Fig 9 - uploaded by Knut Eisermann
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Satellite image of the area El Paraíso-La Barrona. Dark green areas within the reserves are mangroves. Landsat image provided by NASA (https://zulu.ssc.nasa.gov/mrsid).
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Evaluar la distribución actual, estado de conservación y áreas prioritarias de conservación
del quetzal en Guatemala para establecer estrategias para su conservación a nivel nacional.
Citations
... Zachary M. Pohlen/WCS Guatemala Jorge Rodríguez/Revista Viatori Eisermann y Avendaño (2006) realizaron una estimación del tamaño de las poblaciones de aves acuáticas del país. Al no existir datos sobre las mismas el estudio requirió utilizar registros de abundancia relativa de algunos humedales para estimarlas. ...
Esta guía es un material de divulgación, educación y conservación sobre
las aves que se encuentran en la costa del Pacífico de Guatemala. En esta Guía se describen 152 especies de aves presentes en la costa del Pacífico de Guatemala.
Fue realizada en el marco del proyecto de “Creación de capacidades
en ecoturismo comunitario para jóvenes de comunidades del Parque
Nacional Sipacate-Naranjo”.
... Zachary M. Pohlen/WCS Guatemala Jorge Rodríguez/Revista Viatori Eisermann y Avendaño (2006) realizaron una estimación del tamaño de las poblaciones de aves acuáticas del país. Al no existir datos sobre las mismas el estudio requirió utilizar registros de abundancia relativa de algunos humedales para estimarlas. ...
La presente “Guía de aves para la costa del Pacífico de Guatemala” fue realizada en el marco del proyecto de “Creación de capacidades en ecoturismo comunitario para jóvenes de comunidades del Parque Nacional Sipacate-Naranjo”, que es parte de la Iniciativa de Apoyo Global a los Territorios y las Áreas Conservadas por los Pueblos Indígenas y Comunidades Locales (TICCA), el cual es financiado por el Gobierno de Alemania, a través del Ministerio Federal de Medio Ambiente, Protección de la Naturaleza y Seguridad Nuclear e implementado por el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo
(PNUD), gerenciado por el Programa de Pequeñas Donaciones del Fondo para el Medio Ambiente Mundial (FMAM) y desarrollado por Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS Guatemala). Esta guía es un material de divulgación, educación y conservación sobre las aves que se encuentran en la costa del Pacífico de Guatemala. Esta región está conformada por la zona litoral del Pacífico, la cual se extiende por 254 km (SENACYT-RA-PNUD 2018; Secretaría de Planificación y Programación de la Presidencia, Dirección de Ordenamiento Territorial 2011). Limita con el Océano Pacífico, México y El Salvador. Abarca territorio de los departamentos de San Marcos, Quetzaltenango, Retalhuleu, Suchitepéquez, Escuintla, Santa Rosa y Jutiapa (Ministerio de Ambiente y Recursos Naturales y Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo 2018).
... In Guatemala, it is estimated that over 140 aquatic bird species, representing 24 families, are found, 80% of which are migratory or transient visitors (14). More than 123 species can be found in the wetlands along the Pacific Coast. ...
... Here, 15 duck species (family Anatidae) have been reported, 10 of which are migratory and include several of the main North American reservoirs of IAV, such as northern shovelers (Anas clypeata), northern pintails (Anas acuta), blue-winged teals (Anas discors), and American wigeons (Anas americana) (15). Among these species, blue-winged teals are particularly abundant on the Pacific coast of Guatemala, with counts of Ͼ10,000 individuals, whereas the other species are less frequently reported (counts of Ͻ250) (14). Other IAV hosts such as green-winged teals (Anas crecca), cinnamon teals (Anas cyanoptera), and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) also have been reported in Guatemala but are considered migratory vagrants because of their rare appearances during the overwintering period in Central America (14). ...
... Among these species, blue-winged teals are particularly abundant on the Pacific coast of Guatemala, with counts of Ͼ10,000 individuals, whereas the other species are less frequently reported (counts of Ͻ250) (14). Other IAV hosts such as green-winged teals (Anas crecca), cinnamon teals (Anas cyanoptera), and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) also have been reported in Guatemala but are considered migratory vagrants because of their rare appearances during the overwintering period in Central America (14). Due to its particular shape of the landmass, Central America acts as a corridor where multiple bird populations congregate during migration (16). ...
Over a hundred species of aquatic birds overwinter in Central America's wetlands, providing opportunities for the transmission of influenza A viruses (IAVs). To date, limited IAV surveillance in Central America hinders our understanding of the evolution and ecology of IAVs in migratory hosts within the Western Hemisphere. To address this gap, we sequenced the genomes of 68 virus isolates obtained from ducks overwintering along Guatemala's Pacific Coast during 2010 to 2013. High genetic diversity was observed, including 9 hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes, 7 neuraminidase (NA) subtypes, and multiple avian IAV lineages that have been detected at low levels ( < 1%) in North America. An unusually large number of viruses with the rare H14 subtype were identified (n = 14) over two consecutive seasons, the highest number of H14 viruses ever reported in a single location, providing evidence for a possible H14 source population located outside routinely sampled regions of North America. Viruses from Guatemala were positioned within minor clades divergent from the main North American lineage on phylogenies inferred for the H3, H4, N2, N8, PA, NP, and NS segments. A time-scaled phylogeny indicates that a Eurasian virus PA segment introduced into the Americas in the early 2000s disseminated to Guatemala during ~2007.1 to 2010.4 (95% highest posterior density [HPD]). Overall, the diversity detected in Guatemala in overwintering ducks highlights the potential role of Central America in the evolution of diverse IAV lineages in the Americas, including divergent variants rarely detected in the United States, and the importance of increasing IAV surveillance throughout Central America. 2017 Gonzalez-Reiche et al.
... El hallazgo de patógenos aviares comunes en aves domésticas de comunidades cercanas a la Reserva de la Biosfera Maya (RBM), representaría no solo un riesgo de salud pública sino también una amenaza para la industria avícola y para la conservación de la diversidad de aves silvestres de Guatemala. La RBM contiene un alto porcentaje de las 724 especies de aves que se han registrado para Guatemala (Eisermann y Avendaño, 2006). ...
... abundante en Guatemala (Sigüenza, 2007) y es una de las más distribuidas en los humedales de la RBM (Eisermann y Avendaño, 2006). ...
Se realizó un estudio serológico en busca de anticuerpos contra agentes etiológicos comunes, en gallinas de patio (Gallus gallus) de la aldea El Caoba (AEC), situada en la zona de amortiguamiento de la Reserva de la Biosfera Maya, en Petén, Guatemala. Se tomaron aleatoriamente, muestras de sangre de 39 gallinas. Se buscaron anticuerpos contra el virus de influenza aviar tipoA (VIA), el virus de la enfermedad de Newcastle (VENC), el virus de la enfermedad de Gumboro (VEG), la bacteria Mycoplasmagallisepticum (MG) y la bacteria Salmonella pullorum (SP). El 46% de las gallinas estudiadas portaba anticuerpos contra el VIA;el 51% contra el VENC y el 95% contra el VEG. No se detectaron anticuerpos contra MG ni contra SP. Los anticuerpos contra el VENC se detectaron únicamente durante el muestreo del mes de septiembre. El 31% de las gallinas muestreadas portaba,de manera concomitante, anticuerpos contra tres patógenos (VIA, VENC y VEG) y el 15% contra dos patógenos (VENC y VEG). Se considera que la población dinámica de gallinas de patio de la AEC representa una potencial amenaza para la avicultura artesanal, la avicultura tecnificada, las aves silvestres y la población humana.
... El hallazgo de patógenos aviares comunes en aves domésticas de comunidades cercanas a la Reserva de la Biosfera Maya (RBM), representaría no solo un riesgo de salud pública sino también una amenaza para la industria avícola y para la conservación de la diversidad de aves silvestres de Guatemala. La RBM contiene un alto porcentaje de las 724 especies de aves que se han registrado para Guatemala (Eisermann y Avendaño, 2006). ...
... abundante en Guatemala (Sigüenza, 2007) y es una de las más distribuidas en los humedales de la RBM (Eisermann y Avendaño, 2006). ...
A serological survey was performed to screen the presence of common avian pathogens in chickens (Gallus gallus) of El Caoba Community (ECC), a hamlet located inside the buffer zone of the Maya Biosphere Reserve in Petén, Guatemala. Thirty nine samples were processes for antibodies to type A H5N2 Avian Infl uenza Virus (AIV), Newcastle Disease Virus (NCDV), Infectious Bursitis Virus (IBV), Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Salmonella pullorum (SP). 46 percent of the sampled chickens carried antibodies against AIV; 51 percent against ND and 95 percent against EGV. No antibodies against SP or MG were detected. Antibodies against NDV were detected only during the sampling of September. Thirty one percent of the chickens carried, concomitantly, antibodies against three pathogens (AIV, NDV and IBV) and 15 percent against two pathogens (NDV and IBV). The dynamic population of backyard chickens in El Caoba was considered to be a potential threat to backyard poultry, farm poultry, wild bird diversity and human population.
... Specifically free ranging household swine may have a critical role as they have frequently served as intermediate hosts for genetic reassortment of avian influenza viruses, resulting in strains transmissible to and pathogenic for humans [1,3]. In addition to the role of free ranging household livestock, the Taxisco coast is a major overwintering zone for migratory aquatic birds: two natural reserves, Monterrico (2,800 ha) and Hawaii (3,657 ha) are large mangrove wetlands [35,36]. Due to the close and frequent interactions between aquatic migratory fowl, domestic poultry and swine, and humans, these communities are potential hot spots for emergence and spread of influenza. ...
... The Centro de Estudios en Salud de la Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, in collaboration with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, has conducted active surveillance for influenza in Taxisco, focused on these two communities directly bordering the Pacific Ocean, Monterrico and Candelaria [35]. Concomitantly, we initiated a study to identify opportunities for and barriers to community engagement in sustainable community-based surveillance. ...
Background:
Early detection of emergent influenza strains is a global health priority. However, maintaining active surveillance is economically and logistically challenging. While community-based surveillance is an attractive alternative, design and operation of an effective epidemiological surveillance program requires community engagement that can be linked to public health reporting and response. We report the results of a study in rural Guatemalan communities aimed at identifying opportunities for and barriers to community engagement in disease surveillance.
Methods:
Using an ethnographic approach followed by a descriptive cross-sectional survey, we documented local terms and ideas about animal illnesses, including the possibility of animal-human transmission.
Results:
The community perceived disease causation principally in terms of changes in the physical environment and weather and categorized illnesses using local terminology based on observable clinical signs. Knowledge about prevention and treatment was derived predominantly from local networks of family and friends without evidence of professionally-based knowledge being regularly introduced into the community.
Conclusions:
Bridging the divide between professional and community-based descriptive disease terminology, incorporating animal and human health responsiveness to common illnesses, and providing professional knowledge into the community-based networks were identified as addressable challenges to effective implementation of community-based surveillance.
... It is hoped that IBAs will prove a useful tool with which to focus conservation efforts in Guatemala, either at national level, for example, by focusing forest conservation incentives offered by the National Forests Institute (INAB, in Spanish), or internationally, by bringing in funds for conservation. seabirds, del Hoyo et al. 1992 andBirdLife International 2004a), recent estimates for sites in Guatemala were taken from Eisermann (2006) and Sigüenza (2007). ...
Due to their documented epidemiological relevance as hosts for influenza A viruses (IAV), humans, poultry and pigs in backyard production systems (BPS) within wetlands could be key to the emergence of novel IAV variants able to transmit between humans or animals. To better understand the circulation of IAV at the human–animal interface of BPS within wetlands, we studied IAV in backyard duck flocks and pig herds in the Pacific Coast of Guatemala. From April 2013 to October 2014, we estimated the monthly IAV per cent seropositive and viral positive flocks and herds in two resource‐limited communities. We detected antibodies in sera against the IAV nucleoprotein through ELISA. We also detected IAV viral RNA in respiratory (ducks and pigs) and cloacal (ducks) swabs through rRT‐PCR directed at the matrix gene. We attempted viral isolation in eggs or MDCK cells followed by sequencing from swabs positive for IAV. During our study period, IAV seropositivity in duck flocks was 38%, and viral positivity was 23% (n = 86 BPS sampled). IAV seropositivity in pig herds was 42%, and viral positivity was 20% (n = 90 BPS sampled). Both flocks and herds had detectable antibodies against IAV mostly year‐round, and IAV was detected in several months. We isolated an H3N2 virus from one pig sampled at the end of 2013. Standard nucleotide BLAST searches indicate that the isolated virus was similar to seasonal viruses circulating in humans, suggesting human‐to‐pig transmission. Our data show concurrent circulation of IAV in multiple species of poultry and pigs that were commingled in rudimentary conditions in proximity to humans, but no significant risk factors could be identified.
El estado actual de conservación de la avifauna acuática de El Salvador es documentado para un total de 150 especies, las cuales pertenecen a 26 familias y 11 órdenes taxonómicos. De estas, 68 son visitantes no reproductoras (migratorias), 27 son residentes reproductoras, 20 son vagabundas migratorias, 15 mantienen poblaciones migrantes y residentes; 13 especies son transitorias y siete especies son vagabundas no migratorias. Diez especies se consideran casi amenazadas y dos vulnerables a nivel mundial (Ardenna creatopus y Agamia agami). Se registra un total de 16 nuevas especies de aves acuáticas para el país desde el año 2007 y se espera la ocurrencia de 22 especies más.
La Poza de la Arenilla es un humedal artificial creado por la construcción de dos roquedales en la parte sur del distrito de La Punta, Callao, Perú el cual tiene 18,2 ha aproximadamente. Las aves playeras limícolas pertenecen en su totalidad al Orden Charadriiformes; las cuales pertenecen a las familias: Haematopodidae, Charadriidae y Scolopacidae. A fin de determinar la variación temporal de las aves playeras limícolas, se realizó un estudio entre enero 2013 y Septiembre 2016, con la metodología de las transectas; el recorrido fue de 1,115 km, esta pasa a través de una zona urbana en el lateral izquierdo del transecto y una zona marina costera en el lateral derecho. Para el análisis de los datos se empleó el software PRIMER v6.0 de tal forma que permitió determinar la variación temporal de las aves por cada estación (Verano, Otoño, Invierno y Primavera), y a su vez comparar resultados entre estaciones. Se registraron 19 especies pertenecientes a 3 familias del orden Charadriiformes. Las especies que presentaron las poblaciones más numerosas fueron Calidris alba “Playero arenero” (256), Numenius phaeopus “Zarapito trinador” (89), Calidris pusilla ”Playerito semipalmado” (66) y Charadrius semipalmatus “Chorlo semipalmado” (114). La familia con mayor riqueza de aves playeras para este humedal es Scolopacidae con 14 especies. El año 2013 presenta la mayor riqueza de especies (14), destacando en abundancia las especies Charadrius nivosus “Chorlo nevado” y Phalaropus tricolor “Falaropo tricolor”.
