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Scatter diagram of proportional dimensions of caudal length in Apristurus kampae and A. manis . Closed symbols, A. kampae ; open symbols, A. manis ; circles, holotypes; triangles, paratypes; diamonds, non-types.
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The genus Apristurus presently comprses 32 vald speces, but the taxonomy of ths genus of deepwater catsharks s very complcated and confusng. The genus contans a number of speces whch are known only from the type specmens, synonymous speces and many poorly known speces. In addton, many undescrbed speces stll reman to be dscovered and to be formally...
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... Spiral 2.0 valve mm square count — are Numbers counted, of including all the turns those are counted on the marginal after performing lines. This a shallow count cut is along repeated the intestine. three times on different areas and these three values are averaged to represent the dermal denticle count for that particular specimen. Special care should be taken to count the denticles on naturally stretched skins, not on dried and/or shrunken skins. Spiral valve count — Numbers of all the turns are counted after performing a shallow cut along the intestine. Maturity stage 1 (immature) — claspers short and completely undeveloped, not reaching inner tips of pelvic fin; gonads small and completely undeveloped; ovarian eggs very small without any developing eggs; shell gland undeveloped and almost indistinguishable from oviduct; reproductive tracts thin. Maturity stage 2 (adolescent) — An intermediate stage not included in the maturity stage 1 (immature) and maturity stage 3 (adult); claspers developing, but soft and bendable; gonads and reproductive tracts developing. Maturity Maturity Maturity Maturity stages stage stage stage 2 3 are 1 (adolescent) (adult) (immature) defined — as claspers — follows, — An claspers long, intermediate mainly stiff short based and stage and not on Nakaya easily completely not included bendable, & Stehmann undeveloped, in the extending (1998). maturity not reaching far stage beyond 1 inner (immature) inner tips of tips pelvic and of pelvic fin; maturity gonads fin stage in small most 3 (adult); and cases; completely claspers gonads developing, and undeveloped; reproductive but soft ovarian tracts and developed, eggs bendable; very small gonads with without some and reproductive very any developing large tracts eggs eggs; among developing. shell smaller gland eggs undeveloped in the ovary; and almost egg capsules indistinguishable sometimes from present oviduct; in oviducts. reproductive tracts thin. Maturity stage 3 (adult) — claspers long, stiff and not easily bendable, extending far beyond inner tips of pelvic fin in most cases; gonads and reproductive tracts developed, with some very large eggs among smaller eggs in the ovary; egg capsules sometimes present in oviducts. A Figure 4 new species is a scatter is described, diagram based of the usually proportional on the dimensions holotype and of paratype(s), caudal fin length according in the to type the provisions specimens of of the two International Apristurus species, Code of A. Zoological kampae Nomenclature Taylor, 1972 (International and A. manis Commission (Springer, 1979). on Zoological Apristurus Nomenclature, kampae was 1999). described After based the original on two description immature specimens of a new species, collected the holotype from the eastern represents North the Pacific species, Ocean, as a name-bearing and the two black type, symbols and the paratypes in the figure supplement denote the the holotype. holotype (circle) and one paratype (triangle). Apristurus manis is based on five immature specimens (holotype and four paratypes) from the western North Atlantic Ocean. However, it is difficult to distinguish whether they are different species or conspecific, because the dimensions of these type specimens are so close each other, or greatly overlapping (31.6–34.9 % TL vs. 33.9–38.3 % TL in A. kampae and Figure 4 is a scatter diagram of the proportional dimensions of caudal fin length in the type specimens of two Apristurus species, A. kampae Taylor, 1972 and A. manis (Springer, 1979). Apristurus kampae was described based on two immature specimens collected from the eastern North Pacific Ocean, and the two black symbols in the figure denote the holotype (circle) and one paratype (triangle). Apristurus manis is based on five immature specimens (holotype and four paratypes) from the western North Atlantic Ocean. However, it is difficult to distinguish whether they are different species or conspecific, because the dimensions of these type specimens are so close each other, or greatly overlapping (31.6–34.9 % TL vs. 33.9–38.3 % TL in A. kampae and Proportional dimensions, which are one of the important taxonomic characters in sharks, rays and chimaeras, involve numerous variations, such as individual, ontogenetic, sexual and geographical variations. Bass (1973) discussed ontogenetic variation of proportional dimensions in scyliorhinid, carcharhinid and sphyrnid sharks, and emphasised the importance of the variation in the identification and definition of shark species. Proportional Figure 6 A. manis , is respectively). a dimensions, schematic Figure 5 which diagram are is showing one the of same the ontogenetic important diagram, taxonomic variation with additional of characters a character dimensions in K, sharks, with taken length rays from of and the the chimaeras, specimen non-type involve on specimens x-axis numerous and of the proportional two variations, species. dimension Then, such this of as character clearly individual, shows K on ontogenetic, y-axis. that the Suppose proportional sexual that and species dimensions geographical A is of known caudal variations. by fin a shorten limited Bass (1973) number with growth discussed of smaller in both ontogenetic individuals species, variation and (spread that of A. of character kampae proportional K and is dimensions encircled), A. manis follow and in scyliorhinid, three different other modes individuals carcharhinid of reduction, (S1, and S2 completely sphyrnid and S3) sharks, are separate dotted and from on emphasised the each graph. other. the If Thus, importance character the K two of shows the species variation a wide are in variation, distinguished the identification S1, S2 as and different and S3 definition may and be valid of identified shark species. species. as species These facts A. If character also demonstrate K shows a that narrow the range original of variation dimensions and provided remains proportionally by the type specimens constant represent with growth only (C a in fraction Bass, of 1973), the S3 total may variation, be identified and the as accurate species A, definition but both and S1 discrimination and S2 may belong of a species to a different can be species. done, only If character when these K additional dimensions are effectively combined to cover the variation. Figure 6 is a schematic diagram showing ontogenetic variation of a character K, with length of the specimen on x-axis and proportional dimension of character K on y-axis. Suppose that species A is known by a limited number of smaller individuals (spread of character K is encircled), and three other individuals (S1, S2 and S3) are dotted on the graph. If character K shows a wide variation, S1, S2 and S3 may be identified as species A. If character K shows a narrow range of variation and remains proportionally constant with growth (C in Bass, 1973), S3 may be identified as species A, but both S1 and S2 may belong to a different species. If character ...
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... Apristurus species were found in the ichthyological collections of the WAM and CSIRO. A total of 74 morphometric characters were measured on the postnatal specimen following the standard methodology proposed by Nakaya et al. (2008) for the genus Apristurus. A sub-set of morphometric characters (n = 44) was also taken from a late-term embryo removed from one of the ridged egg cases (CSIRO H 8056-01). ...
... • from A. internatus (possibly a synonym of A. gibbosus according to Nakaya et al., 2008) in having first dorsal-fin origin just anterior to pelvic-fin insertions (vs. opposite pelvic midbases) and ...
Apristurus ovicorrugatus, a new species of deepwater catshark, is described from northwestern Australia. Unique egg cases belonging to an unknown species of Apristurus prompted a more detailed investigation of Apristurus specimens off northwestern Australia. One specimen previously identified as A. sinensis collected off Dampier Archipelago was found gravid with a single egg case. Removal of this egg case confirmed that this species was responsible for producing the unique egg cases previously recorded. The egg cases of this species have strong T‐shaped longitudinal ridges on the dorsal and ventral surfaces which are unique in the genus Apristurus. The ridges most closely resemble those present in Bythaelurus canescens from South America, but are larger and always T‐shaped. The holotype is closest morphologically to A. sinensis but differs in having a medium brown buccal cavity (vs. jet black), ridged egg cases (vs. smooth egg cases), fewer intestinal spiral valve turns and larger pectoral fins. The holotype is also similar, and closest on a molecular level, to A. nakayai with which it shares a unique synapomorphic character, the white shiny iris (apomorphic within the genus). A late‐term embryo removed from an egg case superficially resembled the holotype except in having two parallel rows of enlarged dermal denticles on the dorsolateral predorsal surface. Recent nomenclatural changes to the genera Apristurus and Pentanchus are discussed and challenged. This study highlights the important contribution that egg case morphology has on oviparous elasmobranch taxonomy.
... Methods for taking measurements and counts followed Nakaya et al. (2008). Clasper terminology followed Iglésias (2012). ...
The milk-eye catshark Apristurus nakayai Iglésias, 2012 was known from three specimens in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. Six specimens were recently collected from the South China Sea. It belongs to the brunneus group, and superficially resembles A. platyrhynchus Tanaka, 1909. Apristurus nakayai differs from A. platyrhynchus by the following characters: iris shiny white when fresh; body brownish black to black; second dorsal-fin insertion above or slightly in front of the anal-fin insertion; denticles absent inside mouth; and maturing at about 400 mm TL in both sexes. The occurrence of Apristurus nakayai from the South China Sea represents the first record in the northern Hemisphere, and a substantial distributional range extension (ca. 4665 km).
... Morphometric measurements were taken in full on the holotype and two paratypes following the methodology and terminology of Nakaya et al. (2008) for the genus Apristurus, but modified following other recent new Galeus species descriptions (Séret & Last 2008, White et al. 2016. Morphometric values to the nearest millimeter (mm) are presented as ratios of the total length (TL). ...
A new species of sawtail catshark, Galeus friedrichi n. sp., is described from the Philippines. The new species is separable from other western Pacific Galeus species by the absence of saddle or blotch markings, a large size >50 cm TL, 40 monospondylous vertebrae, and 83 precaudal vertebrae. All regional Galeus, other than Galeus sauteri, can be distinguished by having a marking pattern made up of a series of dark to light saddle or blotch patterns beneath the dorsal fins and on the caudal fin. Galeus sauteri can be separated from G. friedrichi n. sp. by its relatively small adult size, <50 cm TL, and fewer precaudal vertebrae (73-76 vs. 83). The two other large regional species, G. longirostris and G. nipponensis are presently known only from Japan and Taiwan. The new species is the third Galeus species, after G. sauteri and G. schultzi, documented from the Philippines.
... Morphometric measurements were taken in full on the holotype and 7 paratypes following the methodology and terminology proposed by Nakaya et al. (2008) for the genus Apristurus. Morphometric values to the nearest millimeter (mm) are presented as ratios of the total length (TL). ...
A new species of catshark, Apristurus manocheriani n. sp., is described from 8 specimens collected from seamounts in the southwest Indian Ocean (SWIO). The new species is placed in the Apristurus spongiceps subgroup and is only the second known species in this subgroup occurring in the western Indian Ocean. Geographically, A. manocheriani is known only from the SWIO, while its two closest congeners are from distant locations: Apristurus albisoma Nakaya & Séret, 1999 occurs in the southwest Pacific Ocean and Apristurus aphyodes Nakaya & Stehmann, 1998 in the northeast Atlantic.
... In measure- ments involving the dorsal or ventral origin of the caudal fin, the origin was set far anteriorly including the low anterior fin ridge following Kaschner et al. [9], Weigmann et al. [4] and Weigmann & Kaschner [5]. Additional measurements after Nakaya et al. [10]: precaudal length from snout tip to ventral origin of caudal fin (PRCV), pre-outer nostril length (PONL) from snout tip to a line connecting anterior ends of right and left outer nostrils (equal to Com- pagno's [8] prenarial length), pre-inner nostril length (PINL) from snout tip to a line connect- ing inner ends of right and left inner nostrils, head width at mouth corners (HMCW), interorbital space (INO) between anterior ends of orbits, caudal-fin length (CL) from ventral caudal-fin origin to the tip, caudal-fin height (CH) as greatest height from caudal-fin dorsal margin perpendicularly to apex of the ventral lobe, caudal-fin postventral margin (CPoV) from apex of caudal-fin ventral lobe to subterminal notch, and caudal-fin terminal lobe height (CTH) at subterminal notch. Additional measurements according to Kaschner et al. [9]: head width at level of lateral indention of head (slightly before anterior margin of nostrils) (HLIW), head width at level of maximum outer extent of nostrils (HONW) and head width at posterior edge of nostrils (HPNW). ...
A new deep-water catshark, Bythaelurus stewarti, is described based on 121 examined specimens caught on the Error Seamount (Mount Error Guyot) in the northwestern Indian Ocean. The new species differs from all congeners in the restricted distribution, a higher spiral valve turn count and in the morphology of the dermal denticles. It is distinguished from its morphologically and geographically closest congener, B. hispidus (Alcock), by the larger size (maximum size 44 vs. 39 cm TL, maturity size of males 35–39 vs. 21–28 cm TL), darker fresh coloration and dark grayish-brown mottling of the ventral head (vs. ventral head typically uniformly yellowish or whitish). Furthermore, it has a strongly different morphology of dermal denticles, in particular smaller and less elongate branchial, trunk and lateral caudal denticles that are set much less densely and have a surface that is very strongly and fully structured by reticulations (vs. structured by reticulations only in basal fourth). In addition, the new species differs from B. hispidus in having more slender claspers that are gradually narrowing to the bluntly pointed tip without knob-like apex (vs. claspers broader and with distinct knob-like apex), more spiral valve turns (11–12 vs. 8–10) and numerous statistical differences in morphometrics. A review of and a key to the species of Bythaelurus are given.
... The specimens were subsequently sent, with other fish specimens collected, to either the National Taiwan University Museum (NTUM) or Academia Sinica (ASIZ) in Taipei. A total of 74 morphometric characters were measured on the holotype (ASIZ P0080718) and the paratype (NTUM 11491) following the methodology proposed by Nakaya et al. (2008) for the genus Apristurus. The morphometric data are presented in Table 1. ...
Apristurus yangi, a new species of deepwater catshark, is described from Papua New Guinea based on two specimens collected during recent deepwater surveys. The new species belongs to the longicephalus-group which is characterised by its very long snout compared to members of the brunneus-group and spongiceps-groups. Apristurus yangi differs from its closest congeners in a combination of the following characters: 8 intestinal spiral valves; mouth width 7.9–8.6% TL; 32–33 monospondylous centra; 38 precaudal-diplospondylous vertebrae; small in size (female holotype mature at 437 mm TL); egg case small (~5.9 cm long) and with faint longitudinal striations.
... Measurements were taken between perpendicular lines where relevant and largely follow Compagno (1984b), with total length = TL instead of TOT. Additional measurements after Nakaya et al. (2008): precaudal length from snout tip to ventral origin of caudal fin (PRCV), pre-outer nostril length (PONL) from snout tip to a line connecting anterior ends of right and left outer nostrils (equal to Compagno's (1984b) prenarial length), pre-inner nostril length (PINL) from snout tip to a line connecting inner ends of right and left inner nostrils, head width at mouth corners (HMCW), interorbital space (INO) between anterior ends of orbits, caudal fin length (CL) from ventral caudal-fin origin to the tip, caudal fin height (CH) as greatest height from caudal-fin dorsal margin perpendicularly to apex of the ventral lobe, caudal fin postventral margin (CPoV) from apex of caudal-fin ventral lobe to subterminal notch, and caudal fin terminal lobe height (CTH) at subterminal notch. Additional measurements after Kaschner et al. (2015): head width at level of lateral indention of head (slightly before anterior margin of nostrils) (HLIW), head width at level of maximum outer extent of nostrils (HONW) and head width at posterior edge of nostrils (HPNW). ...
A new very small deep-water catshark, Bythaelurus vivaldii, is described based on two female specimens caught off Somalia in the northwestern Indian Ocean during the German ‘Valdivia’ expedition in 1899. It is morphologically closest to the recently described B. bachi, which is the only other Bythaelurus species in the western Indian Ocean that shares a stout body of large specimens and the presence of oral papillae. It further resembles B. vivaldii in the broad mouth and broad posterior head, but differs in the presence of composite oral papillae and a higher diversity in dermal denticle morphology. Additionally, the new species differs from all congeners in the western Indian Ocean in a larger pre-second dorsal fin length, a longer head, a larger interdorsal space, a larger intergill length, a longer pectoral-fin posterior margin, a shorter caudal fin, an intermediate caudal fin preventral margin, and a larger internarial width. Furthermore, the second dorsal fin of the new species is smaller than in its congeners in the western Indian Ocean except for B. lutarius, which is easily distinguished by the slender body and virtual absence of oral papillae, as well as the aforementioned further characters. An updated key to all valid species of Bythaelurus is provided.
... External morphometric measurements were taken between perpendicular lines where relevant by vernier caliper to one tenth of a millimeter and largely follow Compagno (1984a), with total length = TL instead of TOT. Additional measurements after Nakaya et al. (2008): precaudal length from snout tip to ventral origin of caudal fin (PRCV), pre-outer nostril length (PONL) from snout tip to a line connecting anterior ends of right and left outer nostrils (equal to Compagno's [1984a] prenarial length), pre-inner nostril length (PINL) from snout tip to a line connecting inner ends of right and left inner nostrils, head width at mouth corners (HMCW), interorbital space (INO) between anterior ends of orbits, caudal fin length (CL) from ventral caudal-fin origin to the tip, caudal fin height (CH) as greatest height from caudal-fin dorsal margin perpendicularly to apex of the ventral lobe, caudal fin postventral margin (CPoV) from apex of caudal-fin ventral lobe to subterminal notch, and caudal fin terminal lobe height (CTH) at subterminal notch. Additional measurements according to Kaschner et al. (2015): head width at level of lateral indention of head (slightly before anterior margin of nostrils) (HLIW), head width at level of maximum outer extent of nostrils (HONW) and head width at posterior edge of nostrils (HPNW). ...
A new deep-water catshark, Bythaelurus bachi, is described based on 44 specimens caught on the southern Madagascar Ridge in the southwestern Indian Ocean. The new species is the only stout-bodied Bythaelurus with oral papillae in the region and is distinguished from all congeners by the plain beige to light gray-brown coloration, high diversity in dermal denticle morphology, and presence of composite oral papillae. Despite resemblance in body shape, Bythaelurus bachi n. sp. is distinguished from its closest congener, B. naylori Ebert & Clerkin, 2015, by the presence of numerous large, par- tially composite papillae on the tongue and roof of the mouth (vs. papillae lacking), plain light coloration (vs. medium to dark brown ground color, light fin edges and a distinctly dark dusky-colored snout), only slightly enlarged dermal denti- cles on the anterior upper caudal-fin margin (vs. dermal denticles distinctly enlarged), a higher diversity in dermal denticle morphology in general, and smaller maximum size and size at maturity. The distinction of both species is also supported by molecular results. The new species differs from all other congeners in the western Indian Ocean in the stout body shape of large specimens, coloration, larger size, as well as several morphometrics, including larger claspers, longer eyes and dorsal fins, and shorter pelvic—anal and pelvic—caudal spaces. The genus is reviewed, a key to its species given.
... The specimens were subsequently sent, with other fish specimens collected, to either the National Taiwan University Museum (NTUM) or Academia Sinica (ASIZ) in Taipei. A total of 77 morphometric characters were measured on the holotype (NTUM 10171) and 4 paratypes (NTUM 10321, NTUM 10322, NTUM 11492 and NTUM 11493) following the methodology proposed by Nakaya et al. (2008) for the deepwater catshark genus Apristurus. The following two measurements from Nakaya et al. (2008), caudal height and anal-fin base length (ceratotrichia), were not measured as are more relevant to the genus Apristurus. ...
... A total of 77 morphometric characters were measured on the holotype (NTUM 10171) and 4 paratypes (NTUM 10321, NTUM 10322, NTUM 11492 and NTUM 11493) following the methodology proposed by Nakaya et al. (2008) for the deepwater catshark genus Apristurus. The following two measurements from Nakaya et al. (2008), caudal height and anal-fin base length (ceratotrichia), were not measured as are more relevant to the genus Apristurus. The morphometric data is presented in Table 1 as a percentage of total length. ...
A new species of catshark, provisionally placed in the genus Galeus, is described from Papua New Guinea based on 7 specimens collected during recent deepwater surveys of the region. The new species, Galeus corriganae, is closest to G. priapus from New Caledonia and G. gracilis from northwestern Australia but differs in several morphological characters. A reclassification of the catshark groups is required to revise the familial and generic arrangement of the group.
... Measurements were taken between perpendicular lines where relevant and largely follow Compagno (1984b), with total length = TL instead of TOT. Additional measurements after Nakaya et al. (2008): precaudal length from snout tip to ventral origin of caudal fin (PRCV), pre-outer nostril length (PONL) from snout tip to a line connecting anterior ends of right and left outer nostrils (equal to Compagno's (1984b) prenarial length), pre-inner nostril length (PINL) from snout tip to a line connecting inner ends of right and left inner nostrils, head width at mouth corners (HMCW), interorbital space (INO) between anterior ends of orbits, caudal fin length (CL) from ventral caudal-fin origin to the tip, caudal fin height (CH) as greatest height from caudal-fin dorsal margin perpendicularly to apex of the ventral lobe, caudal fin postventral margin (CPoV) from apex of caudal-fin ventral lobe to subterminal notch, and caudal fin terminal lobe height (CTH) at subterminal notch. The following measurements are newly introduced in this paper ( Figure 1): head width at level of lateral indention of head (slightly before anterior margin of nostrils) (HLIW), head width at level of maximum outer extent of nostrils (HONW), and head width at posterior edge of nostrils (HPNW). ...
A new dwarf deep-water catshark, Bythaelurus tenuicephalus, is described based on one adult and one juvenile male specimen from off Tanzania and Mozambique in the western Indian Ocean. The new species differs from its congeners by its slender head and snout, which is only slightly bell-shaped in dorsoventral view without distinct lateral indention. All other Bythaelurus species have distinctly bell-shaped snouts with a strong lateral indention anterior to outer nostrils. Compared to its congeners in the western Indian Ocean, B. tenuicephalus n. sp. also has broader claspers in adult males (base width 2.1% TL vs. 1.5-1.8% TL). It further differs from B. clevai by attaining a smaller maximum size and having a color pattern of fewer and smaller blotches, larger oral papillae, a shorter snout, and broader claspers without knob-like apex and with a smaller envelope and a subtriangular (vs. subrectangular) exorhipidion. Compared to B. hispidus, the new species has a longer snout, a longer dorsal-caudal space, broader clasper without knob-like apex, and fewer vertebral centra. In contrast to B. lutarius, B. tenuicephalus attains a smaller maximum size and has a blotched (vs. largely plain) coloration, numerous (vs. lacking) oral papillae, shorter anterior nasal flaps, a longer caudal fin, a shorter pelvic anal space, and shorter and broader claspers.
