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Scanning images of treated Salmonella Typhimurium cells with the NC from biosynthesized silver nanoparticles with okra mucilage and chitosan, illustrating the control (T0) and after treatment for 3, 6, and 9 h.
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The polymeric nanocomposites (NCs), constructed from okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) fruits mucilage (OM), silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and chitosan (Ch), were fabricated as potential candidates to overcome drug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium bacteria. AgNPs were directly mediated by OM, with 4.2 nm mean diameters. The composed NCs from Ch/OM/AgNP...
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... results of exposure to the Ch/OM/AgNP composite on the morphology, structure, and manifestation of S. Typhimurium ATCC-700408 are presented in Figure 4. For an imaginable explanation of Ch/OM/AgNPs (formulation F2) antibacterial actions, SEM visualizations were screened against the standard S. Typhimurium drug-resistant strain. ...Context 2
... an imaginable explanation of Ch/OM/AgNPs (formulation F2) antibacterial actions, SEM visualizations were screened against the standard S. Typhimurium drug-resistant strain. The 0-time exposed cells exhibited ordinary, healthy, and uniform structures; no distortion/deformation signs were observed (Figure 4(T0)). After exposure to Ch/OM/ AgNPs for 3 h (Figure 4(T3)), remarkable deformation/distortion signs were initiated on bacterial membranes, with observable attached NCs to cell surfaces. ...Context 3
... exposure to Ch/OM/ AgNPs for 3 h (Figure 4(T3)), remarkable deformation/distortion signs were initiated on bacterial membranes, with observable attached NCs to cell surfaces. The signs of cells' deformations/ destructions were observable after 6 h exposure to Ch/OM/AgNPs (Figure 4(T6)); the NC particles covered most of the treated cells. Many irregular/inconstant cell shapes appeared in this stage, with observable cells residues after their lysis. ...Context 4
... irregular/inconstant cell shapes appeared in this stage, with observable cells residues after their lysis. After 9 h exposure to Ch/OM/AgNPs, most treated S. Typhimurium cells were lysed/ decomposed; their interior exudates and membrane residues that conjugated the NC particles were most observable ( Figure 4(T9)). The matched SEM observations were recorded formerly after the exposure of varied bacterial types to Ch-based NCs in conjugation with other biopolymers, nanometals, and phytochemicals [8,23,26]. ...Citations
... These activities include the release of Ag + ions, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the inner and outer microbial membranes, interference with the cellular membrane, disruption of the ribosome-mitochondrial complex, and disturbances in nucleic acids. 9 Conventional synthesis methods face cost and environmental issues, prompting interest in eco-friendly alternatives like green synthesis, using plant metabolites. Plants, known for medicinal properties, contain phenolic compounds with antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, and antioxidant benefits for treating skin infections. ...
... The composites charges (especially the positive charges) trigger their attachment and interactions with microbial cells that are negatively charged. 9,16,18 Additionally, the high ratio of MR-mediated AgNPs is the suggested main responsible for antimicrobial actions, due to synergistic microbicidal actions of MR and AgNPs (including cellular penetration, disruptions and disturbing their biosystems). 7,9,20,25 However, the suggested specific mechanisms that are involved in the destruction of microbial cells by the Cht/ MR/AgNPs nanocomposite include the attachment of Cht-based capsules onto cells surfaces (due to their opposite charges) to disrupt cellular permeability, the release of MR/ AgNPs from the nanocomposite to enter the cells, and the destructive interactions between each component (Cht, MR and AgNPs) with the cellular segments (eg membranes, enzymes, DNA, RNA, proteins, …). ...
... 9,16,18 Additionally, the high ratio of MR-mediated AgNPs is the suggested main responsible for antimicrobial actions, due to synergistic microbicidal actions of MR and AgNPs (including cellular penetration, disruptions and disturbing their biosystems). 7,9,20,25 However, the suggested specific mechanisms that are involved in the destruction of microbial cells by the Cht/ MR/AgNPs nanocomposite include the attachment of Cht-based capsules onto cells surfaces (due to their opposite charges) to disrupt cellular permeability, the release of MR/ AgNPs from the nanocomposite to enter the cells, and the destructive interactions between each component (Cht, MR and AgNPs) with the cellular segments (eg membranes, enzymes, DNA, RNA, proteins, …). 9,16,18 AgNPs that have been produced and their antimicrobial action in human skin cells may be key components of novel anti-inflammatory and sore treatment medicines. ...
Background: The usages of biosynthesized nanomaterials for microbial pathogens’ fighting have numerous rationales and effectiveness. Skin microbes could acquire drug-resistance that needs innovative approaches for overcoming. Objectives: Phytosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with Commiphora myrrh resin extract (MR) and their nanoconjugates with chitosan nanoparticles (Cht) were fabricated and assessed as potential antimicrobial agents for controlling antibiotic-resistant microbial skin pathogens, Materials and methods: AgNPs biosynthesis was achieved within MR solution and they were composited with Cht. The syntheses of nanomaterials were validated using infrared spectroscopy and electron microscopy and they were loaded onto cotton textiles, then all fabricated nanomaterials/textiles were assessed for inhibiting skin pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Results: Nanomaterials’ characterization appointed the mean size of MR-synthesized AgNPs to be 22.58 nm, whereas the mean diameter of Cht/MR/AgNPs nanocomposites was 130.34 nm and carry +25.9 mV charges. The infrared assessment validated the interactions between the employed materials. The loaded cotton textiles with MR/AgNPs and Cht/MR/AgNPs could effectively inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, Cht/MR/AgNPs was the most powerful. The scanning microscopy confirmed the antimicrobial action of Cht/MR/AgNPs toward the skin pathogens; the microbes mostly lysed and deformed within 12 h of exposure to nanocomposites. Conclusions: The Cht/MR/AgNPs nanocomposite provided potent antimicrobial actions toward skin microbial pathogens.
... The Ct function in NC antibacterial bioactivity is principally involving the Ct competency for adherence onto microbial cells, its bactericidal activity, and enabling the encapsulated antimicrobials to penetrate inside microbes [26,48,63]. ...
... The SEM images of Ct/RSM/SeNP-treated S. Typhimurium cells could provide potential mechanisms of NC antibacterial actions, instigated from reacted nanomolecule synergism, which includes the adherence onto bacterial cells' membranes/walls, devastation of walls' permeability and synthesis, NCs' penetration inside cells, leaks of vital cellular components, and suppression of physiological metabolic pathways/bioactivities [34,36,61]. The electrostatic interactions between Ct and bacterial membranes could explicate/ enforce these actions, which resulted in pores' creation, disintegration, and destruction of cell structures [22,25,43,63]. ...
Biosynthesized nanomaterials and nanocomposites (NCs) could have promising potentialities to overcome the multi-drug-resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacteria, particularly Salmonella Typhimurium. Radish seed (Raphanus sativus) mucilage (RSM) was employed for synthesizing/capping selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and their nanoconjugates with chitosan (Ct) were assessed for inhibiting MDR S. typhimurium. The SeNPs were effectually biosynthesized using RSM and have 4.21 nm mean size and −25.6 mV surface charge. Different NC formulations of Ct/RSM/SeNPs were generated and validated using infrared spectroscopy and electron microscopy. The entire formulations could suppress S. Typhimurium growth, including MDR strains. F3 NCs (with 53.64 nm diameter and +21.1 mV surface charge) had the strongest anti-S. Typhimurium activity that exceeded the action of cephalosporin, and the subsequent antibacterial formulation was F2 (with 41.77 nm diameter and −17.3 mV charge). The NCs of Ct/RSM/SeNPs could severely destruct, deform, and lyse S. Typhimurium cells’ structures throughout 10 h of exposure. The innovative fabricated NCs of Ct/RSM/SeNPs are auspiciously suggested as effectual biocides to eradicate MDR S. Typhimurium in various food-processing facilities.
Plant-based gums and mucilages are versatile biopolymers with significant industrial, environmental, and biological applications. Derived from various plant sources such as seeds, roots, leaves, and exudates, these polysaccharides comprise proteins, bioactive substances, and neutral sugars like arabinose, galactose, and galacturonic acid. Their unique structural and functional properties, such as high viscosity, water retention, and heat stability, make them valuable in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Due to their hydrophilic nature and ability to form hydrogen bonds with water, these materials serve as emulsifiers, film-forming agents, gelling agents, and stabilizers. Recent studies have highlighted their potential in sustainable applications, including biodegradable packaging materials, whose film-forming properties are crucial. The inclusion of bioactive properties such as antibacterial, antioxidant, and immune-modulating effects has expanded their use in functional foods and nutraceuticals. Gums and mucilages also play essential roles in pharmaceuticals as tablet binders, drug carriers, and controlled-release excipients. Moreover, nanotechnology has enhanced its applications in environmental remediation and drug delivery through hydrogels and mucilage-coated nanoparticles. Despite their potential, challenges remain due to variability in extraction and processing methods. This analysis underscores the transformative potential of plant-derived gums and mucilages in promoting sustainable development, addressing key environmental challenges and integrating scientific innovations with industrial needs.
In this study, we explore the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using calyx wastes from Abelmoschus esculentus (okra) and evaluate their anthelmintic potential against poultry pathogen Raillietina spp. The ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐vis) spectrum of nanoparticles showed an absorbance peak at 425 nm, confirming AgNP formation. Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR) analysis indicated the presence of functional groups responsible for reducing silver ions, and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed the crystallinity of the nanoparticles. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) analyses were used to measure the size (20–50 nm) and morphology (spherical) of the synthesized AgNPs. The dose‐dependent in vitro anthelmintic efficacy was highest at 125 μg/ml of AgNPs, resulting in paralysis and death within 0.54 and 1.29 hours, respectively, while untreated control parasites survived for ~72 hours. The SEM micrographs of the treated parasites showed swelling and blebbing of the tegument. Histochemical localization studies showed a remarkable decline of tegumental and neurotransmitter enzymes involved with the parasite's metabolism and regulation of the endogenous physiological processes. This study underscores the potential of okra calyces in the green synthesis of AgNPs and provides a novel approach to developing alternative anthelmintics that interfere with the host‐parasite interface.
