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Scanning Electron micrographs. Grewia tenax: A, seed; B, surface. G. villosa: C, seed; D, surface. Triumfetta pentandra: E, seed; F, surface. T. rhomboidea: G, seed; H, surface. T. rotundifolia: I, seed; J, surface (Scale bar: A, F, J= 10µm; B= 50µm; C, E, G, I= 500µm; D, H= 20µm).
Source publication
Seed morphology of 20 taxa belonging to the subfamily Grewioideae of the extended family
Malvaceae, was examined using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Seed macro and
micro morphological characters were found useful to delimit the taxa both at the generic and
specific levels and for designing a Seed atlas of Pakistan.
Similar publications
Seed morphology and its numerical analysis of the 9 taxa belonging to the family Urticaceae carried out with the help of scanning electron microscopy. Seed micro and macro morphological characters were significantly helpful to trace the phenetic relationship between the taxa of the family Urticaceae.
Seed morphology of 11 taxa of the genus Impatiens L. belonging to the family Balsaminaceae, was investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The variation in macro and micro morphological characters in seeds was found quite significant for the taxonomic delimitation at specific and infraspecific levels.
Citations
... The significance of seed morphological characteristics in plant systematics for the family Malvaceae has been emphasized in some studies (Ahmed & Qaiser, 1989;Ather et al., 2009;Kirkbride et al., 2006;Masullo et al., 2020;Özbek & Uzunhisarcıklı, 2020a;2020b;Sivarajan & Pradeep, 1996). Paul and Nayar (1987) examined the seeds of 54 taxa under 17 genera using SEM, and said that the variation in the seed coat surface differs from species to species, even in infraspecific ranks. ...
... Esteves (2004) stated that the seeds have taxonomical significance, especially at sectional levels, and the sculpturing of the seed coat is very important for separating the sections of the subgenera Pavonia Cav. Ather et al. (2009) detected that seed macro-and micromorphological features have a diagnostic value in delimitation of the taxa at generic and specific ranks. El-Kholy et al. (2011) observed four types of seed surface ornamentations, and they stated that the usage of SEM in the examination of the seed coat of 11 cultivars belonging to two Hibiscus L. species revealed the importance of this technique as a good taxonomic tool. ...
... The seed morphological characteristics of the family Malvaceae are consistent and very useful for the delimitation of taxa in this family (Abid et al., 2016;Ahmed & Qaiser, 1989;Ather et al., 2009;Kirkbride et al., 2006;Özbek & Uzunhisarcıklı, 2020a;2020b). SEM has Özbek & Uzunhisarcıklı, 2020a;2020b). ...
Seed morphological properties of 19 taxa belonging to the genus Alcea L. (Malvaceae) distributed in Turkey were investigated using a light microscope and scanning electron microscope to identify their characters and to evaluate their diagnostic value. The seeds are reniform with a rounded apex and base, reniform in shape, and light to dark brown, grayish‐brown, or blackish‐brown in color. The seed length ranges from 2.22 to 6.5 mm and seed width from 1.72 to 6.5 mm. The indumentum at the ventral and dorsal regions of the seed differs in density. Three types of seed coat ornamentations were observed: reticulate, reticulate‐rugulate, and reticulate‐ruminate on the dorsal and lateral faces. Principal component analysis was used to evaluate the important seed morphological characteristics among the taxa studied, with four components accounting for 90.761% of the total variance. Numerical analysis revealed that seed size, color, seed surface patterns on dorsal and lateral sides, indumentum at dorsal and ventral regions, and periclinal surface sculpture of epidermal cells are particularly the most useful variables for discriminating the Alcea taxa. The findings also showed a partial relationship among the Alcea taxa clusters, based on seed morphology and the systematics of these taxa, based on general macromorphology. Taxonomic key using the seed features is provided to identify the species studied. The current work will contribute to the knowledge about the family Malvaceae, and microscopic macro‐micromorphological analysis can be used for identification by the taxonomists for further studies on this family.
Research Highlights
Seed color, indumentum and surface sculpturing have systematic value for separating the taxa.
Seed morphology of the Alcea taxa was studied via light microscope and scanning electron microscope.
Numerical analysis provided the contribution of seed characters to taxa relationships.
... two stages: the description of characters associated to seed surface and the description of seed kinds. [12,35] These studies particularly the seed coat patterns (microscopy) have been used as an important tool for solving various taxonomic problems such as tracing the evolutionary relationship, solving classificatory problems, or the delimitation of genera and species. [13][14][15] According to Singh et al., seeds are a well-known source of biodiesel, recognizing them is a critical step that can be achieved by examining their morphology. ...
Background:
The goal of our current study is to use Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM) to evaluate the ultra-micromorphological properties of 14 seed drugs to correctly identify and validate them. There was no previous research on SEM-based evaluation of the selected seeds. These included: Solanum nigrum L., Physalis peruviana L., Cestrum diurrnum L., Withania somnifera L. Dunal, Achyranthus aspera L., Celosia argentia L., Chenopodium murale L., Cyperus alternifolius L., Cyperus rotundus L., Schoenoplectus litoralis (Schrad.) Palla, Oxalis corniculata L., Catharanthus roseus L., Canna indica L., and Parthenium hysterophorus L. belonging to 7 families (Solanaceae, Amaranthaceae, Cyperaceae, Oxalidaceae, Apocynaceae, Cannaceae, and Asteraceae).
Methods:
Quantitative characters (length, width, and weight of seeds) as well as qualitative characters (seed shape, color, texture, and surface level of seeds) were analyzed.
Results:
Seeds length ranged from 0.6 μm (C. indica) to 2.4 μm (A. aspera) while, the seeds width and weight ranged from 0.6 μm (C. indica) to 1.8 μm (W. somnifera) and 0.03 g (C. indica) to 3.7 g (C. argentia), respectively. The SEM revealed many types of surface texture. Five types of surface levels (raised, regular, smooth, rough, and ill-defined pattern) were observed in seeds. The variation was found to be quite significant for the taxonomic demarcation at generic and specific levels.
Conclusions:
SEM could be a valuable approach for hidden morphological features of seed drugs, which could aid further exploration, appropriate identification, seed taxonomy, and authenticity. SEM and LM also play an important role in drug discovery and development.
... (Kanwal et al., 2015) . ا گزارش گرچه های مختلفی دربارۀ سدرده داندۀ هدای دنیددا در تیددره ایددن دارد وجددود (Bojˇnanský and Fargašová, 2007;Ather et al., 2009) (Pakravan & Ghahreman, 2003, 2005Pakravan, 2006) ...
The Malvaceae family is one of the most important families of flowering plants which has been considered for its economical and medicinal applications. The present study investigated 96 quantitative and qualitative characters from leaf, petiole, stem morphology/anatomy, and seed micromorphology. Cluster analysis WARD and PCA were done in R software. The results showed that all species of Malva, Alcea, and Abutilon were classified in a major cluster and closed to Hibiscus species. Hibiscus esculentus and Gossypium hirsutum united with them in separate clusters. The separation of these species from the others was consistent with previous studies. The results of the morphological analysis showed that the leaf outline, the shape, and the number of epicalyx segments, the shape, and the size of flowers and petals, fruit type, and inflorescence type were different among species. Anatomical characteristics such as the presence/absence, size of glandular and non-glandular trichomes, variation in vascular bundles status, the presence/absence of mucilaginous ducts in the parenchyma of leaf, petiole, and stem varied from one species to another. Seed micromorphology showed that shape, surface, hairy/glabrous strophiole, and seed size were significant characters for genera and species delimitation. It seems that the formation of such groups is the result of environmental adaptation and homoplasy.
... The species has so far been unable to reach apparently suitable habitats, which are present especially in the direction of Piedicastello, such as a second former quarry and a large ruderal area where the cement factory stood that used the marly material extracted from the quarry near Sardagna. The seeds of L. parviflora seem to have no particular adaptation for dispersal, also according to the images reported by Ather & al. (2013). Leptorhabdos parviflora is hemiparasitic (Nickrent 2020), and evidently it can parasitize species that are completely different from those present in its native area. ...
This is the thirteenth of a series of miscellaneous contributions, by various authors, where hitherto unpublished data relevant to both the Med-Checklist and the Euro+Med (or Sisyphus) projects are presented. This instalment deals with the families Amaryllidaceae (incl. Alliaceae), Apocynaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Compositae, Crassulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Gramineae, Hydrocharitaceae, Iridaceae, Labiatae, Liliaceae, Malvaceae, Meliaceae, Myrtaceae, Orobanchaceae, Oxalidaceae, Papaveraceae, Pittosporaceae, Primulaceae (incl. Myrsinaceae), Ranunculaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rubiaceae, Solanaceae and Umbelliferae. It includes new country and area records and taxonomic and distributional considerations for taxa in Allium, Anthemis, Atriplex, Centaurea, Chasmanthe, Chenopodium, Delphinium, Digitaria, Elodea, Erigeron, Eucalyptus, Hypecoum, Leptorhabdos, Luffa, Malvaviscus, Melia, Melica, Momordica, Nerium, Oxalis, Pastinaca, Phelipanche, Physalis, Pittosporum, Salvia, Scorzoneroides, Sedum, Sesleria, Silene, Spartina, Stipa, Tulipa and Ziziphus, new combinations in Cyanus, Lysimachia, Rhaponticoides and Thliphthisa, and the reassessment of a replacement name in Sempervivum.
... Seed surface patterns of the Egyptian taxa of Malvaceae were studied to define the systematic significance of these characteristics by El Naggar [16] and Araffa [17]. Ather et al. [18] reported that the seed macro and micromorphological properties could be used in delimitation of generic and specific levels in their examined 20 taxa of Malvaceae belonging to the subfamily Grewioideae. ...
Highlights • The mericarp and seed morphology of Althaea were determined for the first time. • The seed surfaces present four types of ornamentation by SEM. • Mericarp size and indumentum, seed size and surface pattern are discriminative characteristics. Article Info Abstract Macro and micromorphological characteristics of mericarps and seeds of four species belonging to the genus Althaea L. (Malvaceae) distributed in Turkey are studied via a light microscope (LM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) in order to identify their these features and the importance of them as taxonomic evidence. The mericarps are light-dark brown or light yellow-brown in color and reniform or orbicular to reniform in shape. All the investigated species have white, stellate and pilose hairs only on the dorsal sides of mericarps except of A. cannabina and also epicuticular wax crystalloids on the lateral sides of mericarps. The surface pattern of the mericarps is reticulate-striate-ruminate at dorsal and scalariform-rugose at lateral faces. The seeds are dark brown, reniform, with rounded apex and base reniform, ranging from 1.76-2.76 mm in length to 1.38-1.95 mm in width, glabrous, strophiolate with hilum basal in position. Four types of seed surface ornamentation have been observed: rugulate-verrucate, striate, reticulate-striate and scalariform-rugose. A key using the mericarp and seed properties is provided to identify the studied species. The size and indumentum of mericarp, seed size and ornamentation have diagnostic values for discriminating the species of Althaea.
... species from Brazil and detected that the variability in fruit and seed characters were useful for distinguishing the closely related species of the studied subgenera. The seed morphological characteristics of 14 species in Egypt were studied with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy by Ather et al. [21]. These researchers stated that these features could be used to delimit the taxa generic and specific ranks. ...
... The seed morphological properties of the family Malvaceae are consistent and very useful for delimitation the taxa in this family [21,23,27,28]. The macro-and micromorphology of the seeds show taxonomically important characteristics in Turkish Lavatera species. ...
Seed morphology of four Lavatera species distributed in Turkey were investigated via light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) to determine their seed macro-and micromorphological characters and to assess the diagnostic value of these features. The seeds are dark brown in color and reniform with rounded apex and base reniform in shape. The dimension of seeds ranges between 1.68-2.89 mm in length and 1.51-2.4 mm in width. Also seeds are glabrous, strophiolate and hilum at basal. Two types of seed surface pattern have been observed: scalariform-ruminate and reticulate-ruminate. The seed size and seed coat ornamentation have been determined as important morphological properties for distinguishing the Lavatera species.--Türkiye'deki Lavatera L. (Malvaceae) cinsinin tohum morfolojisi özellikleri Özet Türkiye'de yayılış gösteren dört Lavatera türünün tohum morfolojisi, bu türlerin tohumlarının makro-ve mikromorfolojik karakterlerini belirlemek ve bu özelliklerin diyagnostik değerini değerlendirmek için ışık mikroskobu (IM) ve taramalı elektron mikroskobuyla (SEM) incelenmiştir. Tohumlar koyu kahverengi renkte ve yuvarlak uç ve reniform taban ile reniform şekillidir. Tohumların boyutu, uzunlukta 1.68-2.89 mm ve genişlikte 1.51-2.4 mm arasında değişmektedir. Ayrıca tohumlar tüysüz, strofiyolat ve hilum bazaldadır. Skalariform-ruminat ve retikülat-ruminat olmak üzere iki tohum yüzey tipi gözlenmiştir. Tohum büyüklüğü ve tohum kabuğu ornamentasyonu Lavatera türlerinin ayrımında önemli morfolojik özellikler olarak belirlenmiştir.
... Seed surface patterns of the Egyptian taxa of Malvaceae were studied to define the systematic significance of these characteristics by El Naggar [16] and Araffa [17]. Ather et al. [18] reported that the seed macro and micromorphological properties could be used in delimitation of generic and specific levels in their examined 20 taxa of Malvaceae belonging to the subfamily Grewioideae. ...
Macro and micromorphological characteristics of mericarps and seeds of four species belonging to the genus Althaea L. (Malvaceae) distributed in Turkey are studied via a light microscope (LM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) in order to identify their these features and the importance of them as taxonomic evidence. The mericarps are light-dark brown or light yellow-brown in color and reniform or orbicular to reniform in shape. All the investigated species have white, stellate and pilose hairs only on the dorsal sides of mericarps except of A. cannabina and also epicuticular wax crystalloids on the lateral sides of mericarps. The surface pattern of the mericarps is reticulate-striate-ruminate at dorsal and scalariform-rugose at lateral faces. The seeds are dark brown, reniform, with rounded apex and base reniform, ranging from 1.76–2.76 mm in length to 1.38–1.95 mm in width, glabrous, strophiolate with hilum basal in position. Four types of seed surface ornamentation have been observed: rugulate-verrucate, striate, reticulate-striate and scalariform-rugose. A key using the mericarp and seed properties is provided to identify the studied species. The size and indumentum of mericarp, seed size and ornamentation have diagnostic values for discriminating the species of Althaea.
... The seeds of macro-and microstructure are very significant in the data classification of angiosperm taxa. Seed morphology is the important taxonomic delimitation tool of various families and genera (Ather & Qaiser, 2013;Corner & Corner, 1976;Fawzi, 2018;Hufford, 1995;Kanwal, Abid, & Qaiser, 2016;Karez, Engelbert, & Sommer, 2000;McClure, 1957). The report (Duke, 1961) mentioned that the seed structure provides a rather critical indication of the systematic position of species. ...
The micro-morphological and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies in seeds of Hibiscus surattensis L. has brought out five interesting as well as taxonomically and phylogenetic important traits for the first time. Hibiscus surattensis L. belongs to the family Malvaceae, located at Puducherry region, India. 1. There is a change in the number of locules from pentacarpellary in the ovary during seed maturation and tetra-carpellary after seed maturation in the capsule; 2. Capsules contain both aborted and fully matured seeds recording an average of 4 aborted in 10 capsules; 3. Trichome on seeds consisted of bundle of unicellular finger-like structures, non-glandular and appressed; more importantly hilum is lined with trichomes; 4. Trichomes originate from the outer seed coat as extension/elongation of reticulate-foveate-type seed surface. 5. Embryo was folded occupying both poles and represented approximately the one-third of embryo. Size of the seed, colour, and shape of the seed, surface patterns of seed were examined using SEM. Factors responsible for the production of abortive seeds, functional attributes of non-glandular trichomes and other features are discussed in detail with relevant SEM and microscopic images. Further, phylogenetic importance in elucidating evolutionary clade is also explained. The partial sequence of chloroplast DNA of Hibiscus surattensis L. and neighbourhood joining trees are done for the first time in the study plant growing in India.
... Seed morphology played a significant role for taxonomic delimitation of various families and genera (Akbari and Azizian, 2006;Fawzi et al., 2010;Ather et al., 2010;Kanwal et al., 2012;Abdel-Maksoud and Fawzi, 2016;Nardi et al., 2016). Some reports are available on the seed morphology in certain genera of the subfamily Grewioideae such as (Datta, 1980, Maity et al., 2008and Ather et al., 2009). ...
... Moreover anticlinal cell walls were thick in C. capsularis and thin in the rest species. The present findings are in accordance with some restrictions with the earlier findings of (Maity et al., 2008 andAther, et al., 2009). Middle East J. Agric. ...
... The dendrogram based on seed criteria showed the great similarity between C. depressus and C. tridens; both have oblong seeds with distinct raphe and ruminate sculpture pattern. These findings are in accordance with the earlier findings of (Ather et al., 2009). Moreover C. capsularis and C. olitorius showed a close affinity to each other. ...
Macro and micromorphological seed characters of five species belonging to genus Corchorus L. (Malvaceae, subfamily Grewioideae) were studied using stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to determine the importance of seed features as taxonomic evidence. These species are C. capsularis L., C. depressus (L.) Stocks, C. olitorius L., C. tridens L. and C. trilocularis L. Morphological characters concerned with vegetative and reproductive organs were investigated. SPSS 22 program was used for analysing the obtained data. The taxonomic relationships between the studied taxa were discussed. The results showed that seed shape varied from angular-oblong, ellipsoid, rhomboidal, and triangular-cuneiform. The seed coat pattern varied from rugosely-striate, ruminate, ruminate-reticulate and reticulate. The resulted dendrogram from seed characters data analysis showed high similarity between seeds of C. depressus and C. tridens. An artificial key, using the seed characters, is designed to identify the studied species.
... The morphological characters of seed play an important role in solving various taxonomic and evolutionary problems (Barthlott, 1984;Akbar et al., 2012;Abid et al., 2013;Ather et al., 2013). Hamilton et al. (2007Hamilton et al. ( , 2008 examined the seed morphological characters of 4 Citrus (Rutaceae) taxa in Australia to characterise the seed maturity. ...
Seed morphology of 31 species belonging to the genus Zanthoxylum in China were examined using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The macro- and micro-morphological characters of seed, including seed surface, colour, shape, size and coat sculpture were examined. Under light microscopy, the results indicate that seed surface is more or less smooth; seed colour is black or brown to red; seed shape is spheroidal or elliptical and size is large. Under scanning electron microscopy, the seed epidermal cellular arrangement is netted and the epidermal cell shape ranges from tetragonal to hexagonal in all taxa. The fine relief of the outer cell wall is rough, smooth and finely folded sculpturing. The systematic significance of these seed characters was evaluated. It was proved that the seed coat sculpture was a valuable character which offers evidence to solve some taxonomical problems of Zanthoxylum. Based on the seed morphological data, the present study proved that subgen. Fagara and subgen. Zanthoxylum shared many common seed characters, suggesting a close relationship between the two subgenera. The value of some characters of seed in identifying species of Zanthoxylum is also discussed here.