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We have entered an era where the importance of decentralized solutions has become more obvious. Blockchain technology and its derivatives are distributed ledger technologies that keep the registry of data between peers of a network. This ledger is secured within a successive over looping cryptographic chain. The accomplishment of the Bitcoin crypto...
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... the data in the DSN architecture is also being implemented. Vitalik Buterin, co-founder of Ethereum, once claimed that a blockchain solution can have a maximum of two characteristics out of the three core characteristics (decentralization, security and scalability). This is also called the scalability/blockchain trilemma, which is shown in Fig. 6. An attempt to solve the scalability problem will result in sacrificing on decentralization or security (Gomez, M., 2017). Scalability solutions can be covered in four layers; hardware, network, blockchain and application (EUBlockchain, 2019a). These solutions are summarized in Table 3. ...
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... Blockchain technology is characterized by trustlessness, eliminating dependence on centralized storage providers through the implementation of a transparent and decentralized system. The decentralized system does not involve third parties or intermediaries; instead, it utilizes a peer-to-peer (P2P) method allowing direct communication between nodes, and with the consensus protocol that eliminates the potential for data fraud in the network [7], [8]. ...
In the face of escalating global data exchange, the pronounced vulnerability oftraditional centralized storage networks to manipulation and attacks poses a pressing challenge. Digital service providers, entrusted with vast datasets, grapple with the formidable task of ensuring the security, integrity, and continuous availability of their stored information. This paper tackles these multifaceted issues by proposing a decentralized data storage network empowered by blockchain technology. This approach systematically mitigates the inherent susceptibilities of centralized systems, thereby providing heightened resilience against unauthorized alterations and malicious attacks that compromise digital information integrity. Moreover, the decentralized model holds significant promise for securing public data. By leveraging the transparency and immutability of blockchain ledgers, this approach not only safeguards against unauthorized access but also actively fosters transparency and accountability in data management. This makes it particularly well-suited for ensuring the security and integrity of public data, addressing concerns related to trust and reliability in the ever-evolving landscape of information exchange.
... Both conventional and modern alternatives to blockchain exist, e.g. relational databases, NoSQL databases, and other distributed ledgers (Karaarslan and Konacakl 2020;Schueffel 2017). Relational databases are the most common databases and store structured data in twodimensional tables (Austerberry 2006). ...
... Well-known distributed ledger designs are not as mature as blockchain and have more niche applications. For example, while blockchain was released in 2008, Tangle was only released in 2016, Hashgraph in 2017 and Holochain in 2018 (Karaarslan and Konacakl 2020). ...
Global trade is plagued by slow and inefficient manual processes associated with physical documents. Firms are constantly looking for new ways to improve transparency and increase the resilience of their supply chains. This can be solved by the digitalisation of supply chains and the automation of document-and information-sharing processes. Blockchain is touted as a solution to these issues due to its unique combination of features, such as immutability, decentralisation and transparency. A lack of business cases that quantify the costs and benefits causes uncertainty regarding the truth of these claims. This paper explores how the costs and benefits of a blockchain-based solution for digitalising and automating documentation flows in cross-border supply chains compare to a conventional cen-tralised relational database solution. The research described in this paper uses primary data collected through semi-structured interviews with industry experts, as well as secondary data from literature. Two models based on existing services were developed and the costs and benefits compared and then analysed using the Architecture Trade-off Analysis Method (ATAM) and the Analytic Network Process (ANP). Findings from the analysis show that a consortium blockchain solution like TradeLens is the favourable solution for digitalising and automating information flows in cross-border supply chains. ARTICLE HISTORY
... The main reason for this is; data storage is costly in terms of both transaction and record space, as records will be kept on a large number of nodes in the blockchain. In this case, it is more effective to use cloud or distributed file systems such as IPFS (Interplanetary File System) as a data storage unit [35]. IPFS is actively used in many projects as it guarantees the integrity of the files with its addressing system. ...
Metaverse is evolving as a structure that provides three-dimensional access with the creation of various virtual worlds using different technologies. The internet has undergone a comprehensive advancement before the formation of the Metaverse. The transition from centralized systems to decentralized systems played the most significant role in the basis of this change. Information security, power, politics, and the economy are the driving forces of interdisciplinary decentralization. Decentralization gained more importance after it became possible with blockchain technology. Blockchain enables decentralized transactions in many areas. The economic dimension of these systems is at a high level, and cryptocurrencies have started to be used within this framework. Decentralized internet is the most essential requirement for these developments. In this process; new structures are being developed that provide more advanced interaction with internet sites with virtual rooms and three-dimensional avatars. New experiments and applications are constantly being carried out on Metaverse. In the information technology age, every trial and application is brought to the attention of users and developers as soon as possible. Decentralization is behind the rapid development of this process. With the elimination of intermediaries, peer-to-peer transactions become possible, and users can realize what cannot be done before using distributed and decentralized network technology. This enables a very high number of system users to be reached in a much shorter time. In this way, many economists believe that the Metaverse market has a potential exceeding a trillion dollars. Metaverse users will want to protect their personal data that is transfered to this environment and the digital assets. In this sense, decentralized systems provide the user and service providers confidence. Web 3.0 will take information-sharing processes to higher levels with smart contracts, crypto assets, and the token economy. In this chapter, the concept of distributed systems and decentralization is examined from an interdisciplinary perspective. The decentralized Metaverse concept is explained by evaluating the opportunities and possible problems of the decentralized systems.
... Since there are no servers in such systems, each individual computer will independently calculate recommendations based on the information available to it [4,6,7]. As a result, there may be problems with the reliability and data security of the information system of the network [5,8], in particular, the recommender system. After all, new nodes connecting to the network can be controlled by attackers or be affected by malicious software. ...
Recommender systems make it easier to search with a large amount of content, supplementing or replacing the classic search output with recommendations. In P2P networks, their use can have additional benefits. Because of indexing and search problems, previously added files may not be available to P2P network users. If the user cannot find the file he is looking for, one can provide him with a list of recommendations based on his preferences and search query. The object of research is the process of creating recommendations for users of decentralized P2P networks to facilitate data search. The urgent task of increasing the accuracy of mathematical modeling of recommender systems by taking into account the requirements for reliability and data security during changes in the structure of a decentralized P2P network is solved. An analytical model of the recommender system of a decentralized P2P network has been developed, the main feature of which is taking into account the requirements of reliability and security of recommendation messages. This was done by introducing the following indicators into the general model of the decentralized recommender system – the probability of reliable packet transmission and the probability of safe packet transmission. The developed analytical model makes it possible to conduct a comparative analysis of different methods of operation of recommender systems and to set acceptable parameters under which the degree of relevance does not fall below a certain threshold. The developed mathematical model of the system based on the GERT scheme differs from the known ones by taking into account the reliability and security requirements during changes in the structure of the decentralized P2P network. This has made it possible to improve the accuracy of simulation results up to 5 %. The proposed mathematical model could be used for prototyping recommender systems in various fields of activity
... The most popular application of the blockchain technology is for keeping a decentralized and secured record of the transactions in cryptocurrency systems like 'Bitcoin' [4]. The innovative concept of the blockchain is that it instills confidence without requiring a reliable third party by guaranteeing the truthfulness and security of a data record. ...
... Artan tehditler ve saldırı çeşitleri genişlerken, enerji gibi kritik altyapı sektörlerinin korunmasını sağlamak için yenilikçi teknoloji uygulamalarına ihtiyaç artmaktadır. Blokzincir teknolojisi, benzersiz veri kaydetme ve işleme yöntemi sayesinde enerji sektöründe güvenliği artırabilecek yeni teknolojilerden biri olarak örnek verilebilir (Karaarslan ve Konacakli, 2020). İşlem verilerinin merkezi olmayan şekilde depolanması, güvenliği artırır ve merkezi yetkililerden de bağımsız olmamızı sağlar. ...
Teknoloji, uluslararası ilişkilerde asli belirleyici bir role sahiptir. Dönüştürücü süreçler bütünü olarak teknolojik gelişim; sosyal, kültürel, ekonomik ve politik alanın yanı sıra ülkeler ve bölgeler arası ilişkileri derinden etkiler. Uluslararası ilişkilerde en iyi ve en verimli gelişmeleri teknoloji belirlemiştir. Ne yazık ki en kötü ve en yıkıcı olanları da... Üretimi, iletişimi ve dayanışmayı teknoloji yükseltmiştir, ne yazık ki savaşları ve kirliliği de... Teknolojik gelişmişliğin veya teknolojiye erişimin düzeyi, uluslararası ilişkilerin doğasını ve uluslararası sistemin hiyerarşik yapısını şekillendirir. Teknoloji ile uluslararası ilişkilerin koşutluğu ve birlikteliği tam da bu noktada insanoğlunun günlük hayatına, üretim ve mübadele ilişkilerine, tüketim alışkanlıklarına, kültürel alanına, iletişimine, güvenliğine ve geleceğine, diğer bir deyişle zaman ve mekan boyutuyla tüm varoluşuna nüfuz eder. Devletler arası veya toplumlar arası, insanoğluna dair ve insanoğlunun eylemiyle şekillenen her türlü meta, yapı, ilişki ve organizasyon, işte bu etkileşimin ürünüdür. Teknoloji ile uluslararası ilişkiler dünyasının etkileşimini yansıtan bu temel dinamikler, bilim insanlarınca tespit edilir ve tartışılır. Uluslararası ilişkiler ile teknolojinin buluştuğu bu dönüştürücü, dinamik ve disiplinlerarası boyut, çalışmamıza esin kaynağı olmuştur. Yeni teknolojik gelişmelerin uluslararası ilişkilere, uluslararası ilişkilerin de teknoloji ve yenilik süreçlerine etkilerini takip edebilmek, mevcut sorunları tartışabilmek, geleceği öngörebilmek ve bunları akademik bir süzgecin içinden geçirip tarihe not düşebilmek adına hazırladığımız “Teknoloji ve Uluslararası İlişkiler” başlıklı kitap projemiz, teknolojik değişim ile uluslararası ilişkiler/uluslararası politika arasındaki etkileşim üzerinden literatüre nitelikli bir katkı sunmayı hedefler. Kitabın yayın dili Türkçe’dir çünkü öncelikle Türkçe literatüre katkı sunmak amaçlanmıştır. Projemiz disiplinlerarasıdır çünkü Uluslararası İlişkiler, Avrupa Çalışmaları, Siyaset Bilimi, Kamu Yönetimi, Yönetim Bilişim Sistemleri, İktisat, İşletme, Maliye, Çalışma Ekonomisi ve Endüstri İlişkileri, Uluslararası Ticaret, Finans ve Hukuk gibi sosyal alanlar ile Bilgisayar ve Bilişim Mühendisliği gibi teknik alanların sentezlendiği, farklı bilim dallarından gelen bilim insanlarının emeğini yansıtan birbirinden değerli teorik ve ampirik çalışmaları bünyesinde toplamıştır.
... Aşağıdaki tabloda çeşitli açılardan özellikleri belirtilen dağıtılmış defter teknolojisi DLT türleri bulunmaktadır (Karaarslan & Konacaklı, 2020 Blockchain, dağıtık eşdüzey üyeler ağı aracılığıyla verilerin, merkezi olmayan ve değişmez bir şekilde depolanmasına ve paylaşılmasına izin veren, katılımcılar tarafından bağımsız olarak tutulan ve güncellenen veritabanı olarak tanımlanabilir. ...
Bu bölümde sırasıyla; dağıtılmış defter teknolojileri, en çok bilinen blockchain platformları, blockchain teknolojisinin güvenlik modeli, blockchain’in finansal kullanım alanları, blockchain’ de güvenliği sağlamak için kullanılan yöntemler,
blockchain teknolojisinde yer alan konsensüs algoritmaları, blockchain güvenlik
problemleri, merkezi olmayan finansla ilgili ihlaller ve nedenleri ve sonuç verilecektir.
... On the other hand, partial or half nodes are able to generate new transactions, validate old records, transactions and blocks while keeping only partial data of a blockchain. Simple nodes can only generate and validate new transactions (Karaarslan & Konacaklı, 2020). ...
... On the other hand, partial or half nodes are able to generate new transactions, validate old records, transactions and blocks while keeping only partial data of a blockchain. Simple nodes can only generate and validate new transactions (Karaarslan & Konacaklı, 2020). ...
The aim of the study is to observe and model the effects of some
variables that have a global effect on the Bitcoin price. Bitcoin price is the dependent
variable. Gold price, oil price, Volatility Index (VIX), and global economic and
political uncertainty index (GEPU) are independent variables. The analyzes are
carried out with the Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) approach,
using monthly data for the period April 2011 – February 2022.
... However, blockchain is only the most popular implementation of structures, generally forming Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs). Although, other DLT technologies also exist, for example, Tangle, Hashgraph, Sidechain, Holochain, Plasma, solutions different from blockchain are based on the Direct Acyclic Graph (DAG) approach [5,6,20,21]. ...
This article reviews the issue of the use of cryptocurrencies (crypto-assets, in general) for an electricity settlement system. The development of digital techniques, including blockchain-based mechanisms, has meant that an increased interest in blockchain-based solutions is to be expected. Blockchain and similar approaches are characterised by decentralisation, so they are concurrent with the trends of the transforming power sector. Decentralised energy generation based on a high proportion of prosumer installations requires the implementation of a new settlement system for grid activities related to electricity use. The first projects of such systems based on a dedicated cryp-tocurrency have emerged. Based on these, the general concept of such a system with its own cryp-tocurrency called CCE is presented, including variants implementing net-metering and net-billing. Furthermore, issues requiring interdisciplinary research work and discussion before implementing such systems were identified. A settlement system in which a cryptocurrency is linked to a unit of energy used could be a first step towards introducing a new universal means of value exchange, linked to energy as the primary measure of the value of goods.
