporary water purification technologies can be employed to convert saline sources into drinkable supplies. Therefore, the prediction of important parameters of desalination plants is a key task for designing and implementing these facilities. In this regard, artificial intelligence techniques have proven to be powerful assets in this field. These methods offer an expedited and effective means of estimating effective parameters, thus catalyzing their implementation in real-world scenarios.
In this study, the predictive accuracy of six different machine learning models, including Natural Gradient-based Boosting (NGBoost), Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), Categorical Boosting (CatBoost), Support vector regression (SVR), Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), and Extremely Randomized Tree (ERT) was evaluated for modelling the parameter of permeate flow as a key element in system efficiency, energy consumption, and water quality using six various input combinations of feed water salt concentration, condenser inlet temperature, feed flow rate, and evaporator inlet temperature. The next phase of this research employed the SHAP interpretability method to illustrate the impact of individual variables on the model’s output. Moreover, the predictive performance of the developed frameworks was evaluated using a set of five dependable statistical measures:
RMSE, NS, MAE, MAPE and R2. These indicators were utilized to provide a robust means of gauging the precision of the model’s forecasts. A comparative analysis of the outcomes, as measured
by the RMSE criteria, revealed that the SVR technique (RMSE = 0.125 L/(h·m2)) exhibited superior performance compared to NGBoost (RMSE = 0.163 L/(h·m2)), AdaBoost (RMSE = 0.219 L/(h·m2)), CatBoost (RMSE = 0.149 L/(h·m2)), GPR (RMSE = 0.156 L/(h·m2)), and ERT (RMSE = 0.167 L/(h·m2)) methodologies in predicting permeate flow rates. The modelling outcomes obtained during the evaluation stage demonstrated the efficacy of the SVR algorithm in enhancing the precision of permeate flow forecasts, utilizing relevant input variables.
... Solar desalination is a renewable energy process harnessing solar power to reutilize impure water and condense the vapor into potable water [1,2]. It combines the humidification and dehumidification processes similar to the hydrological cycle [3][4][5]. This process involves salt concentration and chemical removal in seawater, and it can reduce the salt concentration limit to 500 ppm per liter [6]. ...
A prototype of an automated solar seawater desalination system equipped with thermal energy storage was designed and developed to analyze experimentally the effect of adding organic phase change materials (palm wax and beeswax) to the desalination system’s efficiency. The desalination machine was set up with two configurations: with organic and without organic PCMs. While the setup without a PCM can produce an average of 30.8 mL per day and convert 2.056% of the total volume of input water to an output peak of 48.5 mL using solar energy, the setup with a PCM can produce an average daily water production of 68.9 mL and convert 4.6% of the input water volume with the highest record output of 104.5 mL compared to configurations without PCM, the organic PCM system with a 1:1.2 mixture of beeswax and palm wax can produce an average of 123.7%.
... Therefore, purification of the contaminated water is in lockstep with freshwater and drinkable water availability for the populace in such regions. Several techniques known for water purification systems such as reverse osmosis, electro-dialysis, vacuum distillation, Nano-filtration, multi-effect distillation, solar distillation etc. are engaged around the globe [8,9]. Most techniques' reliance on fossil fuels with attendant emission of greenhouse gases pose a challenge to the environment. ...
... The two core working principal forms of still distiller is active and passive solar still depending on the heat generation source used to evaporate the water in the basin. Heat generation can be accessed directly from the suns radiation (passive) and/ or generation of heat energy by some mechanical techniques (active) [9]. Convectional still distiller (CSD) grouped under the passive solar stills basically comprises of a water basin, transparent glass cover and a distillate collector. ...
Solar radiation plays an important part in the desalination of saline water owing to its abundance in areas with potable water shortage and it also occupies a paramount place in green energy generation due to its simplicity of application. Still distiller is viewed by researchers as a suitable source of potable water because of low cost of fabrication, easy operation and zero emission technology. Studies by researchers are geared towards exploring new models to improve the productivity of solar stills and enhance its production rate is ongoing. The main aspiration of this work is to experiment the consequence of introducing a passive condenser to a modified conventional solar still to enhance its productivity yield. It was observed that the modified passive still distiller coupled with the external condenser gave about 11.85% higher production yield in comparison with the modified conventional still distiller. Daily and accumulated distillate yield for the still distillers have been studied and analyzed. The result of the findings revealed that sawdust padding around the still distillers is recommended to maximize productivity leading to efficient water distillation in regions where that require still distiller usage. This recommendation has been seen to produce the desired result in accessing to potable water within areas where water scarcity prevails. This is suggested to contribute effectively bearing the cost ineffective water desalination technique.
... Nowadays, the main cause of anomalous salinity increments in the marine environment potentially affecting seagrass meadows are brine discharges from seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants. Desalination provides freshwater from seawater, generating a highconductivity effluent, known as brine, which is usually pumped back to the ocean and can double natural salinity of the sea (Darre and Toor, 2018). This industry has significantly expanded in the last decades to cope with water scarcity in highly populated temperate regions and is expected to increase due extended drafts and other climate change effects (Jones et al., 2019). ...
